Progress in Implementing the European Union Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (Volume 1): Sweden

Table of contents

• Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union
• Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market
• Ensure AI technologies work for people
• Build strategic leadership in priority sectors

The European Union (EU) Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a strategic initiative by the European Commission and EU Member States to promote AI development, investment and co-operation. In 2024, the OECD conducted a survey and interviews to take stock of implementation progress made by the EU Member States in implementing the actions set in the EU Coordinated Plan on AI. Drawing on the information collected, the OECD prepared country notes for each EU Member State. This document presents the country note for Sweden, which summarises key initiatives and implementation progress.

Key messages

• Artificial intelligence (AI) is a political priority in Sweden, with recent expert input to potentially guide future policy priorities: Leveraging AI continues to be a priority in Sweden’s policies since its 2018 National Approach to Artificial Intelligence, which laid out directions in this regard.

• AI initiatives are implemented largely by independent agencies: Different AI-related initiatives, many under the framework of research and innovation (R&I) funding, make progress on AI in a decentralised manner (i.e. without necessarily making explicit links to a larger strategy) and/or with existing funding for digitalisation matters.

• Data infrastructure and research are key assets: Strong investments and strategic approaches with regard to data and computing have built a solid foundation to leverage AI, including through large and ambitious R&I programmes.

• Programmes are in place to foster both broad and specialised education on AI: Sweden has been making significant strides in education about AI, both with regard to its development, but also concerning its potential impact on skills and the education system, and through making technologists as well as the wider society aware of these potential impacts.

• AI is already in use in several sectors, building on digitalisation initiatives: Some specific initiatives in sectors such as mobility and the public sector specifically address and make use of (generative) AI, while in other areas, digitalisation is the broader theme.

Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union

Acquire, pool and share policy insights

Sweden’s AI strategy, the 2018 National Approach to Artificial Intelligence, established the general direction for AI in Sweden, focusing on four key pillars: education and training, research, innovation and use, and framework and infrastructure.

While no budget was assigned to the national AI strategy per se, so far, specific funding allocations in the annual budget bill, co‑ordinated by the Ministry of Finance, have served as a means of steering Sweden’s AI policies.

Implementation of Sweden’s AI policies has been occurring mainly through Vinnova, Sweden’s innovation agency. Vinnova is also the main funder of AI Sweden, the national centre for applied AI, which is organised as a non-profit organisation with 140 partners from industry, academia and government. Sweden’s AI ecosystem is large and decentralised, with multitude of regional AI networks initiated by different kinds of actors, many of which are affiliated with AI Sweden.

Considered a high political priority, Sweden’s AI policies are currently in the process of being redesigned. Sweden’s Digitalisation Strategy 2025-2030 (Regeringskansliet, 2025[1]) is a first step and offers a broader strategic framework on digital skills, connectivity, as well as the digitalisation of business, public administration and welfare, with notable emphasis on AI use, aiming to address co‑ordination and governance issues, challenges with data sharing and digital infrastructure and a more coherent measurable approach to AI skills supply.

At the same time, Sweden’s prime minister announced the intention of developing a separate AI strategy as a complement to the broader digitalisation strategy (DiGITAL, 2025[2]). To that end, Sweden’s multi‑stakeholder AI Commission, appointed by the government in 2023 and under the purview of the Ministry of Finance, presented a report in late November 2024 on how to promote competitive, secure and ethical AI development and use in Sweden. The report suggests further investments in research, infrastructure and applications, as well as establishing an AI task force as a co‑ordinating function within the Prime Minister’s Office (Government of Sweden, 2024[3]).

AI Sweden has also published An AI strategy for Sweden, a guide for national and regional governments, government agencies, corporations and public organisations, outlining key areas for policy actions as well as potential indicators for progress (AI Sweden, n.d.[4]).

Tap into the potential of data and foster critical computing capacity

The Swedish government has already implemented a strategy to increase the availability of high-quality data for AI purposes, and securing data flows is one of four key priorities of a large-scale public-private research and innovation programme. As regards cloud (including next-generation) and edge technologies, government agencies are co‑ordinating in this area, but investments are chiefly being made by industry and independent academic institutes (e.g. Research Institutes of Sweden, RISE).

Furthermore, Sweden has significant capacities in large-scale data centres as well as high-performance computing (HPC),1 including in AI use and supporting investments in semiconductors.

Table 1. Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union: Key initiatives

Name	Start year (period covered)	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Data – An Underutilised Resource for Sweden	2021-2024	This strategy, created as part of the government’s innovation programme in collaboration with industry, aimed at increased access to data e.g. AI and digital innovation (Regeringen, 2021[5]). The Swedish National Innovation Council financed seven directly related government commissions to a number of government agencies. All commissions/tasks are completed as of 2024 and the Agency for Digital Government is undertaking the long‑term task of co‑ordinating data-driven innovation.	Not reported
Secure and cost‑effective information technology (IT) operations	2021 proposal (currently being processed by government)	These proposals for lasting forms of co‑ordinated state IT operations are designed to increase the security and cost-effectiveness of authorities’ IT operations (Regeringen, 2021[6]).	Not reported
Coordinated and secure government IT operations (SGIT)	2017	A number of public authorities are collaborating through the IT department of the Swedish Social Insurance Agency (Försäkringskassan) to improve the conditions for the digitalisation of operation (Försäkringskassa, n.d.[7]).	The Swedish Social Insurance Agency offers fee-paying IT services to the public sector
Advanced digitalisation – future solutions in Swedish industry	2021	This programme administered by Vinnova supports approximately 100 innovation projects, including initiatives on secure data flows for applied AI edge technologies (Vinnova, 2023[8]; 2024[9]).	EUR 390 million (SEK 4.5 billion) – approximately 50% co-financed by industry (2023‑27); EUR 87 million (SEK 1 billion) in 2025
Swedish University Computer Network (Sunet) Data Center Orion in Kalix + European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) data storage	2021	This project aims to establish a redundant data centre in Northern Sweden for use by Sunet (2022[10]).	Approximately EUR 1 million per year + approximately EUR 350 000 for EOSC data storage
Sunet Drive – collaborative data space for research data	2020	Sunet Drive is a storage and file sharing service, enabling researchers to work and collaborate with large amounts of data (Sunet, n.d.[11]).	Approximately EUR 1 million per year
Swestore	Not reported	Swestore is research data storage infrastructure intended for active research data, operated by the National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputing in Sweden (NAISS).	Not reported
National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputing in Sweden (NAISS)	Not reported	NAISS provides researchers with HPC resources, storage capacity and data services (Linköping University, 2025[12]). Through a new supercomputer projected to be operational in 2025 at the time of writing, NAISS will become a full member of the European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC JU) (Linköping University, 2023[13]).	Approximately EUR 13 million per year for NAISS via the Swedish Research Council + EUR 7 million per year national funding + approximately EUR 5 million per year from the EuroHPC JU
Swedish participation in the LUMI project hosted by the IT Center for Science (CSC) in Finland	Not reported	LUMI is the fastest supercomputer in the European Union and part of the EuroHPC JU (LUMI, 2025[14]).	Approximately EUR 1 million per year
MyFab	Not reported	The Swedish Research Council supports clean room facilities at Swedish universities through Myfab, the Swedish national research infrastructure for micro and nano fabrication (Myfab, 2025[15]).	Approximately EUR 3.5 million per year via the Swedish Research Council + approximately EUR 35 million per year via universities and industry partnerships
Swedish participation in the Chips Joint Undertaking (Chips JU)	Not reported	Vinnova supports Swedish projects in the Chips JU.	Up to EUR 2 million per project, with an additional EUR 43 000 for project co‑ordinators

Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market

There are several initiatives to strengthen and mobilise AI research capacities across Sweden, with the largest single research programme in Sweden notably focusing on AI. Sweden also offers various initiatives to support and fund AI start-ups and scale-ups, from public funding of soft loans and equity‑based funding to government grants through innovation funding calls, with AI typically being included in deep‑technology-themed funding initiatives.

In the newly approved R&I bill, Sweden is investing approximately EUR 565 million (SEK 6.5 billion) on R&I including within high-technology sectors such as AI. Among other investments, Sweden will be allocating around EUR 104 million (SEK 1.2 billion) each year to clusters of excellence for ground-breaking technologies when the initiative is fully operational in 2028. This includes investing EUR 9.2 million (SEK 100 million) in a Cluster of Excellence for AI, a strategic investment in health, life sciences and AI and graduate schools in AI. Additionally, the Swedish Research Council has also been tasked with facilitating the use – and benefits from – AI in research, identifying obstacles and opportunities, and supporting transparent and responsible AI development in research (Regeringen, 2024[16]).

Table 2. Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market: Key initiatives

Name	Start year (period covered)	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Research and innovation bill	2024	Investments include funding for research, increased and competitive funding for higher education institutions, enhanced research infrastructure and investments in ground-breaking technologies.	EUR 565 million (SEK 6.5 billion) in total (not only on AI)
Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program	2015(-31)	The largest single research programme in Sweden, Wallenberg AI, supports strategically motivated basic research, education and faculty recruitment to advance Sweden into an internationally recognised and leading position in the areas of AI, autonomous systems and software. The AI tracks focus on machine learning, explainable AI (MLX) and mathematical foundations of AI. Supported by industry and implemented with five universities, its instrument include: a research programme, a national graduate school, international faculty recruitment, research arenas, university partnerships as well as communication, events and networking (WASP, 2025[17]).	EUR 565 million (SEK 6.5 billion), of which EUR 440 million (SEK 5.1 billion) donated by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the rest as co-funding from partner universities and Swedish industry
Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE) Center for Applied AI and other programmes	Not reported	RISE combines AI research with interdisciplinary research, a wide range of test beds, inspiring innovation hubs, educational programmes, digital platforms and extensive experience in software. More than 75 AI projects are currently underway at RISE, conducted by over 60 active AI researchers, in addition to the Center for applied AI (RISE, 2025[18]; 2025[19]).	Not reported
AI Sweden Edge Learning Lab	Not reported	Sweden has a large range of facilities where systems and applications can be tested, including ones specifically built for AI. One example is the Edge Learning Lab at AI Sweden, a testing environment that enables researchers to explore the possibilities and limitations of decentralised and edge learning (AI Sweden, 2025[20]).	Not reported
AI-specific research and innovation programme administered by Vinnova, the Swedish Innovation Agency	Since 2009	Vinnova has administered more than 800 AI projects since 2009, including the latest (since 2019) programme “Advanced digitalisation – future solutions in Swedish industry”, which has included funding calls for start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with AI-specific themes, as well as “AI - from research to innovation”, “AI in the service of the climate” and “AI for Advanced Digitalization”. Since approximately 2019, much of the funding (SEK 1.3 billion out of SEK 1.5 billion) for AI-related projects has gone to SMEs, both as providers and as customers of AI solutions.	Overall, approximately. EUR 173 million (SEK 2 billion) since 2009, of which approximately SEK 1.5 billion since 2019; AI-specific calls in “Advanced digitalisation” approximately EUR 30 million (SEK 350 million) since 2019
Start your AI journey	2019-2020	This small specific initiative was designed to enhance the adoption of AI in SMEs, with 51 projects granted EUR 43 000 (SEK 500 000) each (Vinnova, 2019[21]).	Approximately EUR 2.3 million (SEK 25.5 million)
European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs)	Not reported	Sweden co-financed the four EDIHs that were approved by the European Commission and also maintained five further hubs (recognised through the seal of excellence given by the European Commission). Initiating and setting up the Swedish innovation hubs was a joint effort by Vinnova and the regional growth agency (Tillväxtverket).	Not reported

Ensure AI technologies work for people

Nurture talent and improve the supply of skills necessary to enable a thriving AI ecosystem

Sweden has several complementary initiatives in place to build research excellence in developing AI (through different parts of the flagship Wallenberg programme), to consider the impact of AI on skills needed and educational programmes offered, as well as to study how AI can be used responsibly in education. This builds on a long tradition of considering the impact of different technologies on society.

Table 3. Ensure AI technologies work for people: Key initiatives

Name	Start year (period covered)	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Web-based advice on AI in education	2023	The Swedish National Agency for Education provides a web-based support tool for teachers, schools leaders and school providers on the risks and opportunities of AI in schools, particularly in view of generative AI-powered chatbots (Skolverket, 2023[22]).	Not reported
Wallenberg AI and Transformative Technologies Education Development Program (WASP‑ED)		The purpose of the WASP-ED (2025[23]) is to significantly increase the capability and capacity of Swedish universities in providing timely, relevant and scalable education in AI and other transformative technologies. The main objectives are: Provide the educational foundations for AI and related transformative technologies. Scale up the national educational capacity in AI and transformative technologies including educating and maturing the teaching staff to make use of and be innovative in the application of AI and transformative technologies in education. Scale out education in AI and transformative technologies to disciplines and professions beyond the technical core. Develop and leverage data-based education and pedagogical transformation such as learning analytics. In the context of the broader WASP programme (see above), the ambition is to support 600 doctoral students, along with post-doctoral students and professors.	Not reported
Science, technology and society university programmes	2023	The University of Uppsala has complementary programmes in place to educate students of technology-focused subjects to consider the policy/societal impact of technology (Uppsala University, 2023[24]), while the University of Gothenburg has a research group on the same subject (University of Gothenburg, 2023[25]).	Not reported
Analysing the impact of AI on educational programmes		The government assigned the Swedish Higher Education Authority (UKÄ) and the Swedish National Agency for Higher Vocational Education (MYH) the analysis of the potential of impact AI on the university’s or polytechnic’s education offerings in relation to the labour market’s future skills needs (Regeringen, 2023[26]).	Not reported
AI Competence for Sweden	2018	This national collaboration initiative aims to promote education and development for professionals in AI. Within the framework of the initiative, Swedish higher education institutions collaborate to create a knowledge platform and offer courses for professionals. The initiative consists of a growing catalogue of AI-specific courses (including modular presence-based courses, massive open online courses, podcasts) offered by the participating universities, including a “skills guide” for those interested in finding suitable courses, regular public educational events as well as exchanges between the universities (AI Competence for Sweden, 2018[27]).	EUR 4 million for 2018-19
Transitional study support	2022	To facilitate the reskilling of professionals (not only on AI), in 2022, the government introduced the study support, which gives adults aged between 27 and 62 the opportunity to study and broaden their skills. For one year, professionals can receive a study grant equivalent to 80% of their pre‑study salary and, for a further year, they can apply for a student loan (Unionen, 2022[28]; 2022[29]).	Not reported

Build strategic leadership in priority sectors

Leveraging AI in key sectors is a task fulfilled mainly by existing private and decentralised public sector initiatives in Sweden. These are most often embedded in broader initiatives focused on leveraging digitalisation, including within climate and the environment, forestry, bioeconomy, healthcare and the public sector, with AI-specific initiatives being particularly prominent in the areas of mobility and the public sector.

State of AI in healthcare

Sweden’s health data governance has focused on the protection of patient privacy through legislation such as the Patient Data Act (Patientdatalagen), which regulates the handling of health data within the healthcare system (Swedish Riksdag, 2008[30]). However, the country’s decentralised healthcare structure has created challenges in establishing a unified governance framework encompassing all governing bodies. Key challenges include limited interoperability between regions and private providers, fragmented electronic health records that hinder efficient data sharing and the lack of a comprehensive legal framework that drives systemic reforms in health data infrastructure (EIT Health, 2023[31]). The Swedish eHealth Agency (E-hälsomyndigheten) has made strides addressing these issues by positioning itself as the national contact point for the country (E‑hälsomyndigheten, 2023[32]). It is tasked with streamlining data governance and ensuring compliance with EU standards, such as the European Health Data Space (EHDS).

While Sweden’s AI development has largely followed a localised approach, the country has actively promoted AI initiatives in both academia and the private sector. Initiatives like AI Sweden actively support healthcare organisations in developing AI-driven solutions and fostering collaboration between public, private and academic stakeholders (AI Sweden, 2024[33]). Sweden’s participation in EU initiatives, such as the EHDS and the 1+ Million Genomes project, highlight its commitment to align national efforts with broader EU efforts. In addition, the Genomic Medicine Sweden (GMS) initiative, funded by Vinnova, aims to transform diagnostics and establish a national genomics platform, positioning the country at the forefront of personalised medicine and genomic research (GMS, 2024[34]). However, without further efforts to unify its fragmented health data governance, Sweden may struggle to fully harness the potential of these promising developments.

Table 4. Build strategic leadership in priority sectors: Key initiatives

Name	Start year (period covered)	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Climate and environment
AI at the service of the climate	2020(-23)	These open calls (2020 and 2021), with joint funding from Vinnova and the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (Formas), focused on develop research ideas and knowledge in AI and climate to a higher degree of maturity, contributing to tools for decision support with potential to provide significant emissions reductions or necessary adaptations to climate change in the long term (Vinnova, 2020[35]).	Approximately EUR 8.3 million (SEK 90 million)
Health
Nordic e-Infrastructure Collaboration (NeIC) Heilsa	2021	Eilsa Tryggvedottir is the name of the Nordic collaboration on sensitive data funded by the NeIC and partner nodes. Access to sensitive data, such as genomics and phenomics data, is critical for driving ground‑breaking discoveries and advancing human health. The project aims to build on the technology developed in the previous NeIC Tryggve projects to increase interoperability and strengthen Nordic cross-border e‑infrastructure.	Not reported
European Federation for Cancer Images (EUCAIM)	2023	Sweden is part of the EUCAIM project which focuses on leveraging AI‑based technologies for cancer diagnosis and treatment to improve patient outcomes and transform cancer care across the European Union.	Not reported
Roadmap for a national digital infrastructure for healthcare	2023	Through common standards and specifications, a national infrastructure is made possible. The purpose of the infrastructure is to create better conditions for residents to gain access to and have control over their own health data. The infrastructure will also make healthcare work more efficient; conditions are created for using data to develop healthcare, conduct research and create better opportunities for decision making.	Not reported
Public sector
eSam	Not reported	Forty-one government agencies are organised through eSam, a public collaboration mechanism for digitalisation of the public sector, which has been implementing seven AI-related initiatives in 2023/24 (eSam, 2024[36]), including: i) use of AI in the creation of public documents; ii) risks and prerequisites for exchanging models for AI development; iii) a common platform for chatbots; iv) practical application of AI solutions (interpretation); v) generative AI-based services; and vi) AI for communication operations.	Not reported
Assignment to develop guidelines for the use of generative AI in public administration	2024	The government recently tasked two agencies, the Agency for Digital Government and the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection, with developing guidelines for generative AI, for upskilling civil servants (Regeringen, 2024[37]).	Approximately EUR 320 000 (SEK 3.7 million)
Collaboration for AI in Municipalities and Civil Society	2022	In the Collaboration for AI in Municipalities and Civil Society project, Vinnova and AI Sweden have been working since 2022 with investment targeted at Sweden’s municipalities and civil society organisations. The aim is to provide tailored help and financial support that helps the target groups to understand how AI can be used and to get started with their first concrete projects (AI Sweden, 2023[38]). The programme consists of three parts: The AI council: Representatives from 12 of the country's municipalities work on strategic issues for Swedish municipalities, identifying common opportunities, challenges and needs. Use cases: With funding from Vinnova, a number of municipalities and civil society organisations are working on diverse AI projects at different levels. These projects not only strengthen the AI competence of the participating organisations but also generate valuable lessons for others. Tools: The AI Compass consolidates many of the lessons learned from the project into a tool that will help individual organisations get started practically, regardless of their current AI maturity and experience.	Not reported
Mobility
Strategic Vehicle Research and Innovation (FFI) Traffic Safe Automation programme	2024	The FFI, a joint programme between the Swedish state and the automotive industry, has been running since 2009. It promotes and finances R&I for sustainable road transport. FFI finances research and development activities for approximately SEK 1 billion per year, where the state accounts for half of the funding (EDIH Network, 2024[39]). The Traffic Safe Automation programme aims to find concrete innovative solutions that make road safety a driving force for automation. The mission is to improve road safety and make transport more sustainable through safe connected automated vehicles (FFI, 2024[40]).	EUR 86 million per year (SEK 1 billion, 50% private, 50% public)
Drive Sweden	2015	Drive Sweden is a national initiative (financed by Vinnova and Formas) for more sustainable transportation systems. The programme brings together over 200 stakeholders from business, academia and the public sector. By financing innovations, Drive Sweden aims to making new solutions in shared, connected and automated mobility technically, commercially and legally feasible, as well as beneficial to society. Several projects test digitised, connected and shared mobility solutions based on AI (Drive Sweden, 2024[41]).	Not reported
Agriculture/forestry/rural development
Knowledge Hub for the Digitalization of Agriculture	2024(-26) (initially)	Linköping University has been appointed by the Swedish Board of Agriculture to be responsible for a national knowledge hub for digitisation in agriculture. The project is expected to be a broad national effort to highlight the opportunities of digitisation for Swedish agriculture. An important part of the work will be to refine, package and convey knowledge to the industry (Linköping University, 2024[42]).	Approximately EUR 1.7 million (SEK 20 million); co‑funded by the European Union, but exact data unclear
Digitalised agriculture testbed	2018(-21)	RISE runs a test bed for digitised agriculture. In the testbed, companies and researchers can develop new technology, new applications, system solutions or fully data-driven innovations that can help agriculture to become more sustainable, climate-smart and profitable (RISE, 2021[43]).	Not reported
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (Mistra) Digital Forest	2020(-23); 2023 (second phase)	Mistra Digital Forest is a research programme that uses digitalisation to promote sustainable development in forestry. The programme focuses on developing useful digital tools and automation techniques that take advantage of the huge amounts of data available in the forestry sector. The programme is run and financed by Mistra in conjunction with the forestry industry.	Approximately EUR 9.8 million (SEK 106 million) for 2020-23; approximately EUR 10.9 million (SEK 118 million) for the second phase

References

[27] AI Competence for Sweden (2018), National Collaboration Initiative for Education and Skills Development in AI, https://ai-competence.se/om/.

[20] AI Sweden (2025), Edge Learning Lab, https://www.ai.se/en/ai-labs/edge-learning-lab (accessed on 19 November 2024).

[33] AI Sweden (2024), Homepage, https://www.ai.se/en (accessed on 14 January 2025).

[38] AI Sweden (2023), Collaboration for AI in Municipalities and Civil Society, https://www.ai.se/en/sector-initiatives/collaboration-ai-municipalities-and-civil-society.

[4] AI Sweden (n.d.), An AI Strategy for Sweden, https://strategy.ai.se/ (accessed on 29 October 2024).

[2] DiGITAL (2025), “Kristersson: “Now we will develop an AI strategy””, https://www.di.se/digital/kristersson-nu-ska-vi-ta-fram-en-ai-strategi/.

[41] Drive Sweden (2024), Projects, https://www.drivesweden.net/en/projects.

[39] EDIH Network (2024), “Sweden’s collective expertise within innovation avaliable for companies and public administrations”, European Digital Innovation Hubs Network, European Commission, https://european-digital-innovation-hubs.ec.europa.eu/edih-catalogue/countries/sweden.

[32] E‑hälsomyndigheten (2023), Welcome to the Swedish eHealth Agency, https://www.ehalsomyndigheten.se/languages/english/welcome-to-the-swedish-ehealth-agency/.

[31] EIT Health (2023), Implementing the European Health Data Space in Sweden, https://eithealth.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Implementing-the-European-Health-Data-Space-in-Sweden.pdf.

[36] eSam (2024), Accelerating Development - AI, https://www.esamverka.se/vad-vi-gor/ai.html.

[40] FFI (2024), FFI Safe Automated Driving, https://ffisweden.se/en/ffi-traffic-safe-automation/.

[7] Försäkringskassa (n.d.), Samordnad och säker statlig it-drift, Swedish Social Insurance Agency, https://sgit.se/.

[34] GMS (2024), About Us, Genomic Medicine Sweden, https://genomicmedicine.se/en/about-us/.

[3] Government of Sweden (2024), The AI Commission’s Roadmap for Sweden, Ministry of Finance, https://www.regeringen.se/rapporter/2024/11/ai-kommissionens-fardplan-for-sverige/.

[12] Linköping University (2025), National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputing in Sweden (NAISS), https://liu.se/en/organisation/liu/naiss.

[42] Linköping University (2024), About Us, https://liu.se/en/research/knowledge-hub-for-the-digitalization-of-agriculture/about-us.

[13] Linköping University (2023), “European supercomputer to be located at LiU”, https://liu.se/en/news-item/europeisk-superdator-hamnar-pa-liu.

[14] LUMI (2025), LUMI Supercomputer, https://www.lumi-supercomputer.eu/lumi_supercomputer/.

[15] Myfab (2025), Homepage, http://www.myfab.se/.

[37] Regeringen (2024), Assignment to the Swedish Agency for Digital Government and the Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection to Develop Guidelines for the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration, https://www.regeringen.se/regeringsuppdrag/2024/08/uppdrag-till-myndigheten-for-digital-forvaltning-och-integritetsskyddsmyndigheten-att-ta-fram-riktlinjer-for-anvandningen-av-generativ-artificiell-intelligens-inom-den-offentliga-forvaltningen/.

[16] Regeringen (2024), “Excellent research and innovation are encouraged in largest-ever research and innovation bill”, https://www.government.se/press-releases/2024/12/excellent-research-and-innovation-are-encouraged-in-largest-ever-research-and-innovation-bill/.

[26] Regeringen (2023), “The Government commissions the impact of AI on the provision of education”, https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2023/07/regeringen-ger-uppdrag-att-analysera-ais-paverkan-pa-utbildningsutbud/.

[5] Regeringen (2021), “Data - An underutilized resource for Sweden”, Swedish Ministry of Finance, https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/459769c805ce4c99861d29fad92bea64/data--en-underutnyttjad-resurs-for-sverige-en-strategi-for-okad-tillgang-av-data-for-bl.a.-artificiell-intelligens-och-digital-innovation.

[6] Regeringen (2021), Secure and Cost-effective IT Pperations, Swedish Ministry of Finance, https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2021/12/sou-202197/.

[1] Regeringskansliet (2025), Sweden Digitalisation Strategy 2025-2030, Government of Sweden, https://www.regeringen.se/rapporter/2025/05/sveriges-digitaliseringsstrategi-20252030/.

[18] RISE (2025), “Artificial intelligence makes new demands on privacy”, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, https://www.ri.se/en/what-we-do/artificial-intelligence.

[19] RISE (2025), Center for applied AI at RISE, https://www.ri.se/en/ai-center.

[43] RISE (2021), Testbed for Digitalised Agriculture, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, https://www.ri.se/sv/vad-vi-gor/test-demo/digitaliserat-jordbruk.

[22] Skolverket (2023), “AI in schools – Risks and opportunities”, https://www.skolverket.se/om-skolverket/nyheter-och-pressmeddelanden/nyheter/nyheter/2023-09-05-ai-i-skolan---risker-och-mojligheter.

[10] Sunet (2022), DC+Orion, Swedish University Computer Network, https://wiki.sunet.se/display/Projekt/DC+Orion.

[11] Sunet (n.d.), Sunet Drive, Swedish University Computer Network, https://www.sunet.se/services/molnbaserade-tjanster/sunet-drive.

[30] Swedish Riksdag (2008), Patientdatalag (2008:355), https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/patientdatalag-2008355_sfs-2008-355/.

[28] Unionen (2022), Transition Organisations, https://www.unionen.se/rad-och-stod/omstallningsorganisationer.

[29] Unionen (2022), Transition Support, https://www.unionen.se/rad-och-stod/trygghetsrad-stod-om-du-blir-uppsagd.

[25] University of Gothenburg (2023), Science and Technology Studies (STS), https://www.gu.se/en/research/science-and-technology-studies-sts.

[24] Uppsala University (2023), Science and Technology Foundation Semester Programme, https://www.uu.se/en/study/programme?query=BASTN.

[9] Vinnova (2024), “Billion SEK investment to speed up the digitization of Swedish industry”, https://www.vinnova.se/en/news/2024/10/billion-dollar-investment-to-speed-up-the-digitization-of-swedish-industry/.

[8] Vinnova (2023), Advanced Digitalisation – Future Solutions in Swedish Industry, https://www.vinnova.se/en/m/digital-transformation/advanced-digitalisation---programme-for-future-solutions-in-swedish-industry/.

[35] Vinnova (2020), AI in the Service of Climate, https://www.vinnova.se/en/calls-for-proposals/ai-from-research-to-innovation/ai-in-climate-service/.

[21] Vinnova (2019), Start your AI journey!, https://www.vinnova.se/en/calls-for-proposals/ai-competence-capacity-and-capability-/start-your-ai-journey/.

[17] WASP (2025), About Us, Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program, https://wasp-sweden.org/about-us/.

[23] WASP-ED (2025), The Wallenberg AI and Transformative Technologies Education Development Program, https://wasp-ed.org/.

This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD or of the European Union.

The names and representation of countries and territories used in this publication follow the practice of the OECD.

This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.

This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

Specific territorial disclaimers applicable to the OECD:

Note by the Republic of Türkiye

The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiye shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.

Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union

The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

Kosovo: This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence.

 

The full book is available in English: OECD (2025), Progress in Implementing the European Union Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (Volume 1): Member States’ Actions, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/533c355d-en.

 

© OECD 2025

Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Attribution – you must cite the work.

Translations – you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and the translation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.

Adaptations – you must cite the original work and add the following text: This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.

Third-party material – the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and for any claims of infringement.

You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.

Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one.

Note

← 1.  National HPC resources for public research provided through NAISS and Sunet and funded by the Swedish Research Council: Alvis (Chalmers) c. 850 GPU Nodes – AI focused; Bianca (Uppsala) c. 300 CPU Nodes – Sensitive data; Rackham (Uppsala) c. 500 CPU Nodes; Dardel (KTH) c. 1200 nodes CPU and GPU; Joint academic/industry cluster - Tetralith (Linköping) c. 1900 nodes mostly CPU and some GPU; Arrhenius (EuroHPC hosting at Linköping) to launch in Q1 2025: 1 000 CPU nodes and 250 GPU nodes; Multipurpose including AI - LUMI (CSC Finland) Sweden 3.5% of the time allocations from c. 3 000 GPU nodes and c.2 000 CPU nodes; Sunet Cloud (Swedish Research Council) Scalable and on-demand cloud computing. In addition, Linköping/NAISS has invested in an AI focused cluster from private donations: BerzeLIUs (Linköping) – c.100 Nodes mostly GPU but some tensor nodes – AI focused with large memory capacity; The Alvis (Chalmers) national HPC resource is focused on supporting AI applications. The BerzeLIUs (Linköping) resource is extensively used for AI applications. Both EuroHPC LUMI resources and the planned Arrhenius (EuroHPC hosting at Linköping) are designed to support AI applications and are/will be used as core infrastructure for AI applications and development.