Progress in Implementing the European Union Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (Volume 1): Croatia

Table of contents

• Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union
• Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market
• Ensure AI technologies work for people
• Build strategic leadership in priority sectors

The European Union (EU) Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a strategic initiative by the European Commission and EU Member States to promote AI development, investment and co-operation. In 2024, the OECD conducted a survey and interviews to take stock of implementation progress made by the EU Member States in implementing the actions set in the EU Coordinated Plan on AI. Drawing on the information collected, the OECD prepared country notes for each EU Member State. This document presents the country note for Croatia, which summarises key initiatives and implementation progress.

Key messages

• Comprehensive digital transformation strategies driving artificial intelligence (AI) development: While Croatia is still developing its dedicated AI strategy (National Plan for the Development of Artificial Intelligence), the country has established a robust framework through its Digital Croatia Strategy 2032 and National Roadmap for Digital Decade Policy. These strategies comprehensively address AI development within broader digital transformation goals, aligned with European Union (EU) frameworks and initiatives such as the EU Digital Decade policy programme.

• Established computing and data infrastructure: Croatia has developed its technological foundation through investments in high-performance computing (HPC) facilities, including the Supek and Bura supercomputers, and cloud computing platform Vrančić. This infrastructure, supported by the State Cloud Upgrade Project and Open Data Policy, provides resources for AI development.

• Network of AI research and innovation centres: Croatia has developed an ecosystem of AI‑focused institutions, including European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs) (Crobohub++, AI & Gaming EDIH, EDIH Adria), AI research centres (Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity at the University of Rijeka, Centre for Artificial Intelligence at the University of Zagreb) and innovation hubs (AI Center Lipik, Innovation Centre Nikola Tesla). This network supports AI research, development and commercialisation.

• Focus on education and skills development initiatives: Croatia is strengthening its digital education system through several programmes, with the BrAIn Project serving as a cornerstone initiative that integrates AI education into primary and secondary schools. The country complements this with university programmes and professional training to build AI capabilities across different education levels.

• Sector-specific AI implementation: Croatia has initiated AI applications across various sectors, with particular attention to healthcare through initiatives like AI4Health.Cro and the modernisation of its health information infrastructure (Central Health Information System of the Republic of Croatia, CEZIH). The country has also begun implementing AI solutions in climate monitoring and mobility. Croatia has however not reported any AI initiatives targeting the public sector or agriculture.

Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union

Acquire, pool and share policy insights

As of now, Croatia does not have a finalised and officially published national AI strategy. Croatia is currently developing a comprehensive approach to AI through its National Plan for the Development of Artificial Intelligence, which serves as the country’s primary AI strategy. The country has been working on drafting its national AI plan since 2020, with efforts involving experts from academia, business, civil society and government sectors. This plan will align broader digital transformation initiatives, particularly Digital Croatia Strategy 2032 (MPUDT, 2022[1]).

The digital strategy, adopted in 2022, provides a foundational framework for Croatia’s green and digital transformation, establishing it as a prerequisite for sustainable economic growth and social development. The strategy addresses all aspects of the digital ecosystem through 2032: infrastructure, technology, science and education and innovation and markets. It emphasises the adoption of advanced technologies including fifth and sixth generation cellular network technology (5G/6G) networks, AI, machine learning, cloud computing, big data and blockchain. These technologies are expected to enhance data processing capabilities, leading to more efficient government operations, data-driven policy making, personalised public services, reduced administrative burden and improved public-private sector collaboration.

To advance these objectives, in 2024, Croatia introduced its National Roadmap for Digital Decade Policy, which outlines specific goals for 2030 across four strategic areas: digital economic transition, public administration digitalisation, broadband network development and digital competencies (MPUDT, 2024[2]). The roadmap includes substantial investment, allocating EUR 93 million specifically for increasing information and communication technology (ICT) experts and science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) scholarships. It also addresses critical challenges such as digital skill gaps among vulnerable populations and the underrepresentation of women in ICT through targeted educational modernisation initiatives.

Both the Digital Croatia Strategy 2032 and the National Roadmap for Digital Decade Policy include indicators that track progress in AI-relevant areas, such as research capabilities, digital transformation, technological adoption, small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development and workforce skills. Through these indicators, Croatia monitors the advancement of its AI initiatives within the broader digital transformation framework.

The development of the AI strategy is led by the Ministry of Justice, Public Administration and Digital Transformation, with collaborative support from various ministries including the Ministries of Economy and Sustainable Development, of Science and Education, Labour and Pension System, of Agriculture and of Foreign and European Affairs. This multi-ministerial approach ensures comprehensive coverage of AI governance and sectoral applications.

Tap into the potential of data and foster critical computing capacity

The Croatian government is building a supportive infrastructure for AI development and data-driven innovation through targeted strategies that promote digital transformation and AI adoption across sectors. Key initiatives focus on HPC capabilities and the development of cloud infrastructure to support AI and data-driven innovation.

Table 1. Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Open Data Policy/ Open Data Portal	2018	The Open Data Policy establishes a comprehensive framework for public sector data sharing, aiming to enhance transparency and create economic opportunities. The policy enables unrestricted access to government data for both domestic and international users, including researchers from academia and industry. Through the Open Data Portal, which serves as a centralised repository, public authorities publish their datasets to foster innovation, support research initiatives and promote government accountability.	Not reported
Digital Croatia Strategy 2032	2023	This comprehensive national digital transformation strategy aims to strengthen the Croatian market’s investment cycle through additional financial resources for new technologies, including AI and green technologies. The strategy particularly emphasises supporting SMEs and accelerating the digital transformation of Croatian companies through increased adoption of AI technologies.	Not reported
State Cloud Upgrade Project	2021	The project aims to enhance the Shared Services Centre by improving its technological capacities, integrating with Common European Data Spaces, and developing advanced ICT infrastructure. The goal is to create a more efficient, interconnected and high-performance digital service environment.	EUR 35 million from the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)
Croatian Competence Centre for High-Performance Computing (HR HPC CC)	2020	The HR HPC CC serves as the central point of contact for HPC, high-performance data analytics and AI Croatia (HR HPC CC, n.d.[3]). The centre is a consortium led by the University of Zagreb University Computing Centre and includes several Croatian institutions such as the University of Zagreb, the University of Osijek, the University of Split, the Ruđer Bošković Institute and the University of Rijeka. This collaborative effort ensures a comprehensive approach to HPC services and expertise across the country.	Total: EUR 1.34 million (50% of EU funds, 50% of national funds)
Supek supercomputer	2022	Operated by the University of Zagreb, the Supek supercomputer is Croatia’s first petascale supercomputer, offering energy-efficient HPC with 1.25‑petaflop capacity. Located at the University Campus Borongaj in Zagreb, it provides advanced computing capabilities for resource-intensive academic applications across various fields of research.	Not reported
Bura supercomputer	Not reported	Operated by the Center for Advanced Computing and Modelling at the University of Rijeka, the Bura supercomputer supports advanced research. Bura’s peak performance is 233.6 teraflops. Bura enables researchers to solve complex problems and perform advanced simulations across various scientific disciplines (CNRM, 2020[4]).	Not reported
Vrančić cloud computing platform	2022	The Vrančić cloud computing platform, launched by the University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE), is an advanced OpenStack-based infrastructure supporting scientific research in Croatia. Featuring 11 520 processor cores, 16 graphics processing units and 57 terabytes of working memory, Vrančić provides researchers with a flexible, HPC environment that enables complex computational tasks across multiple scientific disciplines, integrating seamlessly with other advanced computing services.	Not reported

Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market

The Croatian government is fostering a comprehensive ecosystem to support AI development through a network of specialised centres and hubs. The country has established a range of digital innovation hubs and dedicated AI research centres, alongside national strategies for research infrastructure development.

Table 2. Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Research Infrastructure Development Roadmap of the Republic of Croatia 2023-2027	2023	This national roadmap prioritises investments in research infrastructures focused on AI development and application. The roadmap recognises AI as a key solution to addressing social challenges, acknowledging its impact on the labour market and its role in transforming business and social processes. The strategy emphasises international co‑operation through knowledge exchange and expert collaboration in AI development (Ministry of Science and Education, 2023[5]).	Not reported
Smart Specialisation Strategy 2029	Not reported	The research and innovation strategy provides a framework to foster innovation through developing research and innovation infrastructure and collaboration between business and research institutions. It supports applied research and development activities in smart and green solutions, providing grant funding for AI-related research projects and focusing investments in areas where Croatia has competitive advantages and research strengths (MINGO, 2023[6]).	Not reported
European Digital Innovation Hub (EDIH) CROBOHUB++	2023	A specialised digital innovation centre that serves as part of the EDIH Network. The hub focuses on three strategic areas: AI applications for business processes, cybersecurity solutions and HPC infrastructure. The centre provides crucial data storage and HPC computing capacity necessary for AI development, making advanced technological capabilities accessible to businesses and organisations (CROBOHUB++, 2023[7]).	Total for EDIH Network: EUR 10 million (EUR 5 million from the European Commission, EUR 5 million from the RRF via the national Recovery and Resilience Plan, (RRP)
AI & Gaming (JURK) EDIH	Not reported	Operates as a comprehensive digitisation and digital transformation centre serving SMEs and public sector entities in central Croatia and the northern Adriatic region. The hub functions as a one-stop shop for digital technology integration, with particular expertise in AI, gamification and blockchain technologies (AI & Gaming EDIH, n.d.[8]).	Not reported
EDIH Adria	Not reported	EDIH Adria is a member of the EDIH Network, focusing on addressing Croatia’s specific technological needs in AI and HPC. The hub specifically targets key sectors including health, tourism, transport (with maritime sector emphasis), energy and sustainable development. The hub’s aim is to accelerate the digital economic transition in Croatia through sector-specific technological solutions and support (EDIH Adria, n.d.[9]).	Not reported
Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity	2020	This interdisciplinary research centre at the University of Rijeka brings together scientists from various faculties to create innovative AI-based solutions. The centre serves as a collaborative hub for continuous idea exchange and development, emphasising both AI advancement and robust cybersecurity measures. Its work focuses on creating practical applications while ensuring high-level security standards through interdisciplinary collaboration (AIRI, 2020[10]).	Not reported
Centre for Artificial Intelligence (CAI)	Not reported	This leading research institution has three primary objectives: advancing theoretical AI foundations across multiple domains (including machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, financial analytics, robotics, the Internet of Things, bioinformatics, cybersecurity and recommender systems); facilitating industry collaboration through AI technology transfer to develop innovative products and services; and providing comprehensive AI education at undergraduate, graduate and doctoral levels, along with specialised industry training programmes (CAI, n.d.[11]).	Not reported
Regional Center of Excellence for Robotic Technology (CRTA)	Not reported	The CRTA focuses on establishing a regional hub of excellence for robotics and AI research, development and education. The centre concentrates on developing advanced robot applications, particularly in industrial and medical sectors, working to replace traditional automation and human work with adaptive and intelligent systems. Their work extends to various human activity areas requiring intelligent automation solutions (CRTA, n.d.[12]).	Not reported
Innovation Centre Nikola Tesla	NI	This technology centre is dedicated to supporting Croatian economic growth through high-technology development and implementation. It specialises in multiple sectors including energetics, transport, automation and robotics, advanced components, biomedical engineering and ICT. Their work aims to bridge the gap between research and practical industrial applications in these high-technology domains (ICENT, n.d.[13]).	Not reported
AI Center Lipik	2021	The AI Center Lipik is dedicated to AI development and education. It was established by the Development and Touristic Agency in the city of Lipik. It consists of an AI education centre, which offers extensive training programmes, and a start-up incubator that supports emerging businesses in programming and AI. The centre provides a six-month educational course with over 1 000 hours of instruction from AI experts, as well as consulting services for companies developing innovative AI solutions. Additionally, it features a start-up school that combines theoretical lectures with individual mentoring (AICL, n.d.[14]).	Not reported
Science and Technology Foresight project	Not reported	As part of the strategic project Science and Technology Foresight, the Ministry of Science and Education has established a comprehensive database of research competences, innovation capacities of scientific institutions and private sector entities operating in the areas of AI and space technologies. This database will inform the National Plan for the Development of Artificial Intelligence.	Co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

Ensure AI technologies work for people

Nurture talent and improve the supply of skills necessary to enable a thriving AI ecosystem

Croatia has implemented several initiatives to improve skills related to AI across its education system, encompassing digital skills training in primary and secondary education, ICT education programmes at the university level, and broader digital skills development for the general public and research community.

Box 1. In focus: The BrAIn project – Transforming Croatian Education Through AI

Launched in 2021, Croatia’s BrAIn project represents a pioneering national initiative to integrate AI into the country’s educational system.

The project introduces an innovative curriculum that will be implemented in the 2024/25 school year, targeting both primary (7^th-8^th grade) and secondary education (2^nd-3^rd grade). This curriculum takes a three-pronged approach: students learn the foundational concepts of AI including coding, machine learning and data science; explore AI’s impact on society and ethical considerations; and experience AI-enhanced learning through advanced educational tools.

The project features two complementary AI systems: School-to-Go, a virtual teaching assistant that provides real-time speech-to-speech content using input from teachers and official Croatian textbooks. The Smart Recommendation System analyses educational data to optimise individual learning paths and provides in-depth analyses to policymakers. Together, these tools create an adaptive learning environment that responds to individual student needs while establishing a valuable feedback loop between classroom practice and educational policy.

This project also includes a research component studying technology’s impact on student well-being and producing evidence-based recommendations for healthy digital integration in education.

The programme will run between 2023 and 2029 with a budget allocation of EUR 15 million financed through the European Social Fund.

Source: CARNET (n.d.[15]), BrAIn, https://www.carnet.hr/projekt/brain/.

Table 3. Ensure AI technologies work for people: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE) ICT Education Programme	Not reported	The SRCE provides ICT training and educational activities for both the academic/research community and general public (SRCE, n.d.[16]). The programme is particularly notable for its accessibility, offering self-paced courses that are integrated into the e-Citizens portal, making digital education widely available to the Croatian public. This initiative represents a foundational element of Croatia’s digital education infrastructure, complementing newer AI-specific programmes.	EUR 95.5 million (via the RRF)
Croatian Artificial Intelligence Association (CroAI)	2019	A business community initiative gathering over 300 members including AI enterprises, start-ups, scale-ups, universities and AI enthusiasts. The association serves as a key convener for the Croatian AI community, offering free activities including introductory AI courses and connecting leading enterprises with start-ups in the AI field (CroAI, n.d.[17]).	Not reported
NRRP Labour Market and Social Protection component	2021	This Ministry of Labour initiative provides vouchers for digital skills improvement, including AI-related skills. The programme focuses on enabling greater participation in lifelong education, particularly targeting skills needed for green and digital transition. It includes comprehensive skills mapping exercise to identify digital and green skills gaps, contributing to a national skills catalogue.	EUR 267 million (national RRP Labour market and social protection component)
Croatian Competence Centre for Semiconductors and Microelectronics	In development	The competence centre is designed as a one-stop shop for research and development, prototyping, testing and training in advanced semiconductor technologies.	Not reported
Adult Education Act Implementation Programme	2021	This Ministry of Science and Education programme is focused on encouraging unemployed persons’ inclusion in the labour market through active employment policy measures, with emphasis on digital skills and lifelong learning.	Not reported

Build strategic leadership in priority sectors

Croatia is leveraging AI across a number of sectors, with a particularly pronounced initiatives to foster AI in the areas of climate and environment, mobility and health. In climate and environment, the ATMOSYS Air Quality Management System applies machine learning to forecast air quality at national measurement sites, supporting environmental legislation implementation. In mobility, initiatives like the Autonomous Vehicles in Zagreb project demonstrate Croatia’s commitment to developing smart transportation solutions for urban environments. However, no initiatives have been reported for two priority sectors of the EU Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence: public sector and agriculture, forestry and rural development. This highlights areas for potential development to ensure a more comprehensive application of AI technologies across all priority sectors.

State of AI in healthcare

Croatia’s approach to AI in healthcare is evolving within a centralised health system that relies on EU standards, particularly the European Health Data Space (EHDS), due to the absence of a national health data governance framework. Data interoperability is emphasised in the National Health Care Strategy 2012-2020 and the e-Health Strategic Development Plan 2021-2027 as essential for successful AI implementation (Republic of Croatia, 2012[18]; Government of Croatia, 2019[19]). Managed by the Croatian Institute of Public Health, the Central Health Information System (CEZIH) consolidates data across primary care, making it accessible to both patients and health professionals through the health portal (Portal zdravlja) (European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2022[20]; Gvozdanović, 2024[21]; Republic of Croatia, 2018[22]). Recently, the Croatian Health Data Centre was established to facilitate national and cross-border data sharing and secondary data use, although it operates separately from the CEZIH. Efforts to co‑ordinate AI initiatives are shared across the Ministries of Health, of Science and Education, and the Croatian Institute of Public Health, focusing on data quality, interoperability and foundational support for AI development in healthcare (HZJZ, 2023[23]).

Key projects, such as eKarton under the e-Health Strategic Development Plan, consolidate electronic health records to align with EHDS standards and facilitate data-sharing capabilities across borders, with planned expansion to fully achieve EHDS integration (Government of Croatia, 2019[19]; European Commission, 2019[24]). In addition, Croatia’s Digital Croatia Strategy (up to 2032) and the Smart Specialisation Strategy (by 2029) prioritise high-quality, comprehensive health data for national and cross-border use, recognising AI’s potential to enhance diagnostics, treatment and healthcare services. AI4Health.Cro, part of the EDIH, supports these efforts by promoting interoperability, supporting data infrastructure projects and fostering partnerships among healthcare, research and private sectors to build a sustainable AI foundation. Moving forward, Croatia plans to migrate the CEZIH to the state cloud to ensure robust data management and establish ethical and legal frameworks to promote responsible AI use, especially in sensitive health applications (AI4Health.Cro, 2021[25]; OECD, 2023[26]).

Table 4. Build strategic leadership in priority sectors: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Climate and environment
ATMOSYS Air Quality Management System	Part of 2014-20 operational programme	A suite of air quality management software tools and web applications designed to support air quality legislation implementation at regional and urban scales. The system leverages machine learning to forecast air quality at specific national measurement sites. Successfully adapted from the Belgian system for Croatian use through the AIRQ project.	Total: EUR 341 000 (85% from the ERDF, 15% from the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund (Croatia)
Health
AI4Health.Cro	2023	A non-profit public-private consortium of experts in the field of AI, healthcare and start-ups that sees AI as the key to advancing healthcare and medicine. The consortium brings together 15 partners co‑ordinated by the Ruđer Bošković Institute and is funded equally under the Digital Europe programme and NextGenerationEU with a funding period of three years (AI4Health.Cro, 2021[25]).	EUR 2.9 million
C2.3. R3-I4 Consolidation of the Central Health Information System of the Republic of Croatia (CEZIH)	2021	This initiative focuses on improving Croatia’s CEZIH by implementing a Tier 3 data centre to guarantee continuous, dependable and secure operations. The project aims to migrate the system to a state cloud environment, establish disaster recovery solutions and enhance overall data management.	EUR 13.14 million (HRK 100.50 million)
Development of AI solutions for patient triage	2025	Focuses on the development of AI-based tools for triaging patients, improving the efficiency of healthcare systems.	EUR 3.27 million (HRK 25 million)
Public sector
No dedicated AI project in this sector reported to date.
Mobility
Investment C1.4 R5-I2 Autonomous Vehicles in Zagreb	2023	Development of autonomous electric vehicles and related infrastructure for urban mobility in Zagreb.	EUR 453 000 EUR 179 000 from the RRF
Agriculture/forestry/rural development
No dedicated AI project in this sector reported to date.

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