Progress in Implementing the European Union Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (Volume 1): Denmark

Table of contents

• Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union
• Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market
• Ensure AI technologies work for people
• Build strategic leadership in priority sectors

The European Union (EU) Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a strategic initiative by the European Commission and EU Member States to promote AI development, investment and co-operation. In 2024, the OECD conducted a survey and interviews to take stock of implementation progress made by the EU Member States in implementing the actions set in the EU Coordinated Plan on AI. Drawing on the information collected, the OECD prepared country notes for each EU Member State. This document presents the country note for Denmark, which summarises key initiatives and implementation progress.

Key messages

• Strategic Approach to Artificial Intelligence (AI): In 2024, Denmark launched a Strategic Approach to AI encompassing three guiding principles and four national initiatives including a Digital Taskforce for Artificial Intelligence to further enable large-scale deployment of AI solutions across the public sector for the period 2024‑27 (DKK 133.1 million earmarked, approximately EUR 17.5 million). The approach builds on efforts to date to implement the 2019 Danish National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (hereafter the “National AI Strategy”) and addresses outstanding challenges.

• The European Union (EU) Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence as key strategic reference: Denmark has adopted several important initiatives in recent years that are expected to help create an enabling environment for AI development and uptake, including by building on the strategic guidance provided in the EU Coordinated Plan on AI and adapting it to the country’s key strengths.

• Public-private partnerships as an important component of Denmark’s AI policies: Measures are being deployed to improve access to public sector data, bolster AI research and innovation (R&I) through digital infrastructures and capitalise on Denmark’s track record in public-private partnerships to mobilise research capacities and enable technology transfer, e.g. launch of the National Strategy for Quantum Technology, the Danish Centre for AI Innovation (DCAI) including a graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated supercomputer, and the Pioneer Centre for Artificial Intelligence.

• Availability of relevant competences and expertise as a key priority: A range of measures are being undertaken to strengthen knowledge management and transfer, promote re- and upskilling, and help build and retain talent through strengthened continuing and further education activities in the information technology (IT) field and professional master’s programmes in IT education.

• Signature projects implemented to foster AI uptake in the public sector and involving several priority sectors: In collaboration with regions and municipalities, several signature projects have been set up in the areas of climate and sustainability, health, social welfare, employment and cross-sector case handling.

Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union

Acquire, pool and share policy insights

Denmark’s Strategic Approach to Artificial Intelligence (hereafter the “Strategic Approach”) (Danish Government, 2024[1]) focuses on ethical and trustworthy AI and leverages Denmark’s track record of public-private partnerships to mobilise relevant knowledge and expertise needed for public sector AI adoption, shorten time to deployment and uptake, and develop data repositories in Danish (common Danish language resource).

It is guided by three principles for the development and use of AI: i) focus on fundamental rights and Danish values; ii) global competitiveness of Danish companies; and iii) ambition to be world-leading in using AI in the public sector. With an overall earmarked budget of DKK 133.1 million (approximately EUR 17.5 million),1 the Strategic Approach launches four new initiatives: i) a Digital Taskforce for Artificial Intelligence to further enable large-scale deployment of AI solutions across the public sector; ii) a new Centre for Artificial Intelligence; iii) a secure platform developing transparent Danish language models; and iv) an initiative to make Danish text data freely accessible.

The Strategic Approach builds on efforts to date to implement the 2019 National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (Danish Government, 2019[2]) and addresses outstanding challenges.2 Its development has relied on strong cross-government co‑ordination and broad-based stakeholder engagement in the context of the development of the National Strategy for Digitalisation (Digitaliseringsministeriet, 2023[3]), which was confirmed in early 2024 through a political agreement between the government and all parties in parliament.

Tap into the potential of data and foster critical computing capacity

Denmark has adopted several strategies that can help create a suitable environment for AI development and uptake. In line with the national strategy for digitalisation, there is a strong focus on improving access to public sector data. Important steps have also been taken in recent years to expand digital infrastructures and enhance their use for AI R&I (see also next section), such as the launch in 2023 of the National Strategy for Quantum Technology and the beginning of a public-private partnership with Nvidia in 2024 to develop a national centre for AI innovation including a powerful GPU-accelerated supercomputer.

Table 1. Set enabling conditions for AI development and uptake in the European Union: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Improving access to data (National Strategy for Digitalisation)	2024	One of the key areas covered by the National Strategy for Digitalisation, “A strong, ethical, and responsible digital foundation”, includes the objective of improving access to data (Digitaliseringsministeriet, 2023[3]).	Not reported
Danish Data Portal	2022	Portal www.datavejviser.dk aims to enable access to available data from the public sector, engaging in dialogue with users on their requirements for further access to data so that future investments in quality and availability of public sector data are demand-driven.	The Danish Data Portal is funded via the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) amounting to DKK 54.3 million (EUR 7.3 million) for 2022-25
Data strategy for local governments	2022	In 2022, the association of Danish municipalities Local Government Denmark (KL) published its data strategy for local governments (KL, 2022[4]), which notably calls upon municipalities to make standardised data available.	Not reported
GovCloud		This cloud service for governmental bodies is hosted by the Agency for Governmental IT Services (SIT) on the platform https://www.dmi.dk/frie-data, which is delivered as a community cloud for SIT customers and offers data hosting on Danish territory. It is used for distributing open meteorological data and the Danish Data Portal among others.	Not reported
National Strategy for Quantum Technology	Not reported	Aimed at fostering Danish quantum research and “ensuring its continued global leadership”.	The Finance Act of 2023 allocates the equivalent of EUR 28 million for R&I in quantum technology (with the aim of maintaining this level of funding for the next four years, i.e. at least EUR 134 million from 2023 to 2027). An additional EUR 26 million will be allocated for the period 2024-27 to strengthen commercialisation, security and international co‑operation in the quantum field.
Danish e‑Infrastructure Consortium (DeiC)	Not reported	The DeiC is “the collaboration with and between the Danish universities”. It co‑ordinates the delivery and development of the national digital research infrastructure. Its “purpose is to ensure that computing power, data storage and network infrastructure are available for Danish research and education” (DeiC, 2023[5]).	DeiC is currently investing DKK 34.4 million (EUR 4.6 million) in national storage solutions for research data
National Strategy for Research Data Management	2021	The DeiC is also leading the work to implement the National Strategy for Research Data Management. The strategy targets research institutions and research funding organisations. It defines several principles and areas of action to strengthen the dissemination and financing of good data management practices, resulting in more findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR) research data in Denmark (DeiC, 2021[6]).	Not reported
DCAI	2024	Denmark started collaborating with Nvidia in 2024 to establish the Danish centre for AI innovation (DCAI) that will host one of the world’s most powerful AI supercomputers (Gefion). Researchers from Denmark’s public and private sectors will gain access to a state-of-the-art supercomputer optimised for large-scale projects using AI as well as software platforms, training and expertise (Novo Nordisk Foundation, 2024[7]; DCAI, 2025[8]).	Joint public-private investment: approximately EUR 81 million (DKK 600 million) from the Novo Nordisk Foundation and approximately EUR 13.5 million (DKK 100 million) from Denmark’s Export and Investment Fund

Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market

Build and mobilise research capacities, and fund and scale innovative ideas and solutions for AI (support to start-ups and SMEs)

Denmark shows a strong track record in terms of R&I promotion in a range of digital fields including AI. Several initiatives leverage public-private partnerships to mobilise research capacities and enable technology transfer. There are specific initiatives to support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in their AI adoption and broader digitalisation efforts, including one digital innovation hub (AI-Boost) centred around AI technologies and dedicated workstreams in government-approved research and technology organisations such as the Alexandra Institute. AI testing and experimentation is supported through a regulatory sandbox and a pilot investment scheme.

Table 2. Make the European Union the right place: Excellence from lab to the market: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Society	2024	The Danish government has established an interdisciplinary centre for research and advice on using AI in society. The centre will work closely with the Pioneer Centre for Artificial Intelligence (see below). It centre will serve as a single point of access to knowledge and advice on how authorities and companies can best use AI in practice and will also conduct independent research and practice-oriented evaluation and monitoring of generative AI (Danish Government, 2024[1]).	Approximately EUR 2.78 million (DKK 20.7 million) for 2024-27, with an additional EUR 4.02 million (DKK 30 million) set aside (with the agreement on the research reserve for 2025) (note: included in the budget of the Strategic Approach mentioned above)
Secure platform for developing transparent Danish language models	2024	This platform for developing and training language models will be established for Danish companies and authorities to freely access, use and further develop Danish language models for their own contexts. The initiative will be run under the auspices of the Danish Foundations Models, a collaboration between Aarhus University, the University of Southern Denmark, the University of Copenhagen and the Alexandra Institute on research-based development of language models (Danish Government, 2024[1]).	Approximately EUR 2.78 million (DKK 20.7 million) in 2024-27, with an additional EUR 1.34 million (DKK 10 million) allocated to R&I in Danish language models based on generative AI under the auspices of the Danish Foundation Models (note: included in the budget of the Strategic Approach mentioned above)
“Danish text data must be freely accessible” initiative	2024	The initiative aims to support better integration of the Danish language, culture and values into language models and AI solutions, as the ongoing development of new language models and innovative applications has led to an increasing demand for Danish data to train models and algorithms. Initially, it will provide open Danish text data from the Danish National Archives, the Royal Danish Library and the Danish Parliament, and will explore the possibility of acquiring copyrighted data for free use. The open‑source text data for use by Danish and international stakeholders will be accessible and open-source on sprogteknologi.dk, where it will be displayed alongside additional Danish language data (Danish Government, 2024[1]).	Approximately EUR 2.83 million (DKK 21.1 million) in 2024-27, with an additional EUR 4.02 million (DKK 10 million) allocated through the Agreement on the Entrepreneurship Package for the purchase of public Danish data (note: included in the budget of the Strategic Approach mentioned above)
Sandbox for testing AI solutions	2024	Part of the National Strategy for Digitalisation, the sandbox is open to public and private organisations. It notably aims to address uncertainty regarding EU General Data Protection Regulation compliance. Over time, it is expected to also address compliance with the EU AI Act.	Approximately EUR 2.3 million (DKK 17 million)
Pioneer Centre for Artificial Intelligence	2021	The centre (2024[9]) aims to stand at the international forefront and develop platforms, methods and practice for human-centric AI. This initiative is undertaken by the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science and developed in close co‑operation and co-financing between the ministry, the universities and five private foundations. It is hosted at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Copenhagen and researchers from the Technical University of Denmark, IT University of Copenhagen, Aalborg University and Aarhus University co-lead the centre.	About EUR 47 million (DKK 352 million) over the period 2021-34
Digital Research Centre Denmark (DIREC)	2020	DIREC’s research spans ten areas in advanced digital technology. It aims to develop and support research in AI (DIREC, 2024[10]), big data, Internet of Things (IoT) and IT security.	Established in 2020 with a total budget of EUR 37 million (DKK 275 million) for a 5‑year period and support by the Innovation Fund Denmark amounts to approximately EUR 13.4 million (DKK 100 million)
SME:Digital and Export and Investment Fund of Denmark (EIFO) (digitalisation support for small businesses)	2023	These schemes support SMEs via grants, mainly for accessing private advice to identify digitalisation potential (including an AI‑dedicated strand) or advice on implementation. Other support measures include investment subsidies, skills and management development, and guidance on digital development. In addition, since May 2023, the EIFO facilitates access to financing for smaller Danish companies for digitalisation.	SME:Digital total allocated budget amounts to EUR 24.9 million for 2023-25, of which EUR 13.8 million comes from the RRF and EUR 9.4 million comes from the European Regional Development Fund and the Danish Board of Business Development; the EIFO, in turn, has a total budget of EUR 42.7 million
AI-Boost		This European Digital Innovation Hub is aimed at enhancing the use of AI in SMEs.	Digital Europe: EUR 2.6 million; Danish public co-financing: approximately. EUR 1.3 million (DKK 9.9 million)
Alexandra Institute	Set up in 1999 (evolved over time)	The institute is one of seven Danish government-approved research and technology organisations (GTS institutes), whose mission is to transfer research-based knowledge to industry and help drive innovation and growth in public and private organisations. It provides research-based knowledge in the following areas (Alexandra Institute, 2024[11]): AI(strong focus); computer vision; cybersecurity; digital sustainability; digital health; IoT and smart products	EUR 2.7 million (DKK 20 million EUR)
DigitalLead		As part of the business promotion system and Denmark’s national cluster for digital technologies, DigitalLead serves as a hub for digital innovation, both for companies developing digital solutions and for other sectors in need of innovative digital solutions. The cluster build bridges between businesses, entrepreneurs and knowledge institutions.	Not reported

Ensure AI technologies work for people

Nurture talent and improve the supply of skills necessary to enable a thriving AI ecosystem

AI features prominently in several initiatives relating to education and human capital development. In general, AI is addressed as part of a holistic approach encompassing broader policy objectives, such as the acquisition of digital competencies, critical thinking and capacity building in the context of active labour market policies.

Table 3. Ensure AI technologies work for people: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Recommendations on AI-based tools for examinations in primary, lower and upper secondary school	2023	In May 2023, the Ministry of Children and Education set up an expert group to issue recommendations on the use AI-based tools in examinations in primary, lower and upper secondary school. Recommendations were issued in April 2024, including using different kinds of testing methods for assessment of students. Examinations should reflect students’ development of knowledge and skills as well as students’ abilities to use and reflect critically upon the use of digital tools. These recommendations will inform the ministry’s future work in this area.	Not reported
Technology comprehension in traditional subjects	2024	As part of political agreement in March 2024 on a quality programme for Danish primary and lower secondary education, “technology comprehension” will be integrated into traditional subjects to ensure that students are well equipped to reflect critically on and be proficient in the usage of new digital technologies. An expert group will develop a proposal regarding which subjects and grade levels technology comprehension should be integrated into.	Not reported
Compulsory training in digital skills across subjects (Act on Upper Secondary Education)	2024	The Act on Upper Secondary Education (www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2024/41) mandates that upper secondary students acquire digital competencies across subjects to critically assess digital content and engage in digital communities. AI‑related skills will be incorporated into the development of digital competencies in this context.	Not reported
Strengthen and retain specialised IT talent and skills	Not reported	To meet the demand for specialised IT competencies, Denmark seeks to strengthen continuing and further education activities in the IT field, as well as to enhance professional master’s programmes in IT education, with a focus on retaining international students in the Danish job market.	EUR 4 million (DKK 30 million)
Digital problem solving in preparatory adult education (FVU)	2024	As of January 2024, there are new curricula for “Digital problem solving” in preparatory adult education (Forberedende Voksen Undervisning, FVU) including learning objectives concerning basic understanding of generative AI, where and how it is used, possibilities and limitations and how to use it for task solving related to the student’s life situation, e.g. employment, future employment, private life or study. FVU mainly targets low-skilled adults but the educational offer has been extended to a broader public.	In 2023, public expenditure was approximately EUR 1.6 million (DKK 12 million)

Box 1. AI School for Danish municipalities

Local Government Denmark (KL) and Komponent (respectively Danish municipalities’ representative body and joint development centre) have set up an AI school aimed at helping municipalities to understand, use and create value with generative AI.

The AI school seeks to address the growing demand for competence development from the country’s municipalities and builds on previous awareness-raising and capacity-building efforts. It offers courses for the municipalities’ employees, managers, boards and politicians. Course content notably includes practical use of generative AI in concrete work tasks, data ethics and legal, security and organisational issues connected with the technology.

KL also runs a free webinar series on generative AI and an AI network. Moreover, it has issued a guide for municipalities on the use of generative AI.

Source: KL (2024[12]), “Kommunernes AI-skole: Fremtidens teknologi i dine hænder”, https://www.kl.dk/videncenter/nyheder/2024/kommunernes-ai-skole-fremtidens-teknologi-i-dine-haender.

Build strategic leadership in priority sectors

Denmark is deploying substantial efforts to promote the effective use of AI technologies by public sector authorities through initiatives focusing on institutional co‑operation, talent and knowledge management and investment programmes for automation and modernisation. Several of these initiatives focus strongly on environmental sustainability. As part of a broad research and development (R&D) programme in agriculture, the Danish government also supports several projects to deploy AI solutions. Denmark did not report any initiatives in the area of mobility.

AI in healthcare

Denmark has a long history of health data governance within the country, starting with the establishment of the Danish Health Data Network in 1994 which laid foundation for the creation of a secure infrastructure that links local healthcare networks (Healthcare Denmark, 2024[13]). In 2003, this effort was supported by Medcom, which sets national standards for the secure exchange of health data (Medcom, 2024[14]). That same year, the national e-health portal, known as sundhed.dk, was launched. Sundhed.dk is managed by the Danish Health Data Authority (Sundhedsdatastyrelsen) and integrates data from regional electronic health records into a national platform (Sundhed.dk, 2024[15]). These initiatives reflect Denmark’s commitment to ensuring regional autonomy alongside large-scale interoperability, a perspective that is mirrored in their attitudes towards the European Health Data Space initiative (EU, 2022[16]). Denmark’s decentralised infrastructure is an asset, which can lead to quicker and more tailored responses to new technologies such as AI, accelerating their development.

Denmark’s current initiatives are focused on three key areas: data quality and interoperability, secondary data use and alignment to EU initiatives. Denmark continues to enhance the quality of health data across its regions through a number of projects, including the Danish Clinical Quality Program – National Clinical Registries (Regionernes Kliniske Kvalitetsudviklingsprogramme, RKKP), which implement strict reporting guidelines, validation processes and feedback loops of data (Mainz, Kristensen and Bartels, 2015[17]; TEHDAS, 2022[18]). Denmark has also established procedures to enable access to health data for secondary use. One key initiative is the Research Health Data Gateway initiative, which is developing a centralised metadata catalogue (Invest in Denmark, 2022[19]). Furthermore, the Danish government is currently implementing its Vision for Better Use of Health Data, which aims to establish an efficient single point of contact, allowing users to apply for access to health data from all relevant sources and data-controlling authorities in one place. By leveraging Denmark’s health data, these initiatives aim to unlock the potential of AI in healthcare, driving innovation and improving patient outcomes.

Regionally, Denmark has several projects focused on AI in healthcare such as an AI solution used in emergency departments to assist with reading X-rays, aiming to reduce waiting times for orthopaedic injury patients (Healthcare Denmark, 2024[13]).

Table 4. Build strategic leadership in priority sectors: Key initiatives

Name	Start year	Short description (main goals)	Funding (including EU funding use)
Climate and environment
Signature projects	2020	The signature projects (https://digst.dk/kunstig-intelligens/signaturprojekter/) test AI applications in the public sector in areas including climate and sustainability, with the goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Relevant projects include the following: Energy optimisation of existing building stock using AI. FleetOptimiser - Intelligent fleet management and climate-smart driving patterns; uses AI technology to optimise usage and management of municipalities’ service vehicles. Forecasting tool for decision support in planning, mapping and flood warning in rural and urban areas. Optimised building usage with AI. FleetOptimiser – Use of AI technology to optimise usage and management of municipalities’ service vehicles. Data-driven resource savings in municipal buildings (AI used to manage heating).	Approximately EUR 25.1 million (DKK 187 million)
Green Data Processing and Storage	2022	As part of the Joint Government Digital Strategy 2022-2025, the initiative Green Data Processing and Storage (https://digst.dk/digital-transformation/digital-groen-omstilling/groen-databehandling-og-opbevaring/) will identify, develop and disseminate best practices for energy efficiency and sustainability for data processing and storage, including the acquisition, use and operation of physical infrastructure and software for AI technologies. Guidelines have been developed on “green” requirements public authorities can set when purchasing IT systems, including AI solutions. The next step will consist of developing a method to estimate the climate impact of different IT services including AI-based ones.	Approximately EUR 100 000
Health
Danish Centre for Clinical Artificial Intelligence (CAI-X)	2021	CAI-X is a partnership between the Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute at the University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital connecting clinicians with technical staff and researchers within the universities, along with private enterprises to benefit patients and hospital staff through the use of AI (CAI-X, 2024[20]).	Not reported
Radiological Artificial Intelligence Testcenter (RAIT)	2021	The RAIT aims to accelerate the development and use of AI technology in radiology practice (RAIT, 2024[21])	Not reported
RBfracture by Radiobotics	2022	Radiobotics’ product RBfracture, which detects fractures, effusions and lipohemarthrosis with high accuracy, has been introduced in Denmark to support the diagnostic process (Radiobotics, 2024[22]).	Not reported
Teton.ai	2023	Founded in 2020, Teton.ai provides an AI nurse companion to support patient care and improve nursing staff efficiency. It uses sensors to monitor patient movements and predict when there could be urgent needs or potential falls. The technology is in use at the North Denmark Regional Hospital as of 2024 (Teton.ai, 2020[23]; Healthcare Denmark, 2024[13]).	Not reported
Public sector
Plan for new technology and automation of the public sector	2022	The Joint Government Digital Strategy 2022-2025 contains an initiative to use new technologies such as AI to free up labour for other tasks in the public sector. New technological solutions, such as automation, AI and robotics, are increasingly being implemented in the public sector. The state, municipalities and regions have therefore agreed to launch a ten-year plan for new technology and automation of the public sector, which aims to help address the expected labour shortage, particularly in areas related to citizen-centric welfare. A sandbox for testing of AI solutions has been established (see also previous section) that is open to public and private organisations.	Approximately EUR 13.4 million (DKK 100 million) for 2023-25; this is part of a larger fund for uptake of new technological solutions in the public sector with a budget of DKK 142 million; the sandbox’s budget is DKK 17 million (both mentioned earlier)
Digital Taskforce for Artificial Intelligence	2024	To accelerate the roll-out of AI in the public sector, the government, together with KL and Danish regions, have established a Digital Taskforce for Artificial Intelligence. The taskforce shall promote a structured and co‑ordinated initiative to identify and address barriers to the use of AI and promote large-scale deployment of AI solutions across the public sector.	Approximately EUR 4.1 million (DKK 30.6 million) (note: included in the budget of the Strategic Approach mentioned above)
Knowledge centre for municipalities	Not reported	KL, which represents municipalities, has established this centre to collect and help share knowledge about digitalisation and help explore how new technologies, including AI, can be applied and create value in municipalities, identifying emerging challenges. It also provides action-oriented guidance and tools on topics ranging from security to IT procurement and framework architecture. KL has also launched an AI school for municipal employees, managers, executives and politicians (see previous section for more details).	Not reported
Agriculture/forestry/rural development
Projects focusing on AI-based solutions in agriculture under the R&D programme		Under the R&D programme Grønt Udviklings- og Demonstrationsprojekt (GUDP), there are several examples of projects funded that investigate AI‑based solutions in agriculture (for a list of examples, search for “Kunstig intelligens” on https://gudp.lbst.dk/vores-projekter/alle-projekter).	Between approximately EUR 27 million and EUR 47 million (between DKK 200 million and DKK 350 million) are annually allocated to the GUDP; the share allocated to AI cannot be specified

References

[24] Agency for Digital Government (2024), Signature Projects under the Danish National Uptake Fund for New Technologies, https://en.digst.dk/digital-transformation/signature-projects/ (accessed on 24 March 2024).

[9] AICentre (2024), The Centre – P1, Pioneer Centre for Artificial Intelligence, https://www.aicentre.dk/the-centre-p1.

[11] Alexandra Institute (2024), About the Alexandra Institute, https://alexandra.dk/about-the-alexandra-institute/.

[20] CAI-X (2024), About CAI-X, Danish Centre for Clinical Artificial Intelligence, https://cai-x.com/about-cai-x.

[1] Danish Government (2024), Strategic Approach to Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Digital Affairs, https://www.english.digmin.dk/Media/638719220318136690/Stategic%20Approach%20to%20Artificial%20Intelligence.pdf.

[2] Danish Government (2019), National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs, https://en.digst.dk/media/19337/305755_gb_version_final-a.pdf.

[8] DCAI (2025), Danish Centre for AI Innovation, https://dcai.dk/ (accessed on 15 June 2025).

[5] DeiC (2023), Data Management in DeiC, Danish e-infrastructure Consortium, https://www.deic.dk/en/data-management.

[6] DeiC (2021), National Strategy for FAIR Research Data Management, Danish e-Infrastructure Consortium.

[3] Digitaliseringsministeriet (2023), Danmarks digitaliserings-strategi (National Strategy for Digitalisation], https://www.digmin.dk/Media/638357207253210400/SVM%20regeringen_Danmarks%20digitaliseringsstrategi_2023_V9_Online_Final%20(1)-a.pdf.

[10] DIREC (2024), Homepage, Digital Research Centre Denmark, https://direc.dk/ (accessed on 11 March 2025).

[16] EU (2022), Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European Health Data Space, European Union, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52022PC0197.

[13] Healthcare Denmark (2024), Digitalisation in Danish Healthcare, https://healthcaredenmark.dk/news-publications/publications/digitalisation-in-danish-healthcare/.

[19] Invest in Denmark (2022), “National Danish Research Health Data Gateway assists researchers with accessing data”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, https://investindk.com/insights/new-national-danish-research-health-data-gateway-assists-researchers-with-accessing-data.

[12] KL (2024), “Kommunernes AI-skole: Fremtidens teknologi i dine hænder”, Local Government Denmark, https://www.kl.dk/videncenter/nyheder/2024/kommunernes-ai-skole-fremtidens-teknologi-i-dine-haender.

[4] KL (2022), The Municipalities’ Data Strategy, Local Government Denmark, https://www.kl.dk/oekonomi-og-administration/digitalisering-og-teknologi/politik-og-strategi/kommunernes-datastrategi.

[17] Mainz, J., S. Kristensen and P. Bartels (2015), “Quality improvement and accountability in the Danish health care system”, International Journal for Quality in Health Care, Vol. 27/6, pp. 523-527, https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzv080.

[14] Medcom (2024), About Medcom, https://medcom.dk/medcom-in-english/.

[7] Novo Nordisk Foundation (2024), “Denmark to build one of the world’s most powerful AI supercomputers, accelerating solutions to societal challenges”, Novo Nordisk Foundation, https://novonordiskfonden.dk/en/news/denmark-to-build-one-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-ai-supercomputers-accelerating-solutions-to-societal-challenges/.

[22] Radiobotics (2024), Radiobotics.

[21] RAIT (2024), RAIT - Radiological AI testcenter.

[15] Sundhed.dk (2024), Background, https://www.sundhed.dk/borger/service/om-sundheddk/om-organisationen/ehealth-in-denmark/background/.

[18] TEHDAS (2022), Country Visit – Denmark, Towards the European Health Data Space, https://tehdas.eu/app/uploads/2023/03/denmark-country-visit-factsheets-10-2022.pdf.

[23] Teton.ai (2020), Introducing Teton: ‍The AI-powered Caregiving System that Supports Your Staff, https://www.teton.ai/ (accessed on 11 March 2025).

This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD or of the European Union.

The names and representation of countries and territories used in this publication follow the practice of the OECD.

This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.

This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

Specific territorial disclaimers applicable to the OECD:

Note by the Republic of Türkiye

The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiye shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.

Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union

The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

Kosovo: This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence.

 

The full book is available in English: OECD (2025), Progress in Implementing the European Union Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence (Volume 1): Member States’ Actions, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/533c355d-en.

 

© OECD 2025

Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Attribution – you must cite the work.

Translations – you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and the translation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.

Adaptations – you must cite the original work and add the following text: This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.

Third-party material – the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and for any claims of infringement.

You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.

Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one.

Notes

← 1.  An approximate conversion to EUR is provided for figures reported in the national currency. Figures provided directly in EUR by Danish authorities are reported as such.

← 2.  The 2019 strategy, with a budget of DKK 260 million (about EUR 35 million) between 2019 and 2022, had no centralised monitoring mechanism, but evaluative efforts had taken place at the project level. In 2021, the Agency for Digital Government published its Knowledge Assessment of the first 15 signature projects (Agency for Digital Government, 2024[126]). This assessment pointed to challenges pertaining to data availability, the legal framework (e.g. uncertainty about EU General Data Protection Regulation compliance) and IT infrastructure (e.g. for data sharing).