Progress in Implementing the European Union Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (Volume 1): France

Table of contents

• Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union
• Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market
• Ensure AI technologies work for people
• Build strategic leadership in priority sectors

The European Union (EU) Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a strategic initiative by the European Commission and EU Member States to promote AI development, investment and co-operation. In 2024, the OECD conducted a survey and interviews to take stock of implementation progress made by the EU Member States in implementing the actions set in the EU Coordinated Plan on AI. Drawing on the information collected, the OECD prepared country notes for each EU Member State. This document presents the country note for France, which summarises key initiatives and implementation progress.

Key messages

• France has developed a clear artificial intelligence (AI) strategy and adapted it over time to meet emerging challenges: The first phase of France’s national AI strategy (2018-22) focused strongly on interdisciplinary AI research excellence and enhancing compute capacity. In the second phase (2022-25), diffusion of AI in the economy, especially among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), is a key priority. Related goals include enhancing training, education and research, and building a competitive and sovereign technology offer on AI with a focus on embedded, trustworthy, frugal and generative AI.

• Specific measures were added to the strategy in 2023 in response to the rapid development of generative AI: These notably include calls for projects on generative AI building blocks (or “commons”) and speeding up uptake, as well as reinforcing AI cloud services and strengthening public supercomputing and related human capacity, including as part of the European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC JU) initiative.

• France has taken steps to monitor and evaluate measures implemented under the national AI strategy: This includes the use of key performance indicators (KPIs). External evaluations have also taken place, and independent experts (e.g. Comité de l’intelligence artificielle generative) have been called upon to help assess and improve AI-related policies. Monitoring and evaluation also concern other AI-relevant strategies and measures developed under France 2030, a large investment plan for innovation, industrialisation and research (e.g. electronics, cloud, cybersecurity).

• France has been the first European Union (EU) member state to join the International Network of AI Safety Institutes: This network consists of technical organisations dedicated to fostering a better understanding of the risks posed by advanced AI systems and developing risk mitigation solutions.

• Developing and attracting AI talent and skills is a key priority in the strategy: The call for expressions of interest for skills and professions of the future (Appel à manifestation d’intérêt pour les compétences et métiers d’avenir) aims at training 400 000 individuals annually by 2030. Moreover, measures are being implemented to promote inclusion and diversity in AI ecosystems.

• The territorial dimension is an important component of France’s AI policies: A comprehensive approach is being developed to promote AI uptake and technology transfer. France counts 16 European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs), several of which focus on AI, and regional and local AI networks have emerged. Furthermore, the country has nodes for all EU‑funded testing and experimentation facilities (TEFs) involving AI.

• Measures are underway to promote the development and adoption of AI-based solutions in several priority sectors, with a strong focus on climate and environmental sustainability: Several innovative initiatives are notably being undertaken to modernise public services with the help of AI and promote sustainable practices in areas such as mobility, agriculture, forestry and land management.

Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union

Acquire, pool and share policy insights

France’s national AI strategy was launched in 2018. Its first phase ran between 2018 and 2022 and had a budget of EUR 1.85 billion. It notably enabled the creation and development of a network of interdisciplinary AI research institutes, the establishment of chairs of excellence and doctoral programmes, and the deployment of the Jean Zay supercomputer.

The second phase of the strategy (2022-25) places greater emphasis on disseminating AI technologies throughout the economy and enabling AI development and innovation. It is organised around the following strategic axes:

• Training, education and research.

• Building a competitive and sovereign technology offer on AI, with a special focus on embedded AI,1 trustworthy AI, frugal AI2 and generative AI.

• Diffusion of AI technologies in the economy by fostering adoption of AI especially in SMEs (see the example of the AI Booster later in this document)

In 2023, due to the rapid development of generative AI, new measures were added to the strategy to help develop a French ecosystem in that area. Later that year, an independent commission (Comité de l’intelligence artificielle générative) was set up to address the new challenges that generative AI poses to France’s AI strategy. This commission issued a report with policy recommendations that are being examined, together with potential responses, at the time of writing.

The national AI strategy, which is part of the broader France 2030 investment plan for innovation, industrialisation and research (EUR 54 billion),3 committed about EUR 1 billion to the development of the above-mentioned strategic axes over the period 2022-25. According to French authorities, a comparable amount has been invested in AI applications in a range of sectors, and a further EUR 2 billion will be invested before the end of the plan, i.e. a total of EUR 4 billion in public AI investments. No EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) resources are used in this context. However, they are used in AI-transversal projects. Moreover, additional public expenditure is channelled to AI-relevant projects as part of other strategies (generally also funded by France 2030), e.g. electronics, cloud, digitisation and decarbonisation of mobility, agritech.

Moreover, a strategic committee focusing on trustworthy digital solutions (solutions numériques de confiance)4 encompassing representatives from government, industry and trade unions was launched in 2024. This committee will work to inform policy making along the following strategic axes:

• Deploying sovereign integrated cloud-data-AI offerings and competitive collaborative solutions.

• Streamlining the process of switching between suppliers to make the digital solution market more open for EU businesses.

• Developing training modules around trustworthy digital solutions and making them available to training and education organisations.

The national co‑ordinator for AI (coordinateur national pour l’intelligence artificielle, CNIA)) is responsible for interministerial co‑ordination of the national strategy. The CNIA reports to the prime minister and liaises with the General Secretariat for Investment. Co‑ordination relies on all relevant administrations and AI research centres for the implementation of the strategy. A steering committee and a strategic committee bringing together eight ministries meet once a month to decide on the orientations of the national AI strategy and provide a first level of funding validation for projects. For projects under EUR 10 million, funding decisions are then submitted to the France 2030 Ministerial Operational Programme Committee, which brings together the main central departments involved in digital technologies. Projects over EUR 10 million are in turn validated by the France 2030 Executive Committee, which brings together the main ministries involved in that investment plan.

France is the first EU member state to join the International Network of AI Safety Institutes, which consists of technical organisations dedicated fostering a better understanding of the risks posed by advanced AI systems and developing risk mitigation solutions (EC, 2024[1]).

The national AI strategy uses several KPIs including the number of AI start-ups created, investment in AI, number of AI-related publications and patents, and the adoption rate of AI technologies across priority sectors. The French Court of Auditors (Cour des Comptes) published in April 2023 an in itinere evaluation of the AI strategy focusing on the research and higher education pillars, which accounted for about 30% of the strategy’s budget for the 2018-22 period. The report acknowledged the difficulties associated with assessing impacts on research performance due to the nature and timeframe associated with the development of research, yet it pointed to positive trends such as an increased number of doctoral theses in AI since the start of the strategy’s implementation.5 In addition, an oversight committee is responsible for evaluating investments under France 2030.6

France counts 16 EDIHs, several of which focus on AI. In addition, regional and local AI networks have emerged. Furthermore, the country has nodes for each of the five AI TEFs.

Tap into the potential of data and foster critical computing capacity

The national AI strategy supports the development of large test databases from national archives (Institut national de l'audiovisuel, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Software Heritage foundation, etc.) for the training of AI models. France also launched in October 2024 an initiative aimed at establishing large databases in the French language (ActuIA, 2024[2]) and is involved in the Alliance for Language Technologies European Digital Infrastructure Consortium (ALT-EDIC). Moreover, the country has several data-related strategic initiatives for the public sector, both cross-cutting (interministerial data administration framework) and domain-specific, e.g. relationships between the public administration and citizens, justice administration.

France’s cloud strategy, which identifies cloud technologies as critical to guaranteeing digital sovereignty and remaining at the forefront of innovation, aims at developing a “trustworthy cloud services” label, accelerating the state’s digital transformation and supporting innovative cloud services. France will continue to support the development of innovative AI cloud services through a dedicated call for projects.

Several initiatives are being developed to strengthen computing capacity, including in response to the rapid development of generative AI. Moreover, as part of the EuroHPC JU, France will be hosting the second European exascale supercomputer. Initiatives are also underway to promote the development of efficient algorithms and software, including as part of the Important Project of Common European Interest on Next-Generation Cloud Infrastructure and Services, which France co‑ordinates, and to strengthen the semiconductor ecosystem. In addition, in 2024, France attracted EUR 6 billion worth of foreign private investment for the construction of data centres (French Government, 2024[3]).

Table 1. Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Interministerial framework for data administration (Cadre interministériel d’administration de la donnée)	2021	As part of the public policy on data, algorithms and source codes, this document specifies the interministerial framework for administrations and describes the associated service offering. It covers data, algorithms and source codes (French Government, 2021[4]).	Not reported
Open data government strategy/laws	Not reported	There are several noteworthy initiatives: Book II of Code of relations between the public and the administration (Livre III du Code des relations entre le public et l’administration) (Legifrance, n.d.[5]). 2016 Law for a Digital Republic which lays the foundation of open public data (Loi n° 2016-1321 du 7 octobre 2016 pour une République numérique) (Legifrance, n.d.[6]). Decree no. 2023-1199 (18 December 2023) on automatic personal data treatment (Legifrance, 2023[7]). Open data related to court decisions have been publicly available since 2021 for the Supreme Court, and since 2022 for appeal courts in the civil, social and business fields. Other types of courts and tribunals will follow, including criminal courts.	Not reported
National strategy on cloud/industrial plan to support the French cloud sector	2021	The plan focuses on the following objectives: Supporting the effort of innovative French offers, including from free software. Accelerating the scale-up of French players in critical technologies in high demand. Intensifying the development of disruptive technologies, such as edge computing, to position the EU sector as a future champion.	Plan worth EUR 1.8 billion over 4 years, including EUR 667 million in public funding, EUR 680 million in private co-financing and EUR 444 million in EU funding
Cloud research programme (PEPR Cloud)	2024	This project is scientifically co-piloted by the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) and National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology (Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique, Inria) as part of the new “Digital, algorithms and software” programme. Its goal is to propose significant advances in the performance, security and frugality of cloud infrastructures and services while emphasising the transfer of innovative solutions from research to industry.	EUR 51 million over 7 years
DeepGreen	2023	In 2023, DeepGreen project partners launched the first open-source platform for embedded AI (DeepGreen, n.d.[8]).	EUR 19 million
National programme on spintronics	2024	A programme launched as part of France 2030 to promote frugal, agile and sustainable digital solutions, Spintronics is an emerging technology with multiple potential applications in the context of AI (CEA, 2024[9]).	EUR 38 million over 8 years
Strengthening supercomputing capacity	2023	This involves the extension of supercomputer Jean Zay’s capability in response to generative AI needs and improving access for AI start-ups. The associated teams of support engineers have also been further strengthened.	EUR 50 million
Supporting the semiconductor ecosystem	2022	As part of the national strategy on electronics (https://www.economie.gouv.fr/france-2030-strategie-electronique), France supports initiatives aimed at developing advanced semiconductor technologies.	EUR 5 billion

Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market

Build and mobilise research capacities, and fund and scale innovative AI ideas and solutions

France’s national strategy aims at combining excellence in training, research and innovation to foster the emergence of EU and global academic leaders in AI and its applications. The country started developing research and training hubs in 2019 with the creation of Interdisciplinary Institutes for Artificial Intelligence (3IA) and has subsequently stepped up efforts in that regard, notably via the AI Cluster initiative. Additional research activities involving AI are funded under other France 2030 components (verticals), for a total of over EUR 1 billion.

French authorities reported that at least EUR 256 million from the national AI strategy is targeted at emerging innovation players. AI adoption by SMEs is promoted by means of the AI Booster initiative. Synergies are being sought between the latter and AI-focused EDIHs. Moreover, two major calls for proposals have been launched to develop common generative AI building blocks and encourage the development of advanced integrated generative AI solutions respectively. France counts 16 EDIHs, several of which focus on AI. In addition, regional and local AI networks have emerged (see Table 10.2 for a non-exhaustive list).

Table 2. Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
AI Cluster	2023	The national strategy has allocated EUR560 million in 2023 to the initial and continuous training of AI experts and AI+X professionals with dual competencies. Within this framework, the AI Cluster initiative (ANR, 2024[10]) is dedicated to excellence in AI training in nine universities and grandes écoles.	EUR 360 million
Priority Research Programme and Equipment on Artificial Intelligence (PEPR IA)	2024	Co-directed by three leading research institutions, Inria, the CEA and the National Centre for Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique), over six years, this programme is part of the national strategy for AI and aims to develop breakthrough technologies that can help position France and the European Union as leaders in strategic AI fields. It is structured around three major research topics that correspond to the key issues surrounding AI and sovereignty: Research on frugal AI and embedded AI: rationalise energy consumption of AI systems based on machine learning. Research on trustworthy and distributed AI: advance the state of the art in terms of robustness, confidentiality and system security. Research on the mathematical foundations of AI: build and analyse the foundations of AI systems.	EUR 73 million over 6 years
Accelerating the use of generative AI in the economy	2024	This call for proposals focuses on the downstream part of the generative AI value chain by encouraging the development of advanced integrated generative AI solutions with a short-term adoption horizon. This aims to bring together developers and users of generative AI solutions and develop demonstrators for potentially replicable and economically viable solutions (BPI France, 2024[11]).	EUR 30 million
Digital Commons for Generative Artificial Intelligence	2023	This call for projects aims to create and make accessible digital commons across the entire generative AI value chain to foster the development of innovative products or services (BPI France, 2023[12]).	EUR 66 million
Testing and experimentation facilities (TEFs) and other testing- and evaluation-related initiatives	2024 and earlier	France participates in the five TEFs for AI. French players co‑ordinate two of them (PREVAIL and AI-MATTERS). It is also co‑ordinating the ALT-EDIC initiative that integrates evaluation activities for advanced AI models. In addition, the national metrology lab (Laboratoire national de métrologie et d’essais, LNE) launched an AI evaluation lab in May 2024 (LNE, n.d.[13]). Several organisations involved in conformity assessments of AI-enabled devices (private group UTAC, National Research Institute for Agriculture INRAE…) have also developed appropriate testing infrastructures. Moreover, the Confiance.ai programme is designed to develop tools such as evaluation and testing methodologies for the safe development of AI systems (Confiance.ai, n.d.[14]).	Total financing for these initiatives exceeds EUR 100 million; LNE investments include France Relance funding associated with the RRF
Regional/local AI networks		France counts 16 EDIHs with many of those focused on AI. In addition, regional and local AI networks have developed: The Cité de l’IA: Based in the Hauts-de-France region. Aimed at creating a network and raising awareness among entrepreneurs and business executives on the benefits of AI and opportunities to launch projects. Physical and virtual events (e.g. conferences, workshops) are organised. A training certification for AI project manager roles is under development (Cité de l'IA, n.d.[15]). The Maison de l’Intelligence Artificielle: Based in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region, and similar to the Cité de l’IA (MIA, n.d.[16]). The main objective is also raising public awareness with a focus not only on companies but also young students. Dedicated spaces for demonstrating AI technologies as well as an AI lab and a training room for conferences and talks are made available. The Industrial Council for Artificial Intelligence Research: Group of large companies with research labs based in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region. Discussion about trends in AI and exchange of best practices.	Not reported
AI Booster	2023	AI Booster supports SMEs willing to obtain advice on data-diagnostics and development of relevant AI use cases (French Government, 2023[17]). See Box 1 for further details.	EUR 10 million
AI demonstrators: DIAC and DIAT	2023	In March 2023, the government announced, as part of the national strategy, the extension of two existing demonstration schemes, and the launch of a third dedicated to trusted AI (France 2030, 2023[18]). “Trusted artificial intelligence demonstrators (DIAC)” call for projects: To support the development of hardware, software and system innovations aimed at ensuring the development and demonstration of critical functionalities integrating trusted AI (safety and security, robustness, explainability, ethics, etc.). Projects must be oriented towards the demonstration of a clearly identified functional need, ultimately allowing players to strengthen their position in an existing market or open up to a new market. Areas covered include medical devices, mobility, Industry 4.0, energy, critical infrastructure, etc. Launch of a second wave of the “AI demonstrators in the territories (DIAT)” call for projects in April 2023. Aimed at supporting technology demonstrator projects based on data science and AI responding to territory-specific challenges. These demonstrators will aim to use energy and/or data-efficient AI, with “real-world” validation settings. Re-launch of the “Technological maturation and demonstration of embedded AI technologies” call for projects, which seeks to disseminate solutions implementing an AI functionality (inference and/or learning) in an embedded system as close as possible to the sensor, particularly in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) or consumer Internet of Things (IoT), medical devices, energy networks, urban infrastructure or telecommunications infrastructure and agricultural equipment). It also seeks to support the development of advanced hardware architectures for the needs of deploying algorithms on embedded targets. This component targets specific projects in AI-dedicated hardware, in particular semiconductors.	EUR 120 million

Box 1. In focus: AI Booster

AI Booster’s main goal consists of supporting entrepreneurs in the integration of AI solutions within their companies to increase their productivity and enrich their offers. The programme is open to French companies across all sectors, priority given to companies with a workforce of between 10 and 2 000 employees and with a turnover of more than EUR 250 000.

Support is provided in four stages:

• Discovery and training in different AI solutions with the completion of a dedicated self-diagnosis, online training modules, webinars, etc.

• Search for new areas of growth through AI-enabled transformation projects (Diag Data IA).

• Selection of AI solution with a ten-day consulting mission aimed at qualifying suitable AI solution(s) and establishing an implementation plan.

• Experimentation of the AI solution with a consulting mission aimed at initiating the operational deployment of the identified AI solution.

The first training component is free. Between 50% and 80% of eligible expenses will be financed by AI Booster in subsequent stages.

Source: France Num (2024[19]), Programme IA Booster France 2030, https://www.francenum.gouv.fr/aides-financieres/programme-ia-booster-france-2030.

Ensure AI technologies work for people

Nurture talent and improve the supply of skills necessary to enable a thriving AI ecosystem

Developing and attracting AI talent and skills is one of the key priorities in the national AI strategy’s second phase. Efforts in this area are notably deployed through the AI Cluster initiative, the PEPR IA (see previous section) and the call for expressions of interest for skills and professions of the future (AMI-CMA), which aims to train 400 000 individuals annually by 2030. Measures are also being implemented to promote inclusion and diversity in AI ecosystems.

Table 3. Ensure AI technologies work for people: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Call for expressions of interest for skills and professions of the future (Appel à manifestation d’intérêt pour les Compétences et métiers d’avenir, AMI-CMA)	2021	The AMI-CMA seeks to accompany the development of original training curricula in digital competencies, including AI. It covers all levels of training from secondary classes to doctoral, with an aim to support curricula that will train 400 000 individuals per year by 2030. Projects can also contribute to determining demand and offer for digital training in France. The end goal is to transform the offer of secondary- and university-level training in digital skills to prepare for the expansive development and adoption of digital tools in the professional world. Projects are selected for funding after evaluation by an international and independent jury. The latest awards, which were announced in May 2024 (ANR, 2024[10]), are as follows: MACMIA aims to organise a training course for technicians, engineers and managers with dual skills in the field of AI and industry of the future. The project also covers other areas of dual-skill training: embedded AI and intelligent mobility, AI and health, AI and distribution. AISorb aims to create a training offer at the intersection between AI and humanities and social sciences to promote the employability of professionals through the acquisition of new skills in professions transformed by AI.	EUR 200 million (2021-25)
Promotion of inclusion and diversity in AI ecosystems	2024 and earlier	Relevant initiatives include: The Women in AI programme aims to attract and support women in AI education and careers. The Inclusive AI initiative focuses on ensuring diverse teams and inclusive AI development practices. Other projects such as TechPourToutes are under development (Fondation Inria, 2024[20]).	Not reported
LaborIA	2021	LaborIA (n.d.[21]) is in charge of analysing and helping address reskilling needs in the context of AI developments. IA Clusters and AMI-CMA projects (already discussed) also involve continuing education/reskilling.	Approximately EUR 1 million per year
ChooseFrance		The ChooseFrance programme dedicated to talent is driven by the IA Cluster and PEPR IA initiatives (CNRS, n.d.[22]).	EUR 100 million

Build strategic leadership in priority sectors

France is implementing measures to promote the development and adoption of AI-based solutions in several priority sectors, with a strong focus on climate and environmental sustainability across the board. Environmental criteria have been integrated into calls for projects and dedicated guidelines are being developed for public procurement of AI systems. All new training and education projects involving AI and financed through France 2030 must address AI’s environmental dimension.

Several innovative initiatives are notably being undertaken to modernise public services with the help of AI and promote sustainable practices in sectors such as mobility, agriculture and forestry, and land management. France leads the node dedicated to autonomous mobility systems in the Smart Cities TEF project CitCom.ai and is part of agrifoodTEF, which aims at testing AI technologies in the agrifood sector.

State of AI in healthcare

France has taken a proactive approach to health data governance, focusing on enhancing data infrastructure and fostering innovation in digital health. The country’s centralised health system has facilitated robust health data governance and compliance with European Health Data Space regulations. A cornerstone of this effort is the creation of the Health Data Hub (HDH), a secure platform designed to simplify access to health data while respecting citizens’ rights (HDH, 2024[23]). Acting as a centralised health data authority, the HDH consolidates data from diverse sources, including hospitals and health insurers, and supports projects leveraging AI to improve diagnostics, treatment and healthcare delivery. In parallel, France actively participates in EU initiatives such as the 1+ Million Genomes (1+MG) project through its France Genomic Medicine Plan 2025 (French Government, 2024[24]).

The AI strategy identifies healthcare as a critical domain, recognising the transformative potential of AI in improving disease management, advancing medical imaging technologies and accelerating therapeutic development (French Government, 2024[25]; CEA, 2024[26]). Moreover, the 2030 Digital Health Acceleration Strategy allocated half of its funding to AI-related projects, further underscoring France’s commitment to leveraging AI for healthcare innovation (French Government, 2021[27]).

Table 4. Build strategic leadership in priority sectors: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Climate and environment
Call for projects between France and Germany on AI technologies for risk prevention, crisis management and resilience	2022	Two projects are related to the environment: The CONTRAILS project aims to develop and couple trusted AI methods and physical models to improve the identification, characterisation, data assimilation and prediction of condensation trails. The results of this project will provide tools to monitor the impact of condensation trails on the climate and contribute to informing future experimental trajectory optimisation tests to prevent their formation. The RenovAIte project will provide AI-based software to optimise the large-scale renovation of housing and roads. It will cover the entire value chain, from data acquisition to decision-making tools for engineering firms and the housing and road management services of local authorities.	EUR 17.5 million
OcéanIA Challenge	Not reported	This initiative aims to develop new AI and mathematical modelling tools to contribute to the understanding of the structure, functioning and underlying mechanisms and dynamics of the ocean and its role in the regulation and maintenance of biosphere and the fight against climate change (Inria, n.d.[28]).	Not reported
General frugal AI reference	2024	Developed as part of the national strategy for AI, this project draws on extensive stakeholder engagement and includes a methodology for evaluating the environmental impact of AI across several impact categories and lists, with measures that organisations can implement to reduce that impact (Ecolab, 2024[29]).	The amount dedicated to frugal AI in the national AI strategy budget is approximately EUR 40 million
PEPR IA projects focusing on frugal and embedded AI	2024	Several PEPR IA projects focus on frugal and embedded AI (France 2030, 2024[30]): SHARP: theoretical and algorithmic principles of frugal learning. HOLIGRAIL: breakthroughs in efficiency when running inference and training algorithms on specialised hardware. ADAPTING: adaptive architectures for embedded AI. EMERGENCES: near-physics emerging models for embedded AI.
Reduction of the energy consumption of data centres	Not reported	Inria, together with industrial partners, has launched several research projects devoted to the reduction of energy consumption of data centres, notably “End-to-end eco-design of a cloud to reduce its environmental impact” with OVHcloud, and “PUshing Low-carbon Services towards the Edge” (PULSE) with Qarnot Computing and the French Agency for Ecological Transition ADEME (Inria, n.d.[31]).	Approximately EUR 4 million
Inclusion of the climate or environmental dimensions of AI in education and training	2024 and earlier	Several initiatives are worth mentioning: The University of Rennes was awarded the AI Cluster label on AI issues for environmental modelling (Université de Rennes, 2024[32]). Development of a massive open online course (MOOC) on the environmental impacts of digital technologies (FUN, n.d.[33]) Towards Real Green IT: educational content for frugal information and communication technology (ICT) (AltIMPACT, n.d.[34]).	Rennes University: approximately EUR 5 million
Health
France Genomic Medicine Plan (Plan France Médecine Génomique 2025)	2024	The plan aims to provide patients with timely access to the latest genomic innovations and integrate genomics into routine healthcare to improve diagnosis and treatment, reduce diagnostic errors and personalise therapeutic strategies (French Government, 2024[24]).	Not reported
France 2030: Digital Health Acceleration Strategy	2021	The strategy aims to position France as a leader in digital health by fostering innovation and supporting the development of advanced e-health solutions, with a specific focus on integrating AI-based technologies, e.g. by funding medical imaging advancements, developing AI-based diagnostic and treatment tools, and ensuring secure and ethical use of health data (French Government, 2021[27]).	EUR 5.7 billion
Programme d’excellence pour la recherche	2021	Within France’s 2030 strategy, the programme accelerates innovation in key fields, including AI in healthcare. By supporting foundational AI research, it drives advancements in medical imaging, predictive analytics and therapeutic development. The programme also fosters digital health innovation through AI-powered personalised medicine and diagnostics, while encouraging collaboration between research institutions, healthcare providers and industry (CEA, 2024[26]).	EUR 2 billion (already reported)
Priority Research Programme and Equipment on Artificial Intelligence (PEPR IA)	2021	While not exclusively health-focused, its advancements contribute to AI applications in healthcare, such as improving medical imaging and predictive analytics.	EUR 73 million (already reported)
PariSanté Campus	2021	Designed as a digital health development centre in Paris, PariSanté Campus brings together public institutions, research institutes and start-ups to foster innovation in digital health, emphasising AI applications in healthcare.	Not reported
Public sector
Promote AI use for better policy making and/or public service delivery	2023 (various dates)	Several relevant initiatives are being developed as part of public service modernisation efforts (and with an explicit commitment to using open-source components and follow open data practice). In May 2023, the Minister of Transformation and Public Services and the prime minister committed to investing in AI to improve the quality of public services through Services Publics+, implemented by all public services and based in particular on the Je Donne Mon Avis feature, i.e. a platform that enables all French citizens to give and share their opinions on how to improve public services (French Government, 2023[35]). Albert, a large language model designed on the basis of “free and open” technological bricks, pre-trained and available in open source, is being tested in various administrations. The Alliance Numérique incubator support projects relating to AI models/AI-based solutions for the public sector.	Overall budget: approximately EUR 50 million
AI-related training for civil servants	2024	The Campus du numérique public aims to train public employees in digital topics and methods including AI-related (Campus du Numérique Public, n.d.[36]). Additional relevant training courses are being offered by the government (Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique, Institut national du service public) (French Government, n.d.[37]).	Approximately EUR 1 million per annum
Mobility
Research and Investment Platform for the Safety and Security of Autonomous Mobility (PRISSMA) project	2021 (various dates)	Via the PRISSMA Project, the development of automated road transport systems is closely linked to the ability to verify the safety of the overall system operated on a predefined route or area. This validation of systems can include specific AI components, integrated into the concept of a system of systems. The project is part of an AI Challenge organised by the Innovation and Industry Fund. Since its inception, five major challenges related to AI have been selected. Academic players such as the Université Gustave Eiffel are also conducting numerous research projects on autonomous mobility systems (Université Gustave Eiffel, n.d.[38]). IRT SystemX, a not-for-profit research establishment co-funded by the public and private sectors, is also involved in a number of autonomous mobility projects, including SVA, 3SA and SVR (SystemX, n.d.[39]).	Overall budget in excess of EUR 100 million, of which EUR 13 million for PRISSMA (2021‑24)
Digitisation and decarbonisation of mobility strategy	Not reported	This acceleration strategy focuses significantly on AI-based systems for mobility.	EUR 570 million global budget
Agriculture/forestry/rural development
Acceleration strategy dedicated to the agritech industry	Not reported	France has an acceleration strategy dedicated to agritech, with multiple AI-focused projects funded (https://www.info.gouv.fr/actualite/les-systemes-agricoles-durables-et-equipements-agricoles-contribuant-a-la-transition-ecologique; https://agriculture.gouv.fr/france-2030-lintelligence-artificielle-au-coeur-des-nouveaux-appels-projets-pour-le-monde-agricole). In addition, France has financed Agdatahub, an intermediation platform for agricultural and agrifood data (https://agdatahub.eu/en/).	Overall budget: approximately EUR 30 million
“Agroecology and ICT: data, agricultural equipment, and genetic resources in the service of the agroecological transition and adaptation to climate hazards” research programme	2023	The research projects selected and funded should implement multidisciplinary and systemic approaches based on the hybridisation of expertise from agronomy, ecology, genetics, physiology, ethology, digital technology, AI and social sciences (economics, sociology, management sciences, ergonomics). The funded infrastructures and equipment should be structuring and provide data and methods for agroecological practices (https://www.pepr-agroeconum.fr/eng).	Global budget EUR 65 million (2023‑30)
Projects from the National Institute of Geographic and Forestry Information (IGN)		The IGN has launched several projects with AI components: Lidar HD: three-dimensional mapping of the entire ground and above-ground of France, classified into several classes (ground, water, vegetation, buildings, bridges, permanent above-ground). OCS GE: a national reference usable at different territorial levels for the implementation of public land-use policies and the development of urban planning documents (https://geoservices.ign.fr/ocsge). CarHab: national cartographic modelling of natural and semi-natural habitats for France’s terrestrial ecosystems of mainland and overseas. AI4GEO: a research and development programme with an industrial research phase aiming to overcome technological barriers to the automatic production of two- and three-dimensional geographic information with semantic content, based on satellite imagery data. Monitoring of the Common Agricultural Policy BDForêt: a geographic reference for forest professionals and environmental and land-use planning stakeholders in mainland France (https://www.ign.fr/institut/ia-en-vigie-du-territoire).	Not reported

References

[2] ActuIA (2024), Après ChatGPT : bilan de la SNIA au 7 décembre 2024, https://www.actuia.com/contribution/guillaume-avrin/apres-chatgpt/ (accessed on 3 February 2025).

[34] AltIMPACT (n.d.), Pour un numérique plus responsable, https://altimpact.fr/en/ (accessed on 3 February 2025).

[10] ANR (2024), “Intelligence artificielle : 9 nouveaux « IA Clusters » et 2 nouveaux lauréats « Compétences et métiers d’avenir » soutenus par l’Etat au titre de France 2030”, French National Research Agency, https://anr.fr/en/latest-news/read/news/intelligence-artificielle-9-nouveaux-ia-clusters-et-2-nouveaux-laureats-competences-et-metie/.

[11] BPI France (2024), Appel à projets « Accélérer l’usage de l’intelligence artificielle générative dans l’économie », https://www.bpifrance.fr/nos-appels-a-projets-concours/appel-a-projets-accelerer-lusage-de-lintelligence-artificielle-generative-dans-leconomierative-dans-leconomie.

[12] BPI France (2023), Appel à projets : Communs numériques pour l’intelligence artificielle générative, https://www.bpifrance.fr/nos-appels-a-projets-concours/appel-a-projets-communs-numeriques-pour-lintelligence-artificielle-generative.

[36] Campus du Numérique Public (n.d.), Catalogue de formations et parcours, https://campus.numerique.gouv.fr/catalogue/.

[9] CEA (2024), “France 2030 : le CEA et le CNRS lancent un programme national d’envergure sur la spintronique, pour un numérique frugal, agile et durable”, Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, https://www.cea.fr/presse/Pages/actualites-communiques/ntic/France-2030-CEA-et-CNRS-pilotes-d-un-programme-national-d-envergure-sur-la-spintronique.aspx.

[26] CEA (2024), Programmes et Equipements Prioritaires de Recherche, Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, https://www.cea.fr/drf/Pages/La-recherche/PEPR/france-2030-pepr.aspx (accessed on 19 December 2024).

[15] Cité de l’IA (n.d.), Qui somme-nous?, https://www.iahdf.org/ (accessed on 3 February 2025).

[22] CNRS (n.d.), National Research Programme Artificial Intelligence (PEPR IA), https://www.cnrs.fr/en/pepr/artificial-intelligence-ia.

[14] Confiance.ai (n.d.), Homepage, https://www.confiance.ai/ (accessed on 3 February 2025).

[8] DeepGreen (n.d.), Embedding AI Processing in Intelligent Systems and Devices, https://deepgreen.ai/en (accessed on 3 February 2025).

[1] EC (2024), “First meeting of the International Network of AI Safety Institutes”, European Commission, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/first-meeting-international-network-ai-safety-institutes.

[29] Ecolab (2024), Référentiel général pour l’IA frugale. Une AFNOR Spec pour mesurer et réduire l’impact environnemental de l’IA, https://greentechinnovation.fr/storage/2024/06/Referentiel-general-pour-lIA-frugale.pdf.

[20] Fondation Inria (2024), “TechPourToutes : un programme d’envergure pour amener les jeunes femmes vers les formations et les métiers du numérique”, https://www.fondation-inria.fr/techpourtoutes-un-programme-denvergure-pour-amener-les-jeunes-femmes-vers-les-formations-et-les-metiers-du-numerique/.

[30] France 2030 (2024), “Launch of PEPR IA projects”, https://www.pepr-ia.fr/en/2024/07/08/launch-of-pepr-ia-projects-2/.

[18] France 2030 (2023), “France 2030 : Annonces du lancement de nouveaux dispositifs dans le cadre de la stratégie nationale en intelligence artificielle. Communiqué de presse N°726, Paris, 29/03/2023.”, https://presse.economie.gouv.fr/29032023-annonces-du-lancement-de-nouveaux-dispositifs-dans-le-cadre-de-la-strategie-nationale-en-intelligence-artificielle/.

[19] France Num (2024), Programme IA Booster France 2030, French Government, https://www.francenum.gouv.fr/aides-financieres/programme-ia-booster-france-2030.

[3] French Government (2024), “La direction générale du Trésor démontre son engagement lors du 7ème Sommet Choose France”, Direction générale du Trésor, https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2024/05/29/la-direction-generale-du-tresor-demontre-son-engagement-lors-du-7eme-sommet-choose-france.

[25] French Government (2024), La stratégie nationale pour l’intelligence artificielle, Ministères Économiques et Financiers, https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/fr/numerique/enjeux/la-strategie-nationale-pour-l-ia (accessed on 15 November 2024).

[24] French Government (2024), Plan France Médecine Génomique 2025, Ministère de la Santé et de l’Accès aux soins, https://pfmg2025.fr/ (accessed on 15 November 2024).

[35] French Government (2023), “Intelligence artificielle : l’État s’engage pour rendre l’action publique plus simple, plus efficace au bénéfice des Français”, https://presse.economie.gouv.fr/intelligence-artificielle-letat-sengage-pour-rendre-laction-publique-plus-simple-plus-efficace-au-benefice-des-francais/.

[17] French Government (2023), “Lancement du programme IA Booster France 2030”, Ministère de l’economie, des finances et de l’industrie, https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/la-dge/actualites/lancement-du-programme-ia-booster-france-2030.

[4] French Government (2021), Cadre interministériel d’administration de la donnée, Ministère de la transformation et de la fonction publiques, https://www.numerique.gouv.fr/uploads/Cadre-interministeriel-donnee.pdf.

[27] French Government (2021), France 2030: Digital Health Acceleration Strategy, Ministry of Economy, Finance, and Industrial and Digital Sovereignty, https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/priorites-et-actions/autonomie-strategique/soutenir-linnovation-dans-les-secteurs-strategiques-10 (accessed on 19 December 2024).

[37] French Government (n.d.), “Les formations au numérique”, Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique, Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et de la Souveraineté, https://www.economie.gouv.fr/igpde/autres-domaines/les-formations-au-numerique.

[33] FUN (n.d.), Environmental Impacts of Digital Technologies, France Université Numérique, https://www.fun-mooc.fr/en/courses/environmental-impacts-of-digital-technologies/.

[23] HDH (2024), Annual Report 2021 Health Data Hub – Key Infrastructure for Health Research, Health Data Hub, https://www.health-data-hub.fr/documents.

[28] Inria (n.d.), OcéanIA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique, https://www.inria.fr/fr/oceania.

[31] Inria (n.d.), PULSE - PUshing Low-carbon Services towards the Edge, French National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology, https://www.inria.fr/en/pulse.

[21] LaborIA (n.d.), Homepage, https://www.laboria.ai/ (accessed on 3 February 2025).

[7] Legifrance (2023), Décret n° 2023-1199 du 18 décembre 2023 modifiant le décret n° 2021-1276 du 30 septembre 2021 relatif aux traitements automatisés de données à caractère personnel dénommés « Décisions de la justice administrative » et « Judilibre », https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000048582164.

[5] Legifrance (n.d.), Code des relations entre le public et l’administration: Livre III (Articles L300-1 à L351-1), https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGISCTA000031367685/.

[6] Legifrance (n.d.), Loi n° 2016-1321 du 7 octobre 2016 pour une République numérique (1), https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000033202746.

[13] LNE (n.d.), “Le LNE inaugure LE.IA Immersion, laboratoire d’évaluation de l’intelligence artificielle”, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d’essais.

[16] MIA (n.d.), Homepage, Maison de l’Intelligence Artificielle, https://www.maison-intelligence-artificielle.com/.

[39] SystemX (n.d.), Mobility and Autonomous Transport, https://www.irt-systemx.fr/en/application-sectors/mobility-and-autonomous-transport/.

[32] Université de Rennes (2024), “Le projet SequoIA - IA Cluster Confiance et Sécurité - labellisé pôle d’excellence en recherche et formation en intelligence artificielle”, https://actu.univ-rennes.fr/actualites/le-projet-sequoia-ia-cluster-confiance-et-securite-labellise-pole-dexcellence-en.

[38] Université Gustave Eiffel (n.d.), Véhicule autonome et connecté, https://sii.univ-gustave-eiffel.fr/linstitut/cosys/laboratoires/sii-ifsttar/champs-applicatifs/vehicule-autonome-et-connecte.

This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD or of the European Union.

The names and representation of countries and territories used in this publication follow the practice of the OECD.

This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.

This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

Specific territorial disclaimers applicable to the OECD:

Note by the Republic of Türkiye

The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiye shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.

Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union

The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

Kosovo: This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence.

 

The full book is available in English: OECD (2025), Progress in Implementing the European Union Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (Volume 1): Member States’ Actions, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/533c355d-en.

 

© OECD 2025

Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Attribution – you must cite the work.

Translations – you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and the translation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.

Adaptations – you must cite the original work and add the following text: This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.

Third-party material – the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and for any claims of infringement.

You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.

Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one.

Notes

← 1.  For more information, see https://www.bpifrance.fr/nos-appels-a-projets-concours/appel-a-projets-maturation-technologique-et-demonstration-de-solutions-dintelligence-artificielle-embarquee; https://deepgreen.ai/.

← 2.  For more information, see https://www.bpifrance.fr/nos-appels-a-projets-concours/appel-a-projets-maturation-technologique-et-demonstration-de-systemes-de-confiance-integrant-des-briques-dintelligence-artificielle.

← 3.  France 2030 targets ten strategic sectors: education and higher education, energy (nuclear, green hydrogen, renewable energies...), agriculture and food, health, culture, space, deep-sea exploration, digital technology (cybersecurity, robotics, eco-responsibility), electronics and raw materials. French authorities report convergent trends in AI applications in these sectors. For further details, please see https://www.info.gouv.fr/grand-dossier/france-2030-en.

← 4.  For more information, see https://presse.economie.gouv.fr/lancement-des-travaux-de-la-filiere-des-solutions-numeriques-de-confiance/.

← 5.  For more information, see https://www.ccomptes.fr/fr/publications/la-strategie-nationale-de-recherche-en-intelligence-artificielle.

← 6.  First report available at https://www.info.gouv.fr/actualite/le-comite-de-surveillance-des-investissements-d-avenir-preside-par-patricia-barbizet-a-rendu-au.