This section presents a set of key indicators related to research and innovation (R&I) talent development, labour market dynamics, and talent circulation.
Where available, data for the EU-27 is highlighted.
ReICO
European Union
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Key indicators
Doctoral graduates as a share of master’s graduates
Doctorate degree holders per thousand workforce (25-64 years)
R&D personnel per thousand employment, FTE
R&D labour costs for internal R&D personnel, per FTE R&D personnel
Net flow of international scientific authors, % of total authors
Policies on human resources for research and innovation in the European Union
Explore national policies related to human resources for research and innovation through the dedicated Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) Compass platform.
Studies, Publications and Initiatives overview in the European Union
- Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission) et al. (2026), European mobility of published researchers: Patterns, trends, and implications across regions, disciplines, and cohorts, Publications Office of the European Union, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ab6aa757-16ae-11f1-8870-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.
- Ballarino, G. and Cantalini, S. (2025), The PhD Premium: Diverging Occupational Returns to the PhD Credential in 20 European Countries, Springer Nature, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-025-09874-2.
- European Commission / EACEA / Eurydice (2025), Academic staff in Europe – 2025, Publications Office of the European Union, https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/publications/academic-staff-europe-2025.
- European University Association Council for Doctoral Education (2022), Doctoral education in Europe: current developments and trends, European University Association, https://www.eua.eu/publications/reports/doctoral-education-in-europe-current-developments-and-trends.html.
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