OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2026

Annex B. Sources and data description

Table B.1. List of variables

Chapter – Indicator
Competitiveness – Gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita in large regions (TL2)
Competitiveness – Labour productivity growth and by industry in large regions (TL2)
Competitiveness – Share of employment exposed to GenAI in large regions (TL2)
Competitiveness – Share of tertiary-educated population in large regions (TL2)
Competitiveness – Share of firms adopting AI in large regions (TL2)
Competitiveness – Share of venture capital (VC) funding in small regions (TL3)
Competitiveness – Patent location quotient in FUAs
Demography and labour – Population in small regions (TL3) and metropolitan regions (TL3C) (population change, old-age dependency ratio)
Demography and labour – Natural change, births in small regions (TL3)
Demography and labour – Natural change, deaths in small regions (TL3)
Demography and labour – Population projection 2025-2045 in small regions (TL3)
Demography and labour – Population internal inflows, internal net flows in small regions (TL3)
Demography and labour – Population international net flows in small regions (TL3)
Demography and labour – Labour force in LMAs (unemployment rates, working-age population)
Demography and labour – Share of foreign-born population in LMAs
Well-being – Income in metropolitan regions (TL3)
Well-being – Housing prices in metropolitan regions (TL3C) and FUAs
Well-being – Changes in housing supply in FUAs
Well-being – Vacant dwellings and secondary residencies within and outside FUAs
Well-being – Life satisfaction in large regions (TL2), social connections by degree of urbanisation
Well-being – Institutional trust in small regions (TL3)
Well-being – Social infrastructure facilities (eating and drinking, cultural, public community)
Environment – Air temperature, precipitation in large regions (TL2) and at grid level
Environment – Strong heat stress days in large regions (TL2)
Environment – Greenhouse gas emissions by degree of urbanisation
Environment – Non-fossil fuel electricity generation in large regions (TL2)
Environment – Share of electricity in total final energy consumption in large regions (TL2)
Environment – Share of dwellings built before 1960 by degree of urbanisation
Environment – Share of electric vehicles in new private passenger vehicle sales in large regions (TL2)

Competitiveness – Gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita, large regions (TL2)

Country	Source	Last available year
EU countries1, CHE, NOR2 and TUR	Eurostat, Regional economic accounts - Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 region (nama_10r_3gdp) and Average annual population to calculate regional GDP data by NUTS3 region (nama_10r_3popgdp)	2024
AUS	Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, Table 1. Gross State Product. Figures based on fiscal year Y (July-June) restated to Y-1 calendar year	2024
BRA	Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), SCR - System of Regional Accounts	2023
CAN	Statistics Canada, Provincial economic accounts, Table 36-10-0222-01 Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, provincial and territorial, annual	2024
CHL	Banco Central de Chile, Base de Datos Estadísticos (BDE) - Cuentas nacionales - Producto interno bruto por región, referencia 2018	2024
COL	DANE - PIB total por departamentos	2024
GBR	ONS - Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices (Table 5)	2023
JPN	Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office, data are based on fiscal year (April-March) Prefectural Accounts (FY2011 - FY2022) (2008SNA, FY2015 Base Figures) - 40 prefectures, 3 designated cities - Gross Prefectural Product (Production Side, Nominal)	2022
KOR	KOSIS - Korean Regional Accounts	2024
MEX	INEGI, System of national accounts of Mexico, PIB por entidad federativa. Base 2018	2024
NZL	Statistics New Zealand, Regional gross domestic product: Year ended March 2025	2024
USA	Bureau of Economic Analysis, SAGDP1 - State annual gross domestic product (GDP) summary	2024

1. EU countries: TL2, except EST and LVA with last available year 2023.

2. NOR: lack of time series in NUTS2024 classification.

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Gross domestic product - Regions).

Competitiveness – Labour productivity growth and by industry, large regions (TL2)

Country	Source	Last available year
EU countries1, CHE, NOR and TUR	Eurostat, Regional economic branch accounts: Gross value added at basic prices by NUTS 3 region (nama_10r_3gva) and Employment (thousand persons) by NUTS 3 region (nama_10r_3empers)	2024
AUS	Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, Tables 2 to 10 Expenditure, Income and Industry Components of Gross State Product. Based on fiscal year Y (July-June) restated to Y-1 calendar year Labour Force, Australia: Table 05. Employed persons by State, Territory and Industry division of main job	2023
BRA	Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/economic/national-accounts/16855-regional-accounts-of-brazil.html	2023
CAN2	Statistics Canada, Provincial economic accounts. GVA is sourced from Statistics Canada as follows: Table 36-10-0711-01 provides TL2 GVA by industry in current and constant prices; Table 36-10-0710-01 provides Canada-level (TL1) current-price GVA by industry; and Table 36-10-0434-01 provides the monthly constant-price series used to construct annual Canada-level GVA. For missing recent current-price GVA, the latest available GVA/GDP ratio is applied to GDP from Table 36-10-0222-01; the resulting total GVA is then allocated across industries using the latest industry GVA percentage shares from Table 36-10-0400-01 Table 14-10-0466-02 Employment by industry and economic region, annual	2023
CHL	Banco Central de Chile, Base de Datos Estadísticos (BDE) –https://si3.bcentral.cl/Siete/ES/Siete/Cuadro/CAP_CCNN/MN_CCNN76/CCNN2013_P1/CCNN2013_P1 SIMELChile Población ocupada según rama de actividad económica nacional y regional	2022
COL	DANE, Directorate of Synthesis and National Accounts - Resultados por actividad económica Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH): employment data provided by country	2024
GBR	ONS, Workplace based GVA at current basic prices https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva - Workforce jobs by region and industry JOBS05	2023
JPN	Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office, data are based on fiscal year (April-March). Prefectural Accounts (FY2011 - FY2022) (2008SNA, FY2015 Base Figures) - 40 prefectures, 3 designated cities - Gross Prefectural Product by Economic Activity (Nominal) https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2022.html	2022
KOR	KOSIS Korean Regional Accounts KOSIS Employed persons by industry	2024
MEX	INEGI, System of National Accounts of Mexico - PIB por entidad federativa. Base 2018 Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE)	2024
NZL	Statistics New Zealand, Regional gross domestic product Household Labour Force Survey (HLF) - Infoshare table: Person Employed by Sex by Industry (ANZSIC06) by Regional Council (Annual-Dec), https://infoshare.stats.govt.nz	2024
USA	Bureau of Economic Analysis, SAGDP2 - GDP by industry in current dollars Total full-time and part-time employment by industry (SA25, SA25N) CAEMP25N, https://apps.bea.gov/	2022

1. EU countries: TL2, except EST and LVA with last available year 2023.

2. The Canadian NAICS classification does not fully align with the ISIC Rev.4 aggregates in three cases for employment by industry: “Forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, oil and gas [21, 113–114, 1153, 2100]” is classified under IND_10_VB_E but includes ISIC A and B activities; “Information, culture and recreation [51, 71]” under IND_10_VJ includes J and R activities; and “Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing [52–53]” under IND_10_VK includes K and L activities.

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Labour productivity by main economic activity - Regions).

Competitiveness – Share of employment exposed to GenAI in large regions (TL2)

Country	Source	Year
All countries	GenAI exposure from OECD calculations based on (Eloundou et al., 2024[1]), labour force surveys, and employment by occupation tables. See Annex 3.A. of (OECD, 2024[2]) for more details.	2024 or latest year available

Competitiveness – Share of tertiary-educated population in large regions (TL2)

Country	Source	Year
EU27, NOR and CHE	Eurostat regional statistics, Population by educational attainment level, sex and NUTS 2 region (%), table edat_lfse_04	2025
AUS	Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Education and work - 11: Highest educational attainment, Tables 21-23 - Table 21	2021
CAN	Statistics Canada, Table 14-10-0019-01 Labour force characteristics by educational attainment, monthly, unadjusted for seasonality	2024
MEX	INEGI Mexico, Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda (2020); National Survey of Occupation and Employment - New Edition (ENOEN), 2021-2022; and the National Employment and Occupation Survey (ENOE), 2005-2019 and 2023-2024	2025
NZL	Statistics New Zealand, Household labour force survey	2020
GBR	Office for National Statistics (ONS), Department for Education - Data provided by country	2025
USA	U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS). Data provided by country	2024

OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Educational attainment - Regions).

Competitiveness – Share of firms adopting AI in large regions (TL2)

Country	Source	Year
EU	Eurostat, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_r_eb_ain2/default/table	2025

Competitiveness – Share of venture capital (VC) funding in small regions (TL3)

Country	Source	Years
All countries	Authors’ elaboration based on OECD Start-up database (Berger et al., 2026[3]) developed from Crunchbase and Dealroom data	2020-2024

Competitiveness – Patent location quotient in FUAs

Country	Source	Year
All countries	Authors’ elaboration based on OECD, STI Micro-data Lab: Intellectual Property Database, http://oe.cd/ipstats	2024

Patent data refer to patent applications at the internationalisation phase filled under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Patent counts are based on the inventor’s region of residence. Patent rates at the subnational level may be influenced by “headquarters effects” when patents are registered under a company’s headquarters address rather than the site of the actual inventive activity. This bias may inflate patent rates in areas with a high concentration of headquarters, which are often large cities or capital-city regions.

Demography and labour – Population in small regions (TL3) and metropolitan regions (TL3C) (population change, old-age dependency ratio)

Country	Source	Population change Last (First) ref. years	Old-age dependency reference year
EU271	Eurostat, Eurostat regional statistics, Population on 1 January by five-year age group, sex and NUTS 3 region, table demo_r_pjangrp3	2023-24 (2005-06)	2024
AUS	Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), estimated population at 30 June. Data explorer Quarterly Population Estimates (ERP), by State/Territory, Sex and Age	2023-24 (2007-08)	2023
CAN	Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0152-01 Population estimates, July 1, by census division, 2021 boundaries	2023-24 (2005-06)	2023
CHL	Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE), Chile, Population estimates (2017 base) and 2002–2035 projections	2023-24 (2013-14)	2023
COL	Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE), National and Departmental Estimates 1985-2005 and Projections 2005-onwards	2023-24 (2005-06)	2024
CRI	National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC), Estadísticas demográficas. Estimaciones y proyecciones nacionales de población 1950 – 2100. Population as of 30 June	2023-24 (2005-06)	2023
ISL	Statistics Iceland, population 1 January, Population by municipality, age and sex.	2021-22 (2005-06)	2023
ISR	Central Bureau of Statistics Israel (CBS), Regional data provided by the delegate of the Working Party on Territorial Indicators. De jure population on 31 December adjusted to 1 January following year. National values from OECD Data Explorer • Historical population data	2022-23 (2010-11)	2022
JPN	Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, e-Stat - Population on 1 October, Population Estimates Annual Report	2023-24 (2005-06)	2024
KOR	Statistics Korea, KOSIS - Resident Population in Five-Year Age Groups (2011~). Derived from resident registration. Excludes foreigners. End of year (12.31) restated to 1 January	2023-24 (2005-06)	2024
MEX	INEGI Mexico, National Population Council (CONAPO): demographic reconciliation (pre-2020) and population projections (2020 onward). Mid-year estimates	2015 (2000)	2021
NZL	Statistics New Zealand, Aoteroa Data Explorer - Subnational population component changes (2025 boundaries). Estimated Resident Population (ERP) at 30 June	2023 (2006)	2023
NOR	Statistics Norway (SSB), Statbank table 07459: Population at 1st of January	2023-24 (2005-06)	2024
CHE	Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), Population and Households Statistics (STATPOP)	2023-24 (2005-06)	2024
TUR	Türkiye Statistical Institute (TUIK), TurkStat - Central Dissemination System - Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS). De jure population on 31 December adjusted to 1 January following year	2023-24 (2008-08)	2024
GBR	Office for National Statistics (ONS), Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Mid-year population	2023-24 (2005-06)	2024
USA	U.S. Census Bureau, United States Census Bureau - POPEST State and County Population Estimates. Population on 1 July	2015-17 (2009-11)	2023

1. EU countries population change 2023-24 (2005-06), except DNK 2023-24 (2006-07); DEU 2022-23 (2005-06) ; FRA 2019-20 (2013-14) ; GRC and PRT (2021-2011) ; IRL 2022 ; LVA 2023-24 (2011-12) ; and ROU 2014-15 (2005-06).

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Population by broad age groups - Regions; Dependency rates - Regions).

Demography and labour – Natural change, Births in small regions

Country	Source
EU27, NOR, CHE & TUR	Eurostat regional statistics, Live births (total) by NUTS 3 region, table demo_r_births
AUS	Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Statistics about births and fertility rates for Australia, states and territories, and sub-state regions
CAN	Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0153-01, Components of population change by census division, 2021 boundaries
CHL	Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE), Chile, Estadísticas Vitales – REDATAM
COL	Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE), Estadísticas vitales de nacimientos y defunciones
CRI	National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC), Vital statistics
ISL	Statistics Iceland, Live births by domicile of mother
ISR	Central Bureau of Statistics Israel (CBS), Regional data provided by the delegate of the Working Party on Territorial Indicators
JPN	Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, e-Stat - Vital Statistics, Natality
KOR	Statistics Korea, KOSIS - Live Births by Age Group of Mother, Sex and Birth Order for Provinces
MEX	INEGI Mexico, OECD estimates based on INEGI. Subsistema de Información Demográfica y Social – Natalidad
NZL	Health New Zealand, Group: Births - VSB Table: Live births by area, regional councils, and age of mother (Annual-Dec)
GBR	Office for National Statistics (ONS), England & Wales - Birth characteristics National Records of Scotland (NRS), Scotland - Births Time Series Data - Table 4: Number of births by sex, year and council area, 1991 to 2024 - Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA), Northern Ireland - Registrar General Annual Report 2023 Births, Table 3.15b

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Fertility - Regions).

Demography and labour – Natural change, Deaths in small regions (TL3)

Country	Source
EU27 plus CHE, NOR, and TUR	Eurostat regional statistics, Deaths by age, sex and age, table demo_r_magec3
AUS	Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Deaths, Year of occurrence, Age at death, Age-specific death rates, Sex, States, Territories and Australia
AUS	Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) – Data Explorer Life expectancy & deaths
CAN	Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0153-01 Components of population change by census division, 2021 boundaries
CHL	Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE), Chile, Estadísticas Vitales
COL	Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE), Directorate of Census and Demography - Non-fetal deaths
CRI	National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC), Vital statistics information, Estadísticas Vitales 2023. Cuadros, gráficos y figuras de: población, nacimientos, defunciones, matrimonios
ISL	Statistics Iceland, Deaths by municipalities, sex and age
ISR	Central Bureau of Statistics Israel (CBS), Regional data provided by the country. National values from OECD Data Explorer • Health status
JPN	Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, e-Stat - Vital Statistics, MHLW Japan
KOR	Statistics Korea, KOSIS - Vital statistics for Provinces
MEX	INEGI Mexico, Vital Statistics. Deaths correspond to the Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ICD-10
NZL	Statistics New Zealand, Births and Deaths Year ended
GBR	Office for National Statistics (ONS), England & Wales - Nomis Mortality statistics - underlying cause, sex and age National Records of Scotland (NRS), Deaths Time Series Data Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA), Registrar General Annual Report Deaths

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Deaths by 5-year age groups - Regions).

Demography and labour – Population projections 2025-2045 in small regions (TL3)

Country	Source	Last available year
EU27, NOR, CHE	Eurostat regional statistics, Population on 1st January by age, sex, type of projection, 2019-2100, table proj_25rp5, Middle scenario	2045
AUS	Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Data Explorer Population Projections by Region, 2022-2071, base 2022 medium scenario for fertility, mortality, net overseas migration and net interstate migration	2045
CAN	Statistics Canada, Table: 17-10-0057-01 - Projected population, by projection scenario, 2024-2074, base 2024. Medium growth scenario for births, deaths, internal and international migration flows	2045
CHL	Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE), Chile, Proyecciones de población 2015-2035, base 2015	2035
COL	Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE), Proyecciones de población 2018-2070, base 2018	2035
ISL	Not available	2045
ISR	National Economic Council, Regional Population Scenarios for the State of Israel 2020-2050, base 2020. Medium scenario regional data provided by the delegate of the Working Party on Territorial Indicators. National values from OECD Data Explorer • Population projections	2045
JPN	National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (IPSS), Regional Population Projections 2020-2050, base 2020	2045
KOR	Statistics Korea, KOSIS - Projected Population by Age(Province) 1970-2052, base 2022. Projections based on a medium growth scenario	2045
MEX	INEGI Mexico, Proyecciones subnacionales de población 2020 - 2070, base 2020	2040
NZL	Statistics New Zealand, Subnational population projections: 2023(base)–2053/	2045
USA	NASA SEDAC, Population projections for all U.S. counties by age, sex, and race controlled to the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, base 2020. Projections based on the SSP2-4.5 Middle-of-the-road scenario	2045

Demography and labour – Population internal inflows, internal net flows in small regions (TL3)

Country	Source	First years (Last years)
AUS	Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), (NIM_CY) Interstate migration: Arrivals, departures and net, State/territory, Age and sex	2010-11 (2022-24)
AUT	Statistics Austria, STATcube - Internal migration within Austria acc.to communes from 2002 (status of 2025)	2010-11 (2022-24)
BEL	Statistics Belgium, Statbel Demobel - Federal Public Service (FPS) Economy / Statistics Belgium	2010-11 (2022-24)
BGR	National Statistical Insitute, Migration of the population between districts	2010-11 (2022-24)
CAN	Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0015-01 Interprovincial migrants, by age group and sex, Canada, provinces and territories, annual	2010-11 (2022-24)
CHE	Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), STAT-TAB - Internal migration of the permanent resident population by cantons of destination and origin	2010-11 (2022-24)
CHL	Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE), Chile, 2024 Census Población y vivienda - Migración interna	2013-15 (2024)
COL	Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE), Demografía y población - Movilidad y migración. Data provided by the delegate of the Working Party on Territorial Indicators
CZE	Czech Statistical Office (CZSO), Migration	2010-11 (2022-24)
DEU	Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Regionaldatenbank Deutschland - Migration statistics (Table 12711)	2010-11 (2021-23)
DNK	Statistics Denmark, StatBank Table FLY66: Internal migration between municipalities by sex, age and municipality	2010-11 (2022-24)
ESP	Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), INEbase - Interprovincial migration flow by year, province of origin and destination, sex	2010-11 (2022-24)
EST	Statistics Estonia, Estonian Social Survey. Statistical database - RVR061: internal migration by county, age group, type of settlement region and sex	2010-11 (2022-24)
FIN	Statistics Finland, StatFin table 11a7 - Population Statistics, Migration	2010-11 (2022-24)
FRA	National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (Insee), Recensement de la population - Base flux de mobilité	2013-14 (2017-19)
GBR	Office for National Statistics (ONS), Internal migration - England & Wales: detailed estimates by origin and destination local authorities, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration Internal migration Scotland - detailed estimates by origin and destination local authorities Internal migration Northern Ireland - Mid Year Population Estimates for Northern Ireland	2010-11 (2022-24)
GRC	Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT), Population-Housing Census	2011 (2021)
HUN	Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO), STADAT 22.1.2.13. Permanent internal migration by county and region based on the registration system of home addresses	2010-11 (2022-24)
IRL	Central Statistics Office, Ireland, Census of Population - Internal Migration - 2022	(2022)
ISL	Statistics Iceland, Internal migration between regions by sex and age/	2010-11 (2020-22)
ISR	Central Bureau of Statistics Israel (CBS), Regional data provided by the delegate of the Working Party on Territorial Indicators	2011-12 (2021-23)
ITA	Istat, IstatData Survey on persons registered in and cancelled from municipalities' population registers due to change of usually residence	2010-11 (2022-24)
JPN	Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, e-Stat - Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Report on Internal Migration in Japan	2010-11 (2022-24)
KOR	Statistics Korea, KOSIS - Number of internal migrants by age for province	2013-14 (2022-24)
LTU	Statistics Lithuania, Net internal migration, Net internal migration by county	2010-11 (2022-24)
LVA	Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia (CSP), Changes in usual residence of the population in regions, cities, municipalities, towns	(2023-24)
MEX	Gobierno de Mexico, Bases de datos sobre migración interna	(2010, 2015)
NLD	Statistics Netherlands (CBS), StatLine database, Table 7B887	2010-11 (2022-24)
NOR	Statistics Norway (SSB), Statbank table 05471: Internal immigration, emigration and net-migration, https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/05471	2010-11 (2022-24)
NZL	Statistics New Zealand, Census of Population and Dwellings, http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/Migration.aspx	2013 (2021-23)
POL	Central Statistical Office (GUS), Local Data Bank: Population - Subgroup P3313 Interpowiat and international migrations for permanent residence by the economic age group	2010-11 (2022-24)
PRT	Statistics Portugal (INE), Population and housing census 2001, 2011, 2021	2011 (2021)
ROU	Innse, Tempo-Online POP304B - Settlings of the residence by counties and localities	2010-11 (2013-15)
SVK	Statistical Office of the SR, DATAcube: Internal migration between Regions of the SR - SR, Regions [om7049rr]	2010-11 (2022-24)
SVN	Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, SiStat, table 05N2004S - Internal migration, statistical regions, Slovenia, annually	2010-11 (2022-24)
SWE	Statistics Sweden (SCB), Statistical Database - Total Population Register - Migration - internal and external migration by region, age and sex	2010-11 (2022-24)
TUR	Türkiye Statistical Institute (TUIK), TurkStat - Central Dissemination System - Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) (2008-onwards data)	2010-11 (2022-24)
USA	U.S. Census Bureau, County-to-County Migration Flows	2011 (2017)

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Population mobility within the country - Regions).

Demography and labour – Population international net flows in small regions

Country	Source
AUS	Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Statistics on Australia's international migration, internal migration (interstate)
AUT	Statistics Austria, STATcube - International migration acc. to communes from 2002 (status of 2025)
BEL	Statistics Belgium, Statbel - Registre national des personnes physiques (RNPP)
BGR	National Statistical Insitute, Migration of the population by districts, municipalities and sex
CAN	Statistics Canada, Table 17-10-0153-01 Components of population change by census division, 2021 boundaries
CHE	Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), Migrations de la population résidante permanente selon le canton, STATOP table je-f-01.05.04.01.02
CHL	Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE), Chile, 2024 Census Población y vivienda - Inmigración internacional
CZE	Czech Statistical Office (CZSO), Public database - Immigrants table Code: DEMD130062-6-1/9
DEU	Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Genesis Online - Migration statistics, Table 12711-0023 - Migrations between Germany and abroad: federal states, years, nationality, gender
DNK	Statistics Denmark, StatBank Table VAN1AAR: Immigrations (yearly) by municipality, sex, age, country of destination
ESP	Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), INEbase - Migration Statistics
EST	Statistics Estonia, RVR051: External migration by county and country
FIN	Statistics Finland, StatFin table 11a7 - Population Statistics, Migration, https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__muutl/statfin_muutl_pxt_11a7.px/table/tableViewLayout1/
FRA	National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (Insee), Migrations résidentielles : localisation au département de résidence et au pays de résidence antérieure en 2021, https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8205841?sommaire=8205966
GBR	Office for National Statistics (ONS), Migration Statistics Unit, https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS019/editions/2021/versions/3.
GRC	Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT)
HUN	Hungarian Central Statistcal Office (KSH), Hungarian citizens' international migration, statinfo.k https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/nep/en/nep0048
HUN	National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing (OIF), STADAT NN1B02. Hungarian citizens immigrating and emigrating by county and region
IRL	Not available.
ISL	Statistics Iceland, External migration by sex, citizenship and region
ISR	Central Bureau of Statistics Israel (CBS), Regional data provided by the delegate of the Working Party on Territorial Indicators
ITA	Istat, IstatData - Migration (Transfer of residence)
JPN	Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, e-Stat - Table 090 - Report on Internal Migration in Japan Monthly report
KOR	Statistics Korea, KOSIS - International migration by port of entry and departures
LTU	Statistics Lithuania, International Migration Statistics
LUX	Statistiques Luxembourg, LU'STAT - Arrivées, départs et excédents des arrivées sur les départs
LVA	Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia (CSP), Long-term international migration in regions, State cities and municipalities. Table IBE081
MEX	INEGI Mexico
NLD	Statistics Netherlands (CBS), StatLine - Population dynamics; birth, death and migration per region
NOR	Statistics Norway (SSB), Statbank table 09588: Migration to/from the whole country, counties and municipalities (M)
NZL	Statistics New Zealand, Infoshare database, Subnational Net Migration Estimates (5 years ended)
POL	Central Statistical Office (GUS), Local Data Bank: Population - Subgroup P3313 Interpowiat and international migrations for permanent residence by the economic age group
PRT	Statistics Portugal (INE), International migration - 2001, 2011 and 2021 Census
SVK	Statistical Office of the SR, DATAcube: Immigrants and Emigrants - SR-Area-Reg-District, U-R - DATAcube view table om7021rr
SVN	Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, SiStat, table 05N1042S - International migration, statistical regions, Slovenia, annually
SWE	Statistics Sweden (SCB), Statistical Database - Total Population Register - Migration - internal and external migration by region, age and sex
TUR	Türkiye Statistical Institute (TUIK), TurkStat - International Migration Statistics
USA	U.S. Census Bureau, County-to-County Migration Flows - Move from-to abroad

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (International migration flows - Regions).

Demography and labour – Labour force in LMAs (unemployment rates, working-age population)

Country	Source; geographic level of the data collection
All countries	OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database, http://oe.cd/geostats

Demography and labour – Share of foreign-born population in LMAs

Country	Source; geographic level of the data collection
All countries	OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database, http://oe.cd/geostats

Well-being – Income in metropolitan regions (TL3)

Country	Source; geographic level of the data collection	Year
AUS	Data by region 2011-2024, by Local Government Areas (ASGS Edition 3 (2021 – 2026), Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), median disposable income equivalised using the modified OECD scale; Statistical Area Level 2 (SA2) and Local Government Areas (LGA)	2020
AUT	Statistics Austria, administrative data source	2022
BEL	Revenus fiscaux, DataLab - Revenu disponible administratif par commune, StatBel median total net income equivalised using the square root of the household size; Municipalities	2023
CAN	Census Profile, Census of Population: 2021, Statistics Canada, median disposable income equivalised using the square root of the household size; Census Subdivisions	2020
DEU	73111-01-01-5: Lohn- und Einkommensteuerpflichtige, Gesamtbetrag der Einkünfte, Lohn- und Einkommensteuer - Jahressumme - regionale Tiefe: Gemeinden, Regional Statistik mean disposable income; Municipalities	2021
FRA	Dispositif Fichier localisé social et fiscal (Filosofi) 2021, INSEE, median disposable income, equivalised using the modified OECD scale; Municipalities	2021
GBR	Regional gross disposable household income: local authorities by ITL1 region, ONS, mean gross household disposable income, equivalised using the square root of the household size; Local Authorities	2022
IRL	Central Statistics Office, administrative data source	2022
ISR	OECD calculations using LIS (based on Household Expenditure Survey)	2022
NLD	CBS Open data StatLine Household income; household characteristics, region (classification 2023) Income of persons; personal characteristics, region (classification 2023, CBS, median disposable income equivalised using the square root of the household size; Municipalities	2023
SWE	Income inequality indicators by region. Year 2011 - 2024,Statistics Sweden, disposable income including capital gains equivalised using the modified OECD scale; Municipalities	2024

Well-being – Housing prices in metropolitan regions (TL3C) and FUAs

Country	Source, geographic level of the data collection	Year
AUS	Data by region, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Area 2 (SA2), Local Government Areas	2024
AUT	Municipal housing transaction statistics, Statistik Austria, Municipalities	2021
BEL	Ventes de biens immobiliers selon la nature du bien dans l'acte de vente - Belgique, Statbel (Directorate-General Statistics – Statistics Belgium), Municipalities	2025
CAN	Census Profiles Downloads 2021; Census Profiles Downloads 2016; Census Profiles Downloads 2011, 2006, 2001, Statistics Canada, Census Subdivisions	2021
DEU	Kreise and postal code housing transaction statistics, vdpResearch, Postal codes, Municipalities, Circles	2021
DNK	BM010: Property prices in housing market by area, property category and prices of completed transactions; BM011: Property prices in housing market by postal code, property category and prices of completed transactions; BM020: Movements in housing market by area, property category and type of movement (2004Q1-2023Q4); BM021: Movements in housing market by postal code, property category and type of movement, Finans Danmark , Municipalities, Postal codes	2025
ESP	Municipal housing transaction statistics (shared by INE), INE, Municipalities	2025
FIN	13mu -- Prices per square meter of old dwellings in housing companies and numbers of transactions by postal code area, yearly, 2009-2024; 13mt -- Prices per square meter of old dwellings in housing companies and numbers of transactions by postal code area, quarterly, 2009Q1-2025Q2; 13mx -- Prices per square meter of old dwellings in housing companies and numbers of transactions by municipality, yearly, 2006-2024, Statistics Finland , Postal codes, Municipalities	2025
FRA	Demandes de valeurs foncières géolocalisées (2014-2020); Demandes de valeurs foncières géolocalisées (2021-2025), data.gouv.fr, Arrondissements, Municipalities, Inter-municipal cooperations	2025
GBR	Residential property sales for administrative geographies, ONS; Median house prices for administrative geographies; House price statistics, Registers of Scotland; Annual Ward, District Electoral Area and Local Government Districts statistics, Northern Ireland Department of Finance; NI House Price Index statistical reports, Northern Ireland Department of Finance, Local Authorities. Data for Northern Ireland and Scotland are from 2024	2025
HUN	Municipal housing transaction statistics; Number and mean price of sold second-hand homes, Statistics Hungary, Settlements	2023
IRL	Characteristics of Residential Property Purchasers; Residential Property Price Register, Irish CSO, Property Service Regulatory Authority, Local Electoral Areas	2021
ITA	Dati OMI, Agenzia Entrate, Municipalities	2024
ISR	Data share by Israel	2021
JPN	XPT001 . Real Estate Price (Transaction Price/Contract Price) Information Points (Points) API, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), Cities, towns, villages and wards	2025
KOR	Housing transactions in Korea, MOLIT, Towns, townships, neighbourhoods, Municipalities	2023
LUX	Prix annoncés des logements - Par commune; Prix de vente des appartements - Par commune; Prix de vente des appartements - Prix affinés (hors annexes) par commune, data.public.lu, Municipalities	2025
MEX	Municipal and postal code housing transaction statistics, INEGI, Postal codes, Municipalities	2021
NLD	Existing own homes; prices, region, CBS, Municipalities	2025
POL	Average price of residential premises sold in market transactions; Average price of residential premises sold in market transactions (quarterly data); Average price per 1 m2 of residential premises sold in market transactions; Average price per 1 m2 of residential premises sold in market transactions (quarterly data); Median of prices per 1 m2 of residential premises sold in market transactions; Median of prices per 1 m2 of residential premises sold in market transactions (quarterly data); Number of residential premises sold in market transaction; Number of residential premises sold in market transactions (quarterly data), Statistics Poland, Counties	2023
PRT	Median value of dwellings sales (Methodology 2022 - €/ m²) by Geographic location (NUTS - 2024) and Category of housing unit; Annual; Dwellings sales in the last 12 months (Methodology 2022 - No.) by Geographic location (NUTS - 2024); Quarterly; Median value of dwellings sales in the last 12 months (Methodology 2022 - €/ m²) by Geographic location (NUTS - 2024) and Category of housing unit; Quarterly; Dwellings sales in the last 12 months (Methodology 2022 - No.) by Geographic location (NUTS - 2024); Quarterly, Statistics Portugal, Parishes, Councils	2025
SWE	Quarterly housing transactions by municipality and dwelling type; Average purchase prices for one- and two-dwelling buildings in 2022 by municipality (not used), Svensk Mäklarstatistik AB, Municipalities	2025
USA	Housing Data, Zillow, Counties, Zipcodes	2024

Well-being – Housing supply and unoccupied dwellings within and outside FUAs

Country	Source, geographic level of the data collection	Year
AUS	Data by region 2011-2024, by Main Structure and GCCSA (ASGS Edition 3 (2021 – 2026)); Data by region 2011-2024, by Local Government Areas (ASGS Edition 3 (2021 – 2026)); Census 2021, G36 Dwelling structure, Main Statistical Areas Level 2 and up (SA2+); Census 2021, G37 Tenure and landlord type by dwelling structure, Main Statistical Areas Level 2 and up (SA2+); Census 2021, G36 Dwelling structure, Local Government Area 2021 (LGA 2021 boundaries); (ABS_C16_T24_TS_LGA) Census Time Series 2016, 2011, 2006: T24 Dwelling Structure by Dwelling Type (LGA); (ABS_C16_T24_TS_SA) Census Time Series 2016, 2011, 2006: T24 Dwelling Structure by Dwelling Type (SA2+), Australian Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Area 2 (SA2), Local Government Areas	2021
AUT	Gebäudebestand - Indikatoren und Gemeindeergebnisse; Adress-, Gebäude- und Wohnungsregister Daten des Gebäude- und Wohnungsregisters Bestandsdaten, Statistik Austria, Vienna districts, Municipalities	2025
BEL	Census - Nombre de logements selon le régime de propriété; Census - Nombre de logements selon le régime d'occupation des logements, Nombre de logements selon le type de local d'habitation, Nombre de logements classiques selon le type de bâtiment, Statistics Belgium, Municipalities	2021
CAN	Census Profiles Downloads 2021; Census Profiles Downloads 2016; Census Profiles Downloads 2011, 2006, 2001, Statistics Canada, Census Subdivisions	2021
CHL	Censo 2024 - Viviendas y hogares censados, Viviendas censadas, por tipo de vivienda, INE, Municipalities	2024
COL	Censo Nacional de Población 2018, DANE, Municipalities	2018
CZE	Dwellings by occupancy; Occupied dwellings by owner and type of house; Occupied dwellings by legal reason for using the dwelling, CZSO, Municipalities	2021
DEU	Zensus 2022, Gebaüde und Wohnungen, Zensus 2022, Municipalities	2022
DNK	BOL101: Dwellings by region, type of resident, use, tenure, ownership and year of construction, Statistics Denmark, Municipalities	2025
ESP	Total viviendas familiares convencionales por tipo de vivienda, Censo de Población y Viviendas 2021; Viviendas por intensidad de uso a partir del consumo eléctrico, INE, Municipalities	2021
EST	RLV215: CONVENTIONAL DWELLINGS BY OCCUPANCY, TYPE OF BUILDING AND LOCATION (ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT) (2000, 2011, 2021), Statistics Estonia, Municipalities	2021
FIN	Municipal key figures / With the 2025 regional division / 142h -- Regional time series, 1987-2024; 116f -- Dwellings by type of building, occupancy and year of construction, 2024, Statistics Finland, Municipalities	2024
FRA	Logements et résidences principales en 2017; Logements et résidences principales en 2018; Logements et résidences principales en 2019; Logements et résidences principales en 2020; Logements et résidences principales en 2021; Logements et résidences principales en 2022, INSEE, Arrondissements, Municipalities, Inter-municipal cooperations	2022
GBR	Number of vacant dwellings and second homes (with no usual residents), ONS; Subnational estimates of dwellings by tenure, England, ONS; Census 2021 main statistics housing and accommodation tables - MS-E15 Tenure households, NISRA; Housing statistics: Stock by tenure, Scottish Government; Dwelling stock estimates by local authority and tenure, Stats Wales; Annual housing stock statistics, Northern Ireland Department of Finance, Local Authorities	2023
GRC	Census 2011 - B02. Inhabited normal houses by residential density and type of ownership. Municipalities; B10. Regular homes by housing status (occupied, vacant) and kitchen availability. Municipalities; B14. Normal houses by building type. Municipalities; B18. Normal residences by residence status. Regional Units, Municipalities; Census 2021 - B02. Occupied regular dwellings by type of building and type of ownership. Municipalities; C02. Regular dwellings by housing status (occupied, vacant) and building type. Settlements; C01. Regular dwellings by housing status and irregular dwellings. Settlements, ELSTAT, Communities, Municipalities	2021
HRV	Dwellings by Occupancy Status, by Towns/Municipalities, 2021 Census, Statistics Croatia, Municipalities	2021
HUN	Summary data of dwellings by settlement; Household data by settlement, Census database, Settlements	2022
IRL	Dwellings by type in electoral divisions; Dwellings by type in local electoral areas; Dwellings by type in counties; Dwellings by tenure in electoral divisions; Dwellings by tenure in local electoral areas; Dwellings by tenure in counties; Dwellings by occupancy status in electoral divisions; Dwellings by occupancy status in local electoral areas; Dwellings by occupancy status in counties, Irish CSO, Electoral divisions, Local Electoral Areas, Counties	2022
ISL	Census: Living quarters by municipality 1981, 2011 and 2021; Census: Various characteristics of conventional dwellings by municipality 1981, 2011 and 2021, Statistics Iceland, Municipalities	2021
ITA	Scarica file (tutti i comuni), Abitazioni; Dati per sezione di censimento, ISTAT, Municipalities	2021
JPN	System of Social and Demographic Statistics H Dwelling, Statistics of Japan, Cities, towns, villages and wards	2023
KOR	Dwellings > Housing Census > Total housing survey (since 2015) > Pre-registration sector > Housing by type, floor area and year of construction - City/county/district; Unoccupied houses (vacant houses) by year of construction and type of house - City/county/district, Municipalities	2023
LTU	S3R786_GBS030400_1 - Number of convetional dwellings, Statistics Lithuania, Municipalities	2021
LUX	Luxembourg 2021 Census, STATEC, Municipalities	2021
LVA	Traditional dwellings and persons living in them by type of building and time of construction in regions, cities, counties and neighborhoods of the republic 2011 - 2021; Inhabited conventional dwellings by type of ownership in regions, cities, municipalities and neighbourhoods 2011 - 2021, Statistics Latvia, Cities and municipalities	2021
MEX	Sistema para la Consulta de Información Censal 2020, INEGI, Municipalities	2020
NLD	Regional Climate Monitor; 82900NED: Dwellings; ownership, occupancy, region; 82550NED: Housing stock; number and average surface area of housing type, construction year class, region, CBS, Municipalities	2025
NZL	Occupied dwellings, unoccupied dwellings, and dwellings under construction, for private and non-private dwellings, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB); Dwelling occupancy status and dwelling type for dwellings, (RC, TALB, SA2, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses; Household composition by tenure of household, for households in occupied private dwellings, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC ,TA, DHB, SA2); Household crowding index, tenure of household, household composition, and total household income for households in occupied private dwellings, (RC, TALB, SA2, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses, Stats NZ, Statistical Area 2 (SA2), Territorial Authorities	2023

Well-being – Life satisfaction in large regions (TL2), social connections by degree of urbanisation

Country	Source
All countries	Gallup World Poll, pools observations within two two-year periods, 2014/15 and 2024/25

Well-being – Institutional trust in small regions (TL3)

Country	Source
All countries	OECD trust survey, pools responses from the 2023 and 2025 waves in countries, https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-survey-on-drivers-of-trust-in-public-institutions-2026-results_9eb63fec-en.html

Well-being – Social infrastructure facilities (eating and drinking, cultural, public community)

Country	Source
All countries	OpenStreetMap POI data and population data and settlements from GHS

Environment – Air temperature, precipitation, grid and large regions (TL2)

Country	Source	Year
All countries	Muñoz Sabater, J., (2019): ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1981 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), doi: 10.24381/cds.68d2bb30.	1981-2025

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Air temperature, hot days, tropical nights and icing days - Regions; Precipitation - Regions).

Environment – Strong heat stress days, large regions (TL2)

Country	Source	Year
All countries	Di Napoli C., Barnard C., Prudhomme C., Cloke HL and Pappenberger F. (2020): Thermal comfort indices derived from ERA5 reanalysis. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.553b7518	1981-2025

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Heat stress - Regions).

Environment – Greenhouse gas emissions, by degree of urbanisation

Country	Source	Year
All countries	EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, a collaboration between the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and comprising IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O, EDGAR F-GASES version EDGAR_2025_GHG (2025) European Commission, JRC (Datasets), https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/	2010-2024

Environment – Non-fossil fuel electricity generation, large regions (TL2)

Country	Source	Year
All countries	Energy supply, electricity generation by source, International Energy Agency (IEA)	1990-2024 (TL1)
AUS	Table O: Australian electricity generation, by state and territory, by fuel type, physical units, Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water	2015-2024
CAN	Canada's energy future 2023: Energy demand and demand projections to 2050, Canada Energy Regulator	2005-2022
COL	XM electricity market portal; XM Github Repository; UPME power plants list - installed capacity, XM, UPME	2018-2022
DEU	Bruttostromerzeugung nach Energieträgern; Bruttostromerzeugung nach Erneuerbaren Energieträgern, Länderarbeitskreis Energiebilanzen	1990-2021
DNK	Monthly electricity production data in MWh for each municipality, Energy Data Service	2017-2024
ESP	Estadísticas eléctricas anuales, Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico	2013-2024
FIN	Electricity production by region 2007-2022, Finnish Energy	2007-2023
FRA	Données régionales de production et de consommation finale de l'énergie, Ministère de l'Aménagement du territoire et de la Transition Écologique	2014-2022
ITA	Production: Electricity by source, Terna	2012-2023
JPN	Real-Time Electricity Tracker, IEA	2016-2023
NOR	08308: Production of electric power, by type of power (GWh) (F) 2006 - 2022, Statistics Norway	2006-2024
POL	Fuel, Energy and Materials market/Power Sector/Production of electricity by sources, Statistics Poland	2000-2024
PRT	Gross production of electric energy (kWh) by Geographic localization (NUTS - 2013) and Type of electricity production; Annual, INE	2011-2024
SWE	Elproduktion och bränsleanvändning (MWh), efter län och kommun, produktionssätt samt bränsletyp. År 2009 - 2021, SCB	2009-2023
USA	Electricity, Historical State Data, Net Generation by State by Type of Producer by Energy Source, EIA	2001-2024

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Electricity generation - Regions).

Environment – Share of electricity in total final energy consumption in large regions (TL2)

Country	Source	Sectors	Fuel types	Year
All countries	Energy Statistics Data Browser – Data Tools - IEA	Total, industry, transport, residential, agriculture, commercial and public services	Total, Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Renewables, Electricity, Heat, Others	1990-2024
AUS	States and territories, energy.gov.au	Total; agriculture, forestry and fishing; mining; manufacturing; electricity, gas, water and waste services; construction; transport, postal and warehousing; residential; solvents, lubricants, greases and bitumen	Total, coal, oil, natural gas, renewables	2023
AUT	STATcube: Energy balances for the federal provinces as of 1988	Total, industry, transport, residential, agriculture, commercial and public services	Total, coal, oil, gas, renewables, wastes	2023
BEL	Vlaams Energie- & Klimaatbeleind, IBSA, Walstat	Industry, residential, services, transport, agriculture	Electricity, gas, oil, wastes, coal, heat, other	2019
CAN	Canada Energy Regulator	Total, industry, residential, commercial, transport	Total, electricity, gas, oil, biofuels and emerging energy, other	2023
CHL	Balance Nacional de Energía - Consumo regional; Download link, Ministerio de Energía	Total, Industry, Residential, Commercial, Transport	Total, Electricity, Gas, Oil, Biofuels & Emerging Energy, Other	2023
DEU	Endenergieverbrauch nach Energieträgern, Endenergieverbrauch nach Verbrauchergruppen, Länderarbeitskreis Energiebilanzen	Total	Total, coal, oil, natural gas, renewables, electricity, heat, others	2022
EST	Energy Statistics Data Browser – Data Tools - IEA	Total, industry, transport, residential, agriculture, commercial and public services	Total, Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Renewables, Electricity, Heat, Others	2024
FRA	Données locales de consommation d’énergie	Agriculture, residential, services, industry, other	Electricity, gas, heat, petroleum products	2021
GBR	Total final energy consumption at regional and local authority level: 2005 to 2024, Department for Energy Security and Net Zero	Residential, Industrial and Commercial, Transport, Public sector	Electricity, Gas, Coal, Petroleum, Manufactured fuels, Bioenergy and waste	2024
JPN	Survey results (Energy consumption statistics by prefecture), Japanese Agency for Natural Resources and Energy	Agriculture, Industry, Services, Residential, Transport	Coal, Coal products, Oil, Oil products, Natural gas, Large scale hydraulic, Nuclear, Renewables, Electricity, Heat	2022
KOR	Final energy consumption	Total	Total	2022
LUX	Energy Statistics Data Browser – Data Tools - IEA	Total, industry, transport, residential, agriculture, commercial and public services	Total, Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Renewables, Electricity, Heat, Others	2024
LVA	Energy Statistics Data Browser – Data Tools - IEA	Total, industry, transport, residential, agriculture, commercial and public services	Total, Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Renewables, Electricity, Heat, Others	2024
NLD	Regional Climate Monitor	Built environment, traffic and transport, industry, energy, waste, water, agriculture, forestry and fishing	Total, electricity, natural gas, district heating, solar	2023
POL	Consumption of fuels and energy carriers 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, Statistics Poland	Total, industry, energy, residential, transport, agriculture, other	Hard coal, natural gas, LPG, light fuel oil, heavy fuel oil, heat, electricity	2002
SVK	Consumption of fuels, electricity, heat, Slovakia Statistics	Total	Electricity, heat, natural gas, fuel oil, coal, diesel oil	2023
SWE	End use (MWh), by county and municipality, consumer category and fuel type. Year 2009 - 2024, SCB	Agriculture, Industry, Public sector, Services, Transport, Residential, Other	Electricity, District heating, Natural gas (non-renewable and renewable), Fixed (non-renewable and renewable), Liquid (non-renewable and renewable)	2024
USA	Consumption, all consumption estimates in Btu, State Energy Data System (SEDS): 1960-2021 (complete), EIA US States, EIA, US Department of Energy	Total, coal, oil, natural gas		2023

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Final energy consumption - Regions).

Environment – Share of dwellings built before 1960, by degree of urbanisation

Country	Source	Year
BEL	Census - Nombre de logements selon l'époque de construction, Statistics Belgium (Statbel)	2021
BGR	RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS BY CONSTRUCTION PERIODS, STATISTICAL DISTRICT, REGIONS AND MUNICIPALITIES AS OF 7.09.2021, Statistics Bulgaria	2021
CAN	Census Profiles Downloads 2021;Census Profiles Downloads 2016;Census Profiles Downloads 2011, 2006, 2001, Statistics Canada	2021
CHE	Logements selon les niveaux géographiques institutionnels, la catégorie de bâtiment, la surface du logement et l'époque de construction, Office fédéral de la statistique	2022
CZE	Occupied dwellings by period of construction or reconstruction of the building and type of house, CZSO	2021
DEU	Gebaüde und Wohnungen, Zensus 2022	2022
DNK	BOL101: Dwellings by region, type of resident, use, tenure, ownership and year of construction, Statistics Denmark	2025
EST	RL21219: CONVENTIONAL DWELLINGS BY TIME OF CONSTRUCTION, OCCUPANCY, PRESENCE OF COMFORT CHARACTERISTICS, AND LOCATION (ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT), 31 DECEMBER 2021, Statistics Estonia	2021
FIN	116g -- Number of buildings by intended use and year of construction, 2022, Statistics Finland, Statistics Finland	2024
FRA	PRINC6 – Résidences principales construites avant 2016 par type de logement, nombre de pièces et époque d'achèvement de la construction, INSEE	2021
GRC	B15. Normal houses during construction period. Regional Units, Municipalities;C03. Regular dwellings by housing status (occupied, vacant) and construction period. Settlements, ELSTAT	2021
IRL	Permanent private households - electoral divisions;Permanent private households - local electoral areas;Permanent private households - counties, Irish CSO	2022
ITA	Alloggi : Abitazioni in edifici residenziali per epoca di costruzione, ISTAT	2011
JPN	System of Social and Demographic Statistics H Dwelling, Statistics of Japan	2023
KOR	Dwellings > Housing Census > Total housing survey (since 2015) > Pre-registration sector > Housing by type, floor area and year of construction - City/county/district; Unoccupied houses (vacant houses) by year of construction and type of house - City/county/district, KOSIS	2023
LUX	Luxembourg 2021 Census, STATEC	2021
LVA	Traditional dwellings and persons living in them by type of building and time of construction in regions, cities, counties and neighborhoods of the republic 2011 - 2021, Statistics Latvia	2021
NLD	82550NED: Housing stock; number and average surface area of ??housing type, construction year class, region, CBS	2025
NOR	06266: Dwellings, by type of building and year of construction (M) 2006 - 2024, Statistics Norway	2024
POL	P4386 Inhabited dwellings by period of construction of a building, Statistics Poland	2021
PRT	Conventional dwellings (No.) by Geographic localization (at the date of Census 2011), Occupacy status and Time period of construction; Decennial 2021, Statistics Portugal	2021
SVK	Population and Housing Census 2021 - Dwellings by type of house and period of construction, Slovak Statistics	2021
SVN	Dwellings by occupancy status and period of construction, municipalities, Slovenia, multiannually, Statistics Slovenia	2021
SWE	Number of dwellings by region, type of building and period of construction. Year 2013 - 2024, Statistics Sweden	2024
USA	DP04 - Selected Housing Characteristics, US Census Bureau	2023

Environment – Share of electric vehicles in new private passenger vehicle sales in large regions (TL2)

Country	Source	Year
AUT	Statistics Austria, Transport statistics	2025
BEL	Statbel and IWEPS computation: https://statbel.fgov.be/fr/themes/mobilite/circulation/parc-de-vehicules.	2025
CAN	Statistics Canada. CANSIM database: Table 23-10-0067-01 Vehicle registrations, by type of vehicle; Electric vehicles OECD estimates based on Table 20-10-0025-01 Zero-emission vehicle registrations, quarterly	2021
CHE	Federal Statistical Office, Federal Roads Office: New registrations of road vehicles (IVS) https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/en/px-x-1103020200_200/px-x-1103020200_200/px-x-1103020200_200.px	2025
ESP	Govierno de España, Ministerio del Interior, Direción General de Tráfico. Parque de vehículos por provincias y tipos, https://www.dgt.es/menusecundario/dgt-en-cifras/dgt-en-cifras-resultados/?categorias=/Tema/Vehiculos/	2025
EST	Statistics Estonia, Estonian Motor Vehicle Registration Centre - TS32: Vehicles and private vehicles, https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/majandus__transport__registreeritud-liiklusvahendid/TS32	2025
GBR	Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom Ministerial Department for Transport statistics - Vehicle licensing statistics data files, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/vehicle-licensing-statistics-data-files#download-data-files	2024
GRC	Hellenic Statistical Authority, 01. Motor vehicles in circulation, by category, use and region in Greece, https://www.statistics.gr/en/statistics/-/publication/SME18/	2024
HUN	Hungarian Central Statistical Office. - Data on new vehicles provided by the delegate of the Working Party on Territorial Indicators	2025
KOR	Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport - KOSIS - Motor Vehicle Registration by City/Province, https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=116&tblId=DT_MLTM_5498&conn_path=I2&language=en .	2025
SVK	Ministry of Interior of the Slovac Republic	2023
SVN	Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (SURS), the Central Register of Vehicles and Traffic Documents (MRVL) by the Ministry of Infrastructure (MZI)	2024
SWE	Statistics Sweden, Registered vehicles, table START__TK__TK1001__TK1001A	2025
TUR	Türkiye Statistical Institute (TurkStat)	2024

Source: OECD Data Explorer: OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas Database (Private road vehicles - Regions).

References

[3] Berger, M. et al. (2026), “The OECD Start-ups Database: A new lens on the global entrepreneurial ecosystems”, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2026/04, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/be8e5317-en.

[1] Eloundou, T. et al. (2024), “GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs”, Science, Vol. 384/6702, pp. 1306-1308, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj0998.

[2] OECD (2024), Job Creation and Local Economic Development 2024: The Geography of Generative AI, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/83325127-en.