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Titles

Effective Carbon Prices

This publication synthesises a number of case studies in selected countries and sectors and finds clear differences in effective carbon prices (i) within a given sector, across the countries covered; (ii) across the different sectors, within each country; and (iii) across the different instrument types, across all the countries covered.

Taxing Energy Use: A Graphical Analysis

Taxation is one of the most important government policies affecting energy use and therefore the environmental problems (such as greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution) to which various forms of energy use can give rise. This report provides the first systematic comparative analysis of the structure and level of energy taxes in all OECD countries. It presents effective tax rates on energy use in terms of both energy content and carbon emissions, together with detailed graphical profiles of both the structure of energy use and energy taxes in each country. It is a data-rich tool that will help policy makers and analysts to evaluate the role and impact of current energy tax settings and to plan potential reforms.

Inventory of Estimated Budgetary Support and Tax Expenditures for Fossil Fuels 2013

This Inventory provides quantitative estimates of direct budgetary support and tax expenditures supporting the production or consumption of fossil fuels in OECD member countries. For each of the OECD’s 34 member countries, it provides a succinct summary of its energy economy, and of the budgetary and tax-related measures provided at the central-government level (and, in the case of federal countries, for sub-national units of government) relating to fossil-fuel production or consumption. Many of the measures listed are relative preferences within a particular country’s tax system that cannot be readily compared across countries, hence no national totals are provided. The information has been compiled as an exercise in transparency, and to develop a better understanding of potentially environmentally harmful subsidies (EHS) and of support to fossil fuels in particular. It is also intended to support the ongoing efforts of G20, APEC and other nations to reform their fossil-fuel subsidies. 

Mortality Risk Valuation in Environment, Health and Transport Policies

This publication presents a major meta-analysis of 'value of a statistical life' (VSL) estimates derived from surveys where people around the world have been asked about their willingness to pay for small reduction in mortality risks.

‌Taxation, Innovation and the Environment

Solving the world’s environmental problems could take a significant toll on economic growth if only today’s technologies are available. By putting a price on pollution, do environmentally related taxes spur innovation? What types of innovation result? Does the design of the tax play a critical role? What is the effect of this innovation? In analysing these questions, this publication draws on case studies that cover Japan, Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Israel and others.

Valuation of Environment-Related Health Risks for Children

Is the value of reducing environmental risks greater for children than for adults? If so, what does this mean for policy makers? This report presents new findings on these key environmental policy questions.

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Instrument Mixes for Environmental Policy

There are in many cases good arguments above for using several policy instruments in combination. Many environmental problems are of a “multi-aspect” nature – it can, for example, matter where emissions take place, when they occur, how a polluting product is applied, etc. Also, certain instruments can underpin each other. However, in some cases, the use of overlapping instruments reduce the economic efficiency of the mix, while in other cases, the lack of some instruments can cause problems. This book addresses these issues in detail.

Economic Valuation of Environmental Health Risks to Children

The relationship between the environment and children’s health has been the subject of increasing interest amongst policy makers. This book proposes an in-depth analysis of the main methodological difficulties associated with estimating the social value of a reduction in environmental risks to children.

Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment: Recent Developments 

Environmental protection is now an integral part of public policies, at local, national and global levels. In all instances, the cost and benefits of policies and projects must be carefully weighed using a common monetary measuring rod. Yet, many different categories of benefits and cost must be evaluated, such as health impacts, property damage, ecosystem losses and other welfare effects. How can we evaluate these elements and give them a monetary value? How should we take into account impacts on future generations and of irreversible losses? How to deal with equity and sustainability issues? This book presents an in-depth assessment recent conceptual and methodological developments in this area.

The political economy of environmentally related taxes

There is increasing evidence of the environmental effectiveness of environmentally related taxes. However, there remains a high potential for wider use of these policy instruments, provided that they are well designed and that their potential impact on international competitiveness and income distribution are properly addressed. Based on experience in OECD countries, this book provides a comprehensive discussion of these issues and of the environmental and economic impacts of applying environmentally related taxes, and looks at how to overcome obstacles to their implementation.

The Distributional Effects of Environmental Policy

Tradeable Permits: Policy Evaluation, Design and Reform

After many years of experimentation tradeable permits have become a key measure in the environmental policymakers’ toolbox.  This publication offers valuable lessons for applying tradeable permit systems, and evaluating their effectiveness and efficiency. It also reviews the more general links between policy evaluation and policy design, implementation and enforcement.

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