Anti‑Corruption and Integrity Outlook 2026: Greece
Table of contents
The National Anti-Corruption Action Plan 2022-2025 (NACAP), adopted by the Ministerial Council (GG 138/Α/13.07.2022), constitutes Greece’s main strategic and operational framework for preventing and combating corruption. It provides a comprehensive plan of actions and priorities for addressing corruption risks across the public and private sectors. The Hellenic National Transparency Authority (NTA) serves as the central coordinating body for the integrity system, responsible for preparing, monitoring, evaluating, and updating the NACAP, as well as coordinating its implementation in collaboration with all co-competent bodies. In addition, the NTA promotes transparency, integrity, and accountability in public administration and oversees compliance with lobbying transparency requirements.
The Audit Committee of the Hellenic Parliament functions as an independent authority supervising political finance and monitoring compliance with interest and asset disclosure obligations, whereas the NTA retains responsibility at the policymaking level for conflict-of-interest policies. Open data policy is managed by the Ministry of Digital Governance, although its mandate does not extend to broader public information issues.
Greece’s Civil Servants’ Code (Law 3528/2007) establishes the disciplinary framework applicable to all civil servants, including senior officials, defining offences and sanctions, setting limitation periods, outlining procedural stages with appeal mechanisms, and requiring the reporting of criminal conduct to judicial authorities.
Note: 2025 and 2020 data or latest year available. Data for judicial integrity and prosecutorial integrity are not available.
Source: OECD Public Integrity Indicators Database (data extracted on 7 March 2026).
Data on where Greece integrity system is strongest and could be most improved can be found at the link below:
Note: 2025 data or latest year available.
Source: OECD Public Integrity Indicators Database (data extracted on 7 March 2026).
Greece fulfils 47% of criteria on the strength of strategic framework, and 77% on practice, compared to the OECD averages of 38% and 32%, respectively.
The National Anti-Corruption Action Plan 2022-2025 (NACAP) constitutes the country’s main strategic and operational framework for preventing and combating corruption. It is structured around three overarching objectives: strengthening citizens’ trust in public institutions, improving the investment climate, and enhancing Greece’s performance in relevant European and international indices.
The Hellenic National Transparency Authority (NTA), established by Law 4622/2019, serves as the central coordinating body responsible for preparing, monitoring, reporting, evaluating, and updating the NACAP, as well as coordinating its implementation in cooperation with all co-competent bodies. The NACAP includes a dedicated action plan for each strategic objective, comprising a total of 148 activities, outcome-level indicators, designated lead organisations, and detailed monitoring, reporting, and evaluation arrangements. Semi-annual implementation progress reports have been published, reporting against pre-defined standardised indicators and targets. The strategy was developed through an extensive and inclusive consultation process, including inter-institutional and public consultations, as well as engagement with key integrity bodies and civil society organisations.
However, the NACAP does not include a situation analysis and does not identify existing public integrity risks. No inter-institutional body has prepared, within the last five years, an analytical report on public integrity risks that provides a comprehensive risk assessment and establishes clear priorities for the entire public integrity system. Moreover, the current strategy lacks a structured assessment identifying specific integrity breaches, the actors likely to be involved, and the likelihood and impact of such risks.
Note: 2025 data or latest year available.
Source: OECD Public Integrity Indicators Database (data extracted on 7 March 2026).
Greece fulfils 60% of criteria on lobbying regulations, and 56% on practice, compared to the OECD averages of 43% and 38%, respectively.
Greece has established a regulatory framework on lobbying under Law 4829/2021 (OGG A’ 166/10.09.2021), which defines both lobbying activities and the actors considered lobbyists. Lobbying is defined as any direct contact with institutional representatives aimed at influencing decision-making, while lobbyists are natural or legal persons exercising influence for remuneration, subject to registration in the Transparency Register. The law sets eligibility conditions and establishes a supervisory role for the Hellenic National Transparency Authority (NTA), which oversees transparency in lobbying activities.
A code of conduct for interest representatives, supported by practical guidance and examples of at-risk situations, has been adopted. The Transparency Register is accessible online and allows users to search by lobbyist name, organisation, domain of intervention, registration number, and status. However, it does not allow sorting by pieces of legislation or regulation targeted, nor does it require disclosure of lobbying budgets or expenses. While cooling-off periods exist for public officials moving into lobbying activities, no such restrictions apply to lobbyists taking up public office. As of the latest reporting period, no data is available on investigations for non-compliance with lobbying regulations.
Information on the beneficial ownership of corporate entities is collected, however, access is limited to designated public authorities and is not available to the general public.
Note: 2025 data or latest year available.
Source: OECD Public Integrity Indicators Database (data extracted on 7 March 2026).
Greece fulfils 100% of criteria on conflict-of-interest regulations, and 33% on practice, compared to the OECD averages of 80% and 45%, respectively.
Greece has established a comprehensive regulatory framework governing conflicts of interest, as well as asset and interest declarations. Circumstances and relationships that may give rise to conflicts of interest are defined across several legislative acts. The framework for asset and interest declarations is primarily set out in Law 5026/2023, which specifies the categories of obligated persons, submission requirements, institutional responsibilities, and verification procedures. The obligation applies to members of government and deputy ministers, members of parliament and political party officials, judicial and prosecutorial officials, senior civil servants, political advisors, and other designated public officials. Declarations must be submitted upon taking office and annually thereafter to reflect any changes in financial circumstances.
Sanctions for breaches of conflict-of-interest rules or disclosure obligations are provided under Law 3213/2003 and Law 4622/2019, ranging from administrative fines to penal consequences, depending on the severity of the offence. The Audit Committee of the Hellenic Parliament is responsible for monitoring compliance with interest and asset disclosure obligations.
All declarations are submitted electronically and verified according to procedures established under Law 5026/2023, with cases selected using a risk-based approach. A range of sanctions has been applied in recent years for non-compliance or failure to manage conflicts of interest. Overall compliance rates are reported to exceed 90% across categories of declarants; however, publicly available data are largely aggregated, limiting the ability to assess submission rates for specific groups.
Note: 2025 data or latest year available.
Source: OECD Public Integrity Indicators Database (data extracted on 7 March 2026).
Greece fulfils 60% of criteria on political finance regulations, and 71% on practice, compared to the OECD averages of 76% and 58%, respectively.
The legislative framework governing political finance and election campaigns in Greece is primarily established under Law 3023/2002, as amended and in force. This framework sets out rules on campaign financing, reporting obligations, sanctions for violations, and the accountability of electoral candidates and political parties. It mandates that parties and candidates report campaign revenues and expenditures, and that political parties make annual financial reports publicly available. Anonymous donations are prohibited for candidates and allowed for parties within a certain limit. Contributions from publicly owned enterprises are prohibited, but there is no explicit ban on contributions from foreign states. There are also no spending limits established for third-party actors, and the use of public funds and resources in favour of or against a political party is not fully prohibited. Personal contributions to candidates’ campaigns are capped at €5,000 per year and at €20,000 for political parties. Sanctions for breaches are proportionate to the severity of the offence, and candidates may be held personally liable for violations.
The Audit Committee of Asset Declarations of the Hellenic Parliament is the independent body entrusted with oversight of political parties and electoral campaigns. It conducts audits, appoints chartered accountants and experts, and refers cases to prosecutorial authorities when necessary.
In practice, all political parties submitted accounts related to the last two electoral cycles; however, compliance with statutory deadlines for annual financial reports over the past five years has been uneven. Financial reports from political parties are publicly accessible online for 2015-2023 and can be filtered by year, type of report, and party.
Note: 2025 data or latest year available.
Source: OECD Public Integrity Indicators Database (data extracted on 7 March 2026).
Greece fulfils 67% of criteria on public information regulations, and 38% on practice, compared to the OECD averages of 72% and 62%, respectively.
The Greek legislative framework governing access to public information is primarily established under the Constitution, the Administrative Procedure Code (Law 2690/1999), and the Law on Digital Government (Law 4727/2020). These laws guarantee the right of all persons -including nationals, residents, civil society organisations, and domestic and foreign businesses- to access public information. It further recognises public institutions, as well as private individuals performing public duties, as holders of such information, mandating information to be provided in the requested format, with clear grounds for withholding access.
The Ministry of Digital Governance is the central authority responsible for open data policy in Greece. Law 4727/2020 establishes that government data are “open by default” and mandates that public sector bodies make their documents electronically available in open, machine-readable, and reusable formats wherever possible. No specialised supervisory body oversees public information, and as a result, decision regarding access to information are not subject to appeal before an independent authority.
In practice, Greece proactively discloses a wide range of information online, including legislative proposals submitted to parliament, public tenders and awarded contracts, the company registry, and the land registry. By contrast, certain categories of information remain unavailable, including individual salaries of senior civil servants, asset and interest declarations of top-level public employees and members of the judiciary, consolidated versions of primary laws, government session agendas, and ministers’ agendas.
Data not available
Data not available
Note: 2025 data or latest year available.
Source: OECD Public Integrity Indicators Database (data extracted on 7 March 2026).
Greece fulfils 83% of criteria on disciplinary system regulations, and 100% on practice, compared to the OECD average of 66% and 22%, respectively.
The disciplinary regime for civil servants in Greece is set out in the Civil Servants’ Code (Law 3528/2007). The disciplinary framework applies equally to high-level officials like Permanent Secretaries of Ministries and Coordinators of Decentralized Administrations. Disciplinary offences cover any culpable violation of official duties, by action or omission. Sanctions are defined and range from fines and reprimands to dismissal. Disciplinary actions are subject to a five-to-seven years statute of limitations.
The stages of the disciplinary procedure include initiation, investigation, hearings, and appeals, with officials able to challenge decisions before Disciplinary Boards, Second-Instance Boards, the Council of State, or the Administrative Court of Appeal. Under the Criminal Procedure Code, staff handling cases must report criminal behaviour to the judiciary or law enforcement.
All personnel receive specialised training through the National Centre for Public Administration and Local Government (EKDDA), including courses on disciplinary procedures and the use of the electronic case-management platform. This platform allows central government bodies to monitor all stages of proceedings and provides public access to aggregated data on cases, sanctions, and appeals.
This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD.
This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
Kosovo: This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence.
The full book is available in English: OECD (2026), Anti-Corruption and Integrity Outlook 2026: Harnessing the Integrity Advantage, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/16708b78-en.
© OECD 2026
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Attribution – you must cite the work.
Translations – you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and the translation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.
Adaptations – you must cite the original work and add the following text: This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.
Third-party material – the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and for any claims of infringement.
You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.
Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one.