Progress in Implementing the European Union Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (Volume 1): Greece

Table of contents

• Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union
• Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market
• Ensure AI technologies work for people
• Build strategic leadership in priority sectors

The European Union (EU) Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a strategic initiative by the European Commission and EU Member States to promote AI development, investment and co-operation. In 2024, the OECD conducted a survey and interviews to take stock of implementation progress made by the EU Member States in implementing the actions set in the EU Coordinated Plan on AI. Drawing on the information collected, the OECD prepared country notes for each EU Member State. This document presents the country note for Greece, which summarises key initiatives and implementation progress.

Key messages

• The recently published Blueprint for Greece’s AI Transformation marks the first phase of establishing a national AI strategy: It outlines the guiding principles and methodology, as well as six flagship programmes, spanning public administration and governance, education, research, technology and innovation, cultural heritage and ethics.

• Governance mechanisms foreseen in the blueprint include central co‑ordination (Hellenic Ministry of Digital Governance), supervisory (national AI supervisory authority) and oversight (AI National Interministerial Committee) functions, an advisory body (interdisciplinary research lab AI Politeia) and a monitoring mechanism (an AI observatory).

• Data infrastructure and research centres are key assets for AI: Greece is undertaking investments and implementing strategic approaches regarding data, cloud and computing, while fostering AI research, including through its involvement in the European Union (EU) large language model (LLM) projects, as well as dedicated research centres, specifically Pharos, one of the seven AI Factories in the European Union.

• Several initiatives are in place to educate students and the wider public on AI: Both students in primary and secondary education are supported in their understanding of AI and in building AI uses cases, such as in robotics. Several public-private partnerships programmes seek to foster the digital skills of the wider public.

• AI is already in use in several sectors, building on EU initiatives and existing infrastructure: Some specific initiatives in sectors such as health, climate, agriculture and the public sector specifically address and make use of AI.

Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union

Acquire, pool and share policy insights

In 2024, Greece officially published the report A Blueprint for Greece’s AI Transformation, a foundational document on the country’s national strategy in the AI sector (Hellenic Republic, 2024[1]). The document includes principles to guide the national strategy, namely: i) respect for human dignity; ii) human flourishing; iii) pluralism; iv) participation; v) transparency; vi) oversight; vii) adaptability; and viii) international co‑operation, as well as the adopted methodology and six flagship programmes to achieve the following objectives:

1. Become a model nation in data collection and governance, AI readiness and AI strategy.

2. Establish a world-class AI research and education institute.

3. Develop a central AI education platform supporting teaching and learning, virtual collaboration and hosting AI competitions.

4. Foster the development of AI ecosystems around data, computation and opportunities for investment, training and mentoring.

5. Develop the Greek language and culture data space.

6. Launch a global AI ethics forum and a global AI observatory for the democratic process.

The report was co‑ordinated by the High Level Advisory Committee on Artificial Intelligence, established in November 2023 under the Prime Minister’s Office to outline a national AI strategy, with the Special Secretariat of Foresight actively facilitating the formulation of the blueprint.

In aiming to leverage AI for economic growth, innovation and social benefits, the blueprint addresses several sectors as a priority, including the public sector, healthcare, education and skills, the private sector with a focus on fostering public-private partnerships, smart cities, climate, civil protection and culture.

The EU Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence has played an important role in the elements of the blueprint, notably in the areas of high-performance computing (HPC) and support for AI adoption by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Additionally, the blueprint foresees a national AI supervisory authority to align proposed frameworks in Greece with the EU AI Act and strike a balance between human rights’ protection and AI innovation.

The Hellenic Ministry of Digital Governance (MDG) plays a key role in formulating and overseeing national policies related to AI and involving various governmental and private stakeholders, while the AI National Interministerial Committee will oversee the strategy at the political level and the MDG Supervising Committee will supervise and co‑ordinate the day-to-day implementation of the strategy.

Additionally, advisory bodies, including the advisory board of the interdisciplinary AI Politeia research lab and the independent National Commission for Bioethics and of Technoethics, will provide strategic guidance and recommendations about the implementation of the strategy. The Special Secretariat of Foresight in Greece has mandate of applying foresight to detect future challenges, risks and opportunities of AI, to support long-term planning and ensure the resilience and strategic autonomy, and the participation of society.

An AI observatory will be developed to centralise data gathering and evidence-based monitoring of the strategy, while facilitating interactions with Greek stakeholders and AI communities. The observatory will provide information and key performance indicators about: i) the AI activities in Greece; ii) the AI ecosystem entities; iii) the available AI training and educational activities that take place in Greece across all educational levels, including executive and public educational programmes; iv) the AI research activities that take place in Greece in collaboration with various Greek research institutes and universities; v) AI success stories across different sectors (Pioneers for AI).

The implementation of the concepts proposed in the blueprint relies on multiple funding sources, notably national1 and EU2 technology and research funds, as well as private sector funding.

During the development of the blueprint and hitherto, Greece has pursued AI initiatives in the context of the Digital Transformation Strategy 2025, also known as the “Digital Transformation Bible” (Hellenic Republic, 2020[2]; Greece, 2020[3]).

Tap into the potential of data and foster critical computing capacity

The Hellenic government is implementing strategies and policies that foster further development of AI inputs, including with regard to data availability and cloud use, and has invested EUR 976 million in a new data centre complex (GSIE, 2022[4]).

HPC resources are used for training and testing models for various purposes in biochemistry, astrophysics, climatology and meteorology.

Table 1. Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union: Key initiatives

Name	Start year (period covered)	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
DAEDALUS	2023(-26)	This project includes the development of a new supercomputing system through the procurement of new hardware and infrastructure. The action forms part of the strategy to strengthen the country’s public digital infrastructure, as set out in the Digital Transformation Bible 2020-2025 Paper. It will be implemented in the framework of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) Greece 2.0 with funding from NextGenerationEU.	EUR 42 million (of which 65% from the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility, RRF)
Greek National Data Strategy	2020(-25)	The Greek National Data Strategy, part of the Digital Transformation Bible 2020‑2025, aims to create a balanced data ecosystem that respects individual privacy, promote open government and data-driven innovation, and comply with EU obligations and international best practices. Its goals include: i) boosting productivity and trade; ii) supporting new businesses and jobs; iii) increasing the speed, efficiency and scope of scientific research; iv) driving better delivery of policy and public services; and v) creating a fairer society for all (Hellenic Republic, 2020[5]).	Not reported
Government Cloud (G‑Cloud)	2019	The strategy of investing in the G-Cloud is part of the government’s strategy to centralise all individual public administration information systems (data consolidation) into a single structure under the maintenance and management of the infrastructure by the MDG General Secretariat for Public Administration Information System. G‑Cloud aims for the common use of computing infrastructures by public administration bodies, thus reducing their maintenance and support costs and increasing their degree of flexibility and security (GSIS, 2024[6]).	Not reported
Provision of Central Cloud Computing Infrastructures and Services (Hybrid Cloud)	2023	The aim of the Hybrid Cloud project is the general upgrade and optimisation of the central cloud infrastructure, by providing central cloud computing infrastructures and services, in order for organisations to be able to exploit the qualitative and economic benefits of technologies and the operating model by utilising Cloud computing technologies (Greece 2.0, 2024[7]).	EUR 109.1 million (of which EUR 88 million from the RRF)
Upgrading the National Network of Infrastructures for Research and Technology (GRNET)	2022(-26)	The aim of the project is to expand GRNET’s existing cloud computing infrastructure in order to offer advanced services to its users, members of the research and academic community in the country (Greece 2.0, 2024[8]).	EUR 76.6 million (of which EUR 62 million from the RRF)
Advanced Research Information System (ARIS)	Not reported	GRNET has developed and maintains the ARIS infrastructure, which is the Greek HPC system. This initiative supports research and development by providing HPC resources (GRNET, 2024[9]).	Not reported
Greek participation in the EU Chips Joint Undertaking (Chips JU)	2023	Greece participates in the Chips JU through the Key Digital Technologies Joint Undertaking call for applications (GSRI, 2024[10]).	EUR 7.8 million

Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market

Current initiatives to strengthen and mobilise AI research capacities across Greece are often hosted at specific research centres, or through research and industry networks. Greece also has different programmes to support innovative start-ups and SMEs, with AI being often one among several themes, or a use case in sectoral programmes.

Greece has created one of seven AI Factories in the European Union, in the form of an AI start‑up accelerator (i.e. an ecosystem that aims to foster innovation, collaboration and development in the field of AI) that would also act as a hub for diffusing AI capabilities into the Greek private sector.

Additionally, Greece, through its research centres and MDG, is involved in EU LLM projects, including LLMs4EU and LLM Bridge, bringing together knowledge organisations, industry players (start-ups and scale‑ups), governmental organisations, corporates and investors, with the goal of extending the capabilities of open LLMs to the Greek language3 and offering Greek companies, especially SMEs, access to tools and resources to start becoming competitive in LLMs, in both the EU and global markets.

Table 2. Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market: Key initiatives

Name	Start year (period covered)	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Pharos AI Factory	2024	This flagship project under the Blueprint for Greece’s AI Transformation is one of seven EU AI Factories, aiming to accelerate AI innovation by serving as a hub for academia, research, the public sector and private enterprises aiming to develop innovative AI-driven services, spanning sectors of health, Greek language and culture, and sustainability and energy (including climate adaptation). The project will leverage the DAEDALUS supercomputer HPC infrastructure and enable collaboration with other EU infrastructures/other AI Factories. Pharos aims to act as a nexus for the collection of best practices and resources to accelerate the diffusion of AI capabilities into the existing Greek corporate ecosystem.	EUR 30 million
Archimedes Unit at the Athena Research Center	2021	The Archimedes Unit aims to foster basic and applied research and innovation in AI and data science, algorithms by funding visiting researchers as well as doctoral candidates, organising systematic training and educational programmes, and building bridges with foreign academic institutions (Athena, 2024[11]).	EUR 21 million from the RRF
AI Politeai Lab at the Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications (IIT), National Centres for Scientific Research (NCSR) Demokritos	Not reported	The AI Politeia Lab, a project of the Demokritos IIT, one of five NCSRs, is an interdisciplinary lab set up to explore how to ensure a responsible and sustainable technology-enabled future by fostering innovative academic and industrial research across domains in a virtual environment (IIT Demokritos, 2024[12]).	Not reported
p-NET competence centre	Not reported	Founded in the context of the Competence Centers Act of the General Secretariat for Research and Innovation and backed by both private and public funding, p-NET, a network of 21 shareholders from industry leaders, SMEs, academia, research institutions and consulting firms from Greece’s digital landscape, supports innovation, entrepreneurship and technological advancement in fifth-generation cellular network (5G) communications and other emerging networks (p-NET, 2024[13]).	Not reported
ahhed digital innovation hub (DIH)	2017	The ahedd DIH at the NCSR Demokritos is an ecosystem of research and corporate entities that offer digital transformation and innovation solutions using AI, big data and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, aiming to support businesses and organisations on their digital transformation journey. As a one-stop shop for enterprises looking to enrich their competitive advantage portfolio and for public entities that need to improve their processes and services, it offers an array of facilities for digital innovation including AI testbeds and sandboxes. Ahedd offers a Smart City Testbed, a Human-Robot Collaboration Testbed, the Synaisthisi IoT Platform, the Social Web Observatory platform and the 5G Technologies Testbed. These facilities provide a comprehensive environment for experimentation and testing across various technological areas related to AI, supporting stakeholders from SMEs to academia (ahedd, 2024[14]).	Not reported
Greek AI‑MATTERS satellite	Not reported	This network of seven nodes and one satellite aims to increase the resilience and the flexibility of the EU manufacturing sector through the deployment of the latest developments in AI and robotics, and intelligent, autonomous systems for flexible production. The Greek satellite consists of the Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation (LMS), which by provides specialised, industrial customised services, products and technology transfer to businesses, from SMEs to large corporations, aiming to enhance the uptake of AI-based solutions in: i) factory optimisation; ii) human-robot interaction; and c) circular economy, while exploiting the potential of emerging enabling technologies such as machine learning and generative AI (AI-Matters, 2024[15]; LMS, 2024[16]).	EUR 30 million of national funds
Association of Artificial Intelligence (AiCatalyst)	Not reported	AiCatalyst is a private network of industry and academic experts aiming to utilise and democratise AI solutions within an ethical, transparent and explainable framework while, establishing a network between academic research and innovative entrepreneurship. It is partnered with the European Institute of Technology’s AI Community and the Smart Attica EDIH (AiCatalyst, 2024[17]).	Not reported
EquiFund and EquiFund II	Not reported (EquiFund) 2024 (EquiFund II)	This programme launched by the Hellenic Republic in co‑operation with the European Investment Fund, aiming to boost entrepreneurship and innovation in Greece by providing financing to start-ups. Specific funds under the EquiFund umbrella, such as the Innovation Window and the Early-Stage Window, are designed to support technology start-ups, including those working with AI. These funds provide equity financing to help businesses grow from the seed stage to scaling up. EquiFund II focuses on start-ups in the areas of life sciences and healthcare, as well as sustainability and social impact (EIF, 2024[18]).	EquiFund II: EUR 200 million Fund of Funds co‑financed by Cohesion policy funds and national resources of the Hellenic Republic
Athens Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ACEin)	Not reported	Among other public-private partnerships, incubators and accelerators, the Athens University of Economics incubation and acceleration centre ACEin offers mentorship, resources and financial support to AI start-ups (ACEin, 2024[19]).	Not reported
Digital Transformation of SMEs initiative	2022(-26)	The goal of this programme is to strengthen the digital maturity of the country’s SMEs operating in a wide range of sectors of the economy. It supports investments in the development of new products and services in the IT information technology communications sector and covers costs related to purchasing software, training staff and integrating new digital solutions, including AI (via vouchers to SMEs). The programmes target different areas: Programme I: Digital Media Tools supports SMEs in the use of new digital products and services. It provides vouchers for the acquisition of new digital tools. Programme II: Development of Digital Products and Services supports private businesses in implementing investment plans that cover the entire development cycle of digital products and services (new product development). Programme III: Digital Transactions supports SMEs in Greece, with the aim of adopting modern digital tools that will support the processes of invoicing, issuing and distributing tax documents and making electronic payments (STIP Compass, 2024[20]; Government of Greece, 2024[21]).	Overall: EUR 342 million; Programme I: EUR 135 million + EUR 42 million (2024‑25); Programme II: EUR 28 million; Programme III: EUR 137 million; all fully funded through the RRF
Corallia - Hellenic Technology Cluster Initiative	2005	Corallia implements targeted interventions of sustainable innovation ecosystems focusing on the management of clusters, incubators and entrepreneurship programmes. It supports SMEs by providing access to resources, mentorship and networking opportunities (Corallia, 2024[22]).	Not reported
European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs)		Greece participates in the EDIH network, which aims to support SMEs in their digital transformation. There are seven EDIHs in Greece, including the Innovation Hub for Artificial Intelligence in Energy and Environment, Supply Chain and Mobility, Culture and Tourism, which aims to increase the digital maturity of Greek businesses and local authorities through increased AI uptake. The hubs are based on existing clusters and EU‑wide initiatives, making it a valuable policy-support instrument towards key EU directions (EDIH Network, 2024[23]; 2024[24]; 2024[25]; EC, 2024[26]; 2024[27]; 2024[28]).	Four of these EDIHs are co-funded, with 50% of their funding coming from the Digital Europe Programme, while the remaining 50% is sourced from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); the three hubs that have the seal of excellence are funded 100% by the ERDF

Ensure AI technologies work for people

Nurture talent and improve the supply of skills necessary to enable a thriving AI ecosystem

Within a context of emigrating AI talent, the blueprint foresees the establishment of an AI centre of excellence, a graduate school and research hub dedicated to AI, which would drive cutting-edge research, educate top-tier students, train the workforce and advise the government on AI-related priorities.

Additionally, to expand access to AI education, a central online platform is envisioned to serve as a shared space for AI learning materials, developed by experts from academia and industry. This platform would not only foster continuous education and innovation but also host competitions and hackathons.

Greece already has several initiatives in place to educate students in primary and secondary education about the use cases of AI and develop their skills in building AI systems and application (such as in robotics). There are furthermore several (public-)private initiatives to build digital skills of the broader public.

Table 3. Ensure AI technologies work for people: Key initiatives

Name	Start year (period covered)	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
A world-class AI research and educational institute	Not reported	The initiative, a flagship project under the Blueprint for Greece’s AI Transformation, foresees establishing a new graduate school and research centre, focusing on AI, which would pursue research and provide training.	Not reported
A central AI educational platform	Not reported	The initiative, another flagship project under the blueprint, should function as a shared virtual space where educational material could be developed by teams of AI experts from both academia and industry. The objective is to foster the creation of a dynamic and sustainable ecosystem for AI education.	Not reported
National Artificial Intelligence Competition (NAIC)	2024	The Archimedes Unit of the Athena Research Center, in collaboration with the Hellenic Society of Computer Scientists and Professionals in Communications (GCP), the Hellenic Artificial Intelligence Society (EETN) and the Institute of Educational Policy (IEP), has announced the organisation of the NAIC for middle and high school students, aiming to familiarise students with AI techniques such as machine learning, computer vision and natural language processing, and develop skills in cutting-edge technologies. Participants are tasked with solving challenges based on modern AI applications, collaborate with industry experts and represent Greece in the International Olympiad (Athena, 2024[29]; PDTN, 2024[30]).	Not reported
Digital Academy for Citizens	2021	The Digital Academy for Citizens, an initiative of the Ministry of Digital Government, provides free online courses to improve digital literacy and competencies, which in turn supports SMEs in their digital transformation efforts (Jākobsone, 2021[31]).	Not reported
Supply of robotics and science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) equipment for education	2023(-25)	This programme provides funding for the supply of robotics kits to primary (kindergartens and elementary schools) and secondary (high schools) schools throughout the country. The robotics kit consists of building blocks and software, allowing construction and programming, forming a complete project (Greece 2.0, 2024[32]).	EUR 30.1 million (under the RRF)
Panhellenic Educational Robotics Competition	Not reported	The aim of this competition is to introduce educational robotics, as well as the broader STEM methodology, into the official educational system. Overall, the national competition supports STEM as a methodology for compulsory education and defines the ways in which students will acquire 21st century skills (WRO Hellas, 2023[33]).	Not reported
Students of Natural Sciences: Pioneers in Artificial Intelligence (Pioneers in AI)	2024	The Students of Natural Sciences: Pioneers in Artificial Intelligence project led by the Science For You (SciFy) initiative, with the contribution of NCSR Demokritos research centre education office, is created as an online AI course specifically designed for science students, enriched with videos, exercises and other educational elements (SciFY, 2024[34]).	Not reported
ReGeneration Initiative: Upskilling Greek Youth for the Digital Era (ReGeneration)	2020	Under the auspices of the Hellenic Ministry of Digital Government, Microsoft and ReGeneration aim to foster digital skill upskilling for youth across Greece, including AI and other emerging technologies. The ReGeneration Initiative: Upskilling Greek Youth for the Digital Era powered by Microsoft is the largest digital literacy programme in Greece, with 1 000 beneficiaries and about 20 000 hours of training in soft and digital skills (e.g. office automation, mobile applications, information systems, data visualisation, cloud technologies, digital marketing, user interface and experience design, etc.), with the goal of reskilling participants with necessary skills that serve as a powerful resource for the modern job market. ReGeneration, a Global Shapers Athens Hub and World Economic Forum initiative, is the largest employment and training programme in Greece (ReGeneration, 2021[35]).	Not reported

Build strategic leadership in priority sectors

Leveraging AI in key sectors in Greece is a task fulfilled mainly by research institutions and public infrastructures as well as through EU initiatives, with initiatives and local use cases in the areas of climate and the environment, health, agriculture and mobility. Notably, Greece aims to leverage AI in the public sector, with the blueprint foreseeing further initiatives.

State of AI in healthcare

Greece is currently establishing its health data governance framework, including a Digital Health Legislative Framework and a National eHealth Interoperability Framework (NeHIF). These frameworks are designed to address regulatory gaps and standardise electronic health services for data exchange in line with EU standards (Hellenic Republic, 2021[36]). The Ministry of Health is leading the implementation of both frameworks, which are included in the Digital Transformation Bible 2020-2025, published by the MDG, and Greece’s NRRP Greece 2.0, demonstrating inter-ministerial collaboration and alignment with national priorities (Hellenic Republic, 2021[36]; MOH, 2021[37]). While there is collaboration on AI, the Ministry of Health is the national authority for e-health, co‑ordinating at the strategic level; the MDG co‑ordinates operational aspects such as the implementation of medical technology and software (Hellenic Republic, 2024[38]; 2024[39]). This structure, alongside Greece’s centralised health system, benefits the development of AI in health by establishing a central authority and defining responsibilities, accelerating policy and initiative development (OECD, 2023[40]).

Despite progress in the digitalisation of Greece’s health data, it remains siloed in separate systems, limiting opportunities for data access, exchange and reuse. To improve interoperability, the Ministry of Health established KETEKNY, the Center for Documentation and Costing of Hospital Services, as the national health data terminology authority (Kotsiopoulos, 2022[41]). KETEKNY will participate in the European Commission’s XpanDH project, which aims to build scalable digital health infrastructure, enable cross‑border interoperability and create a pan-European health ecosystem (XpanDH, 2023[42]). Greece is developing a national data exchange system under the NeHIF, initially targeting standardised laboratory results, with plans to eventually connect all health data, ensuring security and alignment with the European Health Data Space (MOH, 2021[37]). In addition, regulatory gaps in the secondary use of health data are being addressed through initiatives like the creation of an excellence hub to drive innovation (Kotsiopoulos, 2022[41]; 3ahealth, 2023[43]). By establishing a Regional Smart Health Data Space, this excellence hub aims to create a legal and regulatory framework that facilitates the secure sharing and utilisation of health data across borders (3ahealth, 2023[43]).

Table 4. Build strategic leadership in priority sectors: Key initiatives

Name	Start year (period covered)	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Climate and environment
Smart Attica EDIH	Not reported	Smart Attica provides support for developing and implementing AI solutions that address environmental challenges. EDIHs offer services like training, testing before investing and innovation ecosystem building, focusing on sustainable and green technologies (Smart Attica, 2024[44]).	Not reported
Smart Cities projects in Kozani, Trikala, Ioannina, Kalamata, Thessaloniki and Athens	2022	In the context of the 100 Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities by 2030 initiative, the Mission for Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities projects promote the use of AI in urban planning and management to reduce emissions and improve environmental quality. These projects often involve collaborations between municipalities, technology providers and research institutions (BBK, 2024[45]). The cities are implementing AI-driven Smart City solutions to optimise energy use, manage waste and reduce urban heat islands. AI technologies are used to monitor air quality, manage traffic flow and optimise public transportation.	Not reported
Health
National Electronic Health File (NEHF)		This initiative aims to interconnect Greek hospitals, enabling doctors to access national electronic health records, streamline healthcare and reduce bureaucracy by providing mobile access to medical data. An AI‑powered NEHF (AI applications’ integrated processing of large volumes of diverse data) is expected to improve interconnectivity and interoperability of national healthcare networks and databases, and provide faster and better justified decisions at all levels of national healthcare management.	EUR 55.9 million
Hellenic Digital Health Cluster (HDHC) - VELES Excellence Hub	2021	Founded in 2021, the HDHC strengthens Greece’s digital health sector by supporting innovation and connecting academia with industry. It is part of the VELES Excellence Hub, launched in 2023 driving healthcare innovation in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece and Romania using data and AI to enhance personalised medicine and healthcare decision making. Funding covers the entire VELES project, and all participating countries.	EUR 4.75 million
Public sector
Hellenic Cadastre	2024	The cadastre has developed a system to automate the reading and categorisation of property contracts, apply the relevant legal rules and then generate assessments for approval using AI. It is set to become the first Greek state service to use AI. Innovative AI applications for land registry cases will significantly facilitate pertinent public administration operations, by offering enhanced processing speed and by reducing related costs and errors. As a result, property transaction assessments now take less than 10 minutes instead of several hours, significantly reducing costs from EUR 15 to just EUR 0.11 per assessment. Additionally, the new system has improved the legal security for property owners and stimulated the economy by enabling transactions to be completed more quickly.	Not reported
GovTech AI Sandbox	2023(-25)	The GovTech AI Sandbox pilot aims to tackle critical barriers to innovation in user-centric public services. Public sector organisations face significant challenges in effectively deploying and scaling AI solutions, which can limit the impact of technological advancements meant to enhance services for citizens. These challenges include inconsistent dissemination of innovations, an imbalance between top-down and bottom-up approaches, lack of expertise in AI implementation, regulatory and behavioural obstacles and resource limitations. The sandbox is expected to significantly improve the position of Greek public sector organisations in effectively deploying and testing AI solutions under the supervision of competent and regulatory authorities, therewith considerably enhancing public services for Greek citizens (Hellenic Republic, 2024[1]).	Not reported
National-Level Deliberations on Draft Legislation, as part of the EU AI4Deliberation project	2024(-27)	In Greece, every draft law is published by the relevant ministry on opengov.gr, typically for a two-week period, during which citizens can express their opinions. Within the AI4Deliberation project, several AI features will be tested during specific deliberations hosted on opengov.gr. For instance, the project will explore the AI summarisation functionality for processing deliberation comments (AI4DProject, 2024[46]).	EU contribution (under Grant Agreement no. 101178806): EUR 2.99 million
Mobility
Autonomous bus pilot project in Trikala	2023	As part of the Smart City initiatives in Trikala (see above), the city has conducted a pilot project for autonomous buses. This project aimed to test the feasibility and effectiveness of autonomous vehicles in urban transport (i-sense group, 2023[47]).	Not reported
SMARTA project		Greece has taken part in the SMARTA project to develop AI-driven solutions for improving transport services in rural regions (SMARTA, n.d.[48]).	Not reported
Agriculture/forestry/rural development
Smart Agro Hub	Not reported	The Smart Agro Hub is the competence centre of the Agricultural University of Athens, partnering with 12 companies, forming an ecosystem of research, practical knowledge and entrepreneurship, contributing to the creation of a more environmentally friendly agricultural production system based on digital technologies (Smart Agro Hub, 2024[49]).	Not reported

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[18] ACEin (2024), The Incubation & Acceleration Center of the Athens University of Economics, Athens Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, https://acein.aueb.gr/en/.

[13] ahedd (2024), Digital Innovation Hub, Attica Hub for the Economy of Data and Devices, https://ahedd.demokritos.gr/.

[46] AI4DProject (2024), Pilots - AI4Deliberation, https://www.ai4dproject.eu/pilots/.

[16] AiCatalyst (2024), Association of Artificial Intelligence, https://www.aicatalyst.gr/en/#more.

[14] AI-Matters (2024), Greek Satellite, https://ai-matters.eu/greek-satellite/.

[10] Athena (2024), ARCHIMEDES Unit, https://www.athenarc.gr/en/archimedes.

[29] Athena (2024), “National Artificial Intelligence Competition”, https://www.athenarc.gr/en/news/national-artificial-intelligence-competition.

[45] BBK (2024), “Athens, Thessaloniki, Kalamata, Ioannina, Trikala and Kozani in “100 Climate Neutral Cities until 2030””, https://bbk.gr/en/athens-thessaloniki-kalamata-ioannina-trikala-and-kozani-in-100-climate-neutral-cities-until-2030/.

[21] Corallia (2024), About, https://corallia.org/en/about-en/.

[28] EC (2024), DigiAgriFood, European Digital Innovation Hubs Network (EDIH Network), European Commission, https://european-digital-innovation-hubs.ec.europa.eu/edih-catalogue/digiagrifood.

[27] EC (2024), GR digiGOV-innoHUB, European Digital Innovation Hubs Network, European Commission, https://european-digital-innovation-hubs.ec.europa.eu/edih-catalogue/gr-digigov-innohub.

[26] EC (2024), Health Hub, European Digital Innovation Hubs Network, European Commission, https://european-digital-innovation-hubs.ec.europa.eu/edih-catalogue/health-hub.

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[24] EDIH Network (2024), smartHEALTH, European Digital Innovation Hubs Network, European Commission, https://european-digital-innovation-hubs.ec.europa.eu/edih-catalogue/smarthealth.

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Notes

← 1.  Phaistos Fund (established by Law 4727/2020 to support 5G research and innovation activities and AI applications utilising 5G infrastructures); National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) 2021-2027 (funds research, development, innovation and education programmes), the Archimedes Unit of the Athena Research Centre.

← 2.  Horizon Europe, European Defence Agency grants, the Connecting Europe Facility and the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

← 3.  Beyond the existing Meltemi and Llama-Krikri LLM for the Greek language.