Economic Valuation of Chemicals‑Related Health Effects

A Practical Guide to Quantifying Morbidity Effects in Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis

Report

12 October 2026

Annex A. Recommended values for policy analysis from the surveys and their confidence intervals

Copy link to Annex A. Recommended values for policy analysis from the surveys and their confidence intervals

This Annex presents the recommended values for policy analysis derived from the surveys in 2023 USD PPP and 2023 local currency, and also reports their confidence intervals. While confidence intervals are provided for information purposes, the central values presented below are the recommended values for policy analysis.

Country	2023 USD PPP	2023 Local currency
Austria	45 000	EUR 33 000
Belgium	35 000	EUR 26 000
Canada	56 000	CAD 66 000
Finland	44 000	EUR 35 000
Greece	85 000	EUR 45 000
Japan	29 000	JPY 2 720 000
Portugal	74 000	EUR 40 000
Slovenia	48 000	EUR 27 000
United Kingdom	40 000	GBP 28 000
United States	74 000	USD 74 000

Source: (Hunt et al., 2026[1])

Country	Lower	Mean	Upper
Austria	44 593	45 055	45 516
Belgium	34 525	34 811	35 096
Canada	55 686	56 092	56 498
Finland	43 726	44 144	44 563
Greece	84 706	85 447	86 188
Japan	28 538	28 931	29 325
Portugal	73 864	74 421	74 978
Slovenia	47 659	48 053	48 447
United Kingdom	39 327	39 641	39 955
United States	73 587	74 191	74 796

Note: Confidence intervals were computed using the following formula: $m e a n (V S C) \pm$ $t_{0.975} * s d / \sqrt{N}$ , with $t_{0.975}$ being the t-critical value for a 95% confidence interval, $s d$ is the standard deviation of the VSC in the sample, and $N$ the number of respondents in the analysis.

Source: (Hunt et al., 2026[1])

Country	2023 USD PPP	2023 Local currency
Australia	100 000	AUD 143 000
Canada	102 000	CAD 120 000
Chile	107 000	CLP 45 296 000
Germany	89 000	EUR 60 000
Japan	72 000	JPY 6 803 000
Poland	85 000	PLN 153 000
Portugal	122 000	EUR 65 000
Sweden	102 000	SEK 888 000
United Kingdom	80 000	GBP 57 000
United States	105 000	USD 105 000

Note: values have been updated and converted to 2023 USD PPP and 2023 local currency.

Source: (Dussaux et al., 2023[2])

Country	Lower	Mean	Upper
Australia	99 087	100 435	101 715
Canada	100 377	101 867	103 246
Chile	105 469	106 911	108 435
Germany	87 539	88 576	89 579
Japan	71 448	72 352	73 225
Poland	84 157	85 251	86 301
Portugal	120 230	121 839	123 532
Sweden	100 978	102 299	103 568
United Kingdom	78 735	79 669	80 630
United States	103 480	104 930	106 300

Source: (Dussaux et al., 2023[2])

Country	USD 2023 PPP	2023 Local currency
Austria	212 000	EUR 156 000
Canada	149 000	CAD 175 000
Denmark	135 000	DKK 897 000
Estonia	313 000	EUR 183 000
Finland	191 000	EUR 152 000
Greece	236 000	EUR 124 000
Japan	76 000	JPY 7 146 000
Netherlands	212 000	EUR 161 000
Poland	209 000	PLN 375 000
Portugal	276 000	EUR 147 000
United Kingdom	141 000	GBP 101 000
United States	159 000	USD 159 000

Source: (Ahtiainen et al., 2026[3])

Country	Lower	Mean	Upper
Austria	195 000	212 000	228 000
Canada	136 000	149 000	161 000
Denmark	123 000	135 000	147 000
Estonia	293 000	313 000	333 000
Finland	176 000	191 000	205 000
Greece	218 000	236 000	255 000
Japan	68 000	76 000	84 000
Netherlands	197 000	212 000	228 000
Poland	194 000	209 000	226 000
Portugal	257 000	276 000	294 000
United Kingdom	129 000	141 000	154 000
United States	146 000	159 000	173 000

Note: Confidence intervals were computed using a bootstrap procedure

Source: (Ahtiainen et al., 2026[3])

Country	Adult asthma		Childhood asthma
Country	2023 USD PPP	2023 Local currency	2023 USD PPP	2023 Local currency
Canada	265 000	CAD 311 000	349 000	CAD 409 000
France	300 000	EUR 200 000	407 000	EUR 271 000
Poland	381 000	PLN 683 000	482 000	PLN 865 000
Sweden	276 000	SEK 2 395 000	435 000	SEK 3 779 000
United Kingdom	195 000	GBP 140 000	375 000	GBP 269 000
United States	301 000	USD 301 000	548 000	USD 548 000

Note: values have been discounted, updated and converted to 2023 USD PPP and 2023 local currency.

Source: (Appéré et al., 2023[4])

Country	Adult asthma			Childhood asthma
Country	Lower	Mean	Upper	Lower	Mean	Upper
Canada	234 272	265 353	296 433	243 123	348 803	454 483
France	261 838	299 632	337 427	311 925	406 827	501 729
Poland	342 364	380 895	419 427	382 978	481 816	580 654
Sweden	244 034	275 969	307 903	333 960	435 486	537 012
United Kingdom	170 822	195 251	219 681	277 122	375 220	473 317
United States	265 413	300 586	335 759	340 630	548 485	756 341

Note: values have been discounted, updated and converted to 2023 USD PPP. Confidence intervals were computed using the following formula: $m e a n (V S C) \pm$ $t_{0.975} * s d / \sqrt{N}$ , with $t_{0.975}$ being the t-critical value for a 95% confidence interval, $s d$ is the standard deviation of the VSC in the sample, and $N$ the number of respondents in the analysis.

Source: (Appéré et al., 2023[4])

Country	Adult asthma		Childhood asthma
Country	2023 USD PPP	2023 Local currency	2023 USD PPP	2023 Local currency
Canada	500	CAD 580	970	CAD 1 140
Czechia	870	CZK 10 750	1 370	CZK 16 950
France	570	EUR 380	1 020	EUR 680
Poland	750	PLN 1 340	1 330	PLN 2 390
Sweden	560	SEK 4 900	910	SEK 7 860
United Kingdom	520	GBP 370	860	GBP 620
United States	610	USD 610	1 370	USD 1 370

Note: values have been updated and converted to 2023 USD PPP and 2023 local currency.

Source: (Appéré et al., 2023[4])

Country	Adult asthma			Childhood asthma
Country	Lower	Mean	Upper	Lower	Mean	Upper
Canada	478	496	515	928	973	1 017
Czechia	847	870	893	1 325	1 372	1 419
France	554	575	596	957	1 018	1 079
Poland	723	746	770	1 289	1 334	1 378
Sweden	547	564	581	850	906	962
United Kingdom	499	517	535	827	863	900
United States	593	611	630	1 335	1 372	1 408

Note: values have been converted to 2023 USD PPP. Confidence intervals were computed using the following formula: $m e a n (W T P) \pm$ $t_{0.975} * s d / \sqrt{N}$ , with $t_{0.975}$ being the t-critical value for a 95% confidence interval, $s d$ is the standard deviation of the WTP in the sample, and $N$ the number of respondents in the analysis.

Source: (Appéré et al., 2023[4])

Country	2023 USD PPP	Local currency
Belgium	310 000	EUR 229 000
Canada	439 000	CAD 514 000
Denmark	507 000	DKK 3 370 000
France	325 000	EUR 217 000
Italy	579 000	EUR 358 000
Korea	630 000	KRW 539 531 000
Netherlands	319 000	EUR 242 000
United Kingdom	426 000	GBP 305 000
United States	569 000	USD 569 000

Source: (Dockins et al., 2026[5])

Country	Lower	Mean	Upper
Belgium	303 952	310 366	316 780
Canada	430 344	438 747	447 150
Denmark	497 254	507 395	517 535
France	318 965	325 235	331 505
Italy	567 140	579 055	590 971
Korea	620 982	630 246	639 510
Netherlands	313 983	318 876	323 768
United Kingdom	418 002	426 036	434 070
United States	558 510	569 018	579 526

Note: Values for a statistical case of miscarriage come from a pooled econometric model for all countries except the Netherlands and Korea, where a country‑specific model performed better. Please refer to the working paper for further details. Confidence intervals were computed using the following formula: $m e a n (V S C) \pm$ $t_{0.975} * s d / \sqrt{N}$ , with $t_{0.975}$ being the t-critical value for a 95% confidence interval, $s d$ is the standard deviation of the VSC in the sample, and $N$ the number of respondents in the analysis.

Source: (Dockins et al., 2026[5])

Country	2023 USD PPP	Local currency
Canada	819 000	CAD 960 000
Chile	1 180 000	CLP 499 919 000
Denmark	869 000	DKK 5 769 000
Germany	895 000	EUR 611 000
Italy	1 316 000	EUR 813 000
Norway	917 000	NOK 8 815 000
Türkiye	940 000	TRY 5 721 000
United Kingdom	671 000	GBP 448 000
United States	737 000	USD 737 000

Note: values have been converted to 2023 USD PPP and to 2023 local currency.

Source: (Dockins et al., 2023[6])

Country	Lower	Mean	Upper
Canada	809 781	818 828	827 754
Chile	1 165 682	1 179 956	1 194 131
Denmark	859 069	868 768	878 819
Germany	886 267	895 455	904 806
Italy	1 300 692	1 316 343	1 332 005
Norway	907 125	916 605	926 195
Türkiye	922 506	939 943	958 936
United Kingdom	664 386	671 106	677 844
United States	728 980	737 096	745 086

Note: values have been converted to 2023 USD PPP.

Source: (Dockins et al., 2023[6])

Country	2023 USD PPP	2023 Local currency
Canada	1 212 000	CAD 1 421 000
Denmark	870 000	DKK 5 778 000
Estonia	577 000	EUR 338 000
Japan	754 000	JPY 70 886 000
Mexico	559 000	MXN 5 212 000
Norway	697 000	NOK 6 698 000
Slovenia	699 000	EUR 394 000
Spain	1 049 000	EUR 615 000
United Kingdom	1 146 000	GBP 820 000
United States	1 266 000	USD 1 266 000

Note: values have been converted to 2023 USD PPP and 2023 local currency.

Source: (Herrera-Araujo et al., 2026[7])

Country	Lower	Mean	Upper
Canada	979 789	1 212 041	1 444 293
Denmark	674 943	870 047	1 065 151
Estonia	433 118	576 796	720 474
Japan	510 615	753 873	997 131
Mexico	349 129	559 074	769 019
Norway	539 070	696 515	853 960
Slovenia	519 211	698 625	878 039
Spain	772 102	1 049 005	1 325 908
United Kingdom	932 241	1 146 153	1 360 065
United States	1 030 488	1 266 496	1 502 504

Source: (Herrera-Araujo et al., 2026[7])

Country	2023 USD PPP	Local currency
Canada	990 000	CAD 1 161 000
Czechia	1 212 000	CZK 14 973 000
Italy	2 086 000	EUR 1 289 000
Mexico	1 635 000	MXN 15 247 000
Netherlands	1 136 000	EUR 864 000
Switzerland	1 342 000	CHF 1 496 000
Türkiye	572 000	TRY 3 481 000
United Kingdom	898 000	GBP 642 000
United States	1 447 000	USD 1 447 000

Source: (Ščasný, Zvěřinová and Dussaux, 2023[8])

Country	Lower	Mean	Upper
Canada	984 174	989 655	995 136
Czechia	1 205 027	1 211 708	1 218 389
Italy	2 073 972	2 085 819	2 097 667
Mexico	1 625 704	1 635 326	1 644 948
Netherlands	1 129 749	1 136 345	1 142 941
Switzerland	1 334 443	1 342 056	1 349 669
Türkiye	568 226	571 868	575 511
United Kingdom	892 681	897 586	902 490
United States	1 438 281	1 446 768	1 455 256

Source: (Ščasný, Zvěřinová and Dussaux, 2023[8])

Country	2023 USD PPP	Local currency
Australia	419	AUD 598
Canada	1 010	CAD 1 184
Denmark	619	DKK 4 112
Korea	830	KRW 710 678
Netherlands	749	EUR 569
Poland	988	PLN 1 773
Portugal	595	EUR 317
South Africa	383	ZAR 2 800
Sweden	684	SEK 5 938
United Kingdom	365	GBP 261
United States	686	USD 686

Note: values have been converted to 2023 USD PPP and to 2023 local currency.

Source: (Mourato et al., 2023[9])

Country	Lower	Mean	Upper
Australia	411	419	427
Canada	991	1 010	1 029
Denmark	608	619	630
Korea	817	830	844
Netherlands	736	749	761
Poland	972	988	1 004
Portugal	585	595	606
South Africa	376	383	390
Sweden	672	684	697
United Kingdom	359	365	372
United States	675	686	698

Note: Confidence intervals were computed using the following formula: $m e a n (W T P) \pm$ $t_{0.975} * s d / \sqrt{N}$ , with $t_{0.975}$ being the t-critical value for a 95% confidence interval, $s d$ is the standard deviation of the WTP in the sample, and $N$ the number of respondents in the analysis.

Source: (Mourato et al., 2023[9])

Note: Scenario-specific estimates are constructed by aggregating attribute-level WTP/VSC estimates. For the sensitised sample, WTP estimates should be used, whereas for the non-sensitised sample, VSC estimates should be applied. The WTP/VSC to avoid one additional day of flare-up is multiplied by the total number of days considered. The severity and location attributes are added once per scenario. For scenarios with mild or moderate severity, no additional WTP/VSC is applied. Likewise, no additional WTP/VSC is added when the affected areas are less visible. The attribute-level WTP/VSC estimates – including the WTP/VSC to avoid one additional day of flare-up, the WTP/VSC to avoid a severe case, the WTP/VSC to avoid a case visible on the face, and the WTP/VSC to avoid a case affecting other visible areas – are reported below for the sensitised and non-sensitised samples across the nine surveyed countries.

Source: Authors’ own elaboration based on (Contu et al., 2026[10])

Country	WTP to avoid one extra day of flare-up		Severity attribute		Visible on the face attribute		Visible in other areas attribute
Country	USD PPP	Local currency	USD PPP	Local currency	USD PPP	Local currency	USD PPP	Local currency
Canada	1.4	1.6	0	0	66.3	77.8	16.6	19.4
Denmark	1.3	8.8	0	0	65.1	432.5	16.6	110.1
Japan	1.6	150.1	40.1	3768.1	69.5	6538.9	16.4	1545.3
Netherlands	1.3	1	24.0	18.2	67.1	51.0	16.5	12.6
Poland	1.2	2.2	19.0	34.0	64.6	115.9	16.6	29.7
Spain	1.3	0.7	23.2	13.6	64.3	37.7	16.7	9.8
Switzerland	1.2	1.4	28.8	32.1	67.5	75.2	16.6	18.5
United Kingdom	1.3	0.9	20.4	14.6	66.3	47.4	16.6	11.9
United States	1.3	1.3	20.5	20.5	69.3	69.3	16.5	16.5

Source: (Contu et al., 2026[10])

Country	WTP to avoid one extra day of flare-up			Severity attribute			Visible on the face attribute			Visible in other areas attribute
Country	Lower	Mean	Upper	Lower	Mean	Upper	Lower	Mean	Upper	Lower	Mean	Upper
Canada	1.0	1.4	1.7	0	0	0	61.7	66.3	71.0	16.5	16.6	16.7
Denmark	1.0	1.3	1.6	0	0	0	60.5	65.1	69.7	16.5	16.6	16.7
Japan	1.3	1.6	1.9	26.8	40.1	53.4	64.5	69.5	74.6	16.3	16.4	16.5
Netherlands	1.1	1.3	1.6	15.2	24.0	32.8	62.8	67.1	71.5	16.4	16.5	16.6
Poland	0.9	1.2	1.6	8.0	19.0	29.9	59.7	64.6	69.5	16.5	16.6	16.7
Spain	1.0	1.3	1.6	12.2	23.2	34.3	59.5	64.3	69.2	16.6	16.7	16.8
Switzerland	0.9	1.2	1.5	17.3	28.8	40.2	63.4	67.5	71.7	16.5	16.6	16.7
United Kingdom	1.0	1.3	1.7	9.2	20.4	31.7	61.2	66.3	71.4	16.5	16.6	16.7
United States	1.0	1.3	1.6	7.8	20.5	33.2	64.7	69.3	74.0	16.4	16.5	16.6

Source: (Contu et al., 2026[10])

Country	VSC to avoid one extra day of flare-up		Severity attribute		Visible on the face attribute		Visible in other areas attribute
Country	USD PPP	Local currency	USD PPP	Local currency	USD PPP	Local currency	USD PPP	Local currency
Canada	89	105	729	855	2 832	3 321	1 604	1 881
Denmark	89	589	847	5 625	2 430	16 140	1 599	10 621
Japan	86	8 092	774	72 798	2 736	257 244	1 615	151 811
Netherlands	101	77	920	699	2 789	2 120	1 629	1 238
Poland	82	147	577	1 035	2 700	4 844	1 587	2 848
Spain	91	53	928	544	2 536	1 486	1 552	909
Switzerland	89	99	815	908	2 725	3 037	1 547	1 725
United Kingdom	91	65	859	615	2 784	1 992	1 660	1 188
United States	88	88	686	686	2 529	2 529	1 646	1 646

Source: (Contu et al., 2026[10])

Country	VSC to avoid one extra day of flare-up			Severity attribute			Visible on the face attribute			Visible in other areas attribute
Country	Lower	Mean	Upper	Lower	Mean	Upper	Lower	Mean	Upper	Lower	Mean	Upper
Canada	84	89	95	538	729	919	2 638	2 832	3 026	1 524	1 604	1 684
Denmark	82	89	95	640	847	1 054	2 186	2 430	2 675	1 507	1 599	1 692
Japan	80	86	92	556	774	993	2 520	2 736	2 952	1 533	1 615	1 696
Netherlands	96	101	106	726	920	1 113	2 591	2 789	2 988	1 549	1 629	1 708
Poland	75	82	88	369	577	785	2 504	2 700	2 896	1 511	1 587	1 664
Spain	84	91	98	694	928	1 162	2 301	2 536	2 770	1 454	1 552	1 649
Switzerland	82	89	96	589	815	1 040	2 488	2 725	2 961	1 458	1 547	1 637
United Kingdom	85	91	97	646	859	1 071	2 557	2 784	3 010	1 579	1 660	1 742
United States	81	88	94	454	686	918	2 305	2 529	2 753	1 556	1 646	1 736

Source: (Contu et al., 2026[10])

References

[3] Ahtiainen, H. et al. (2026), “Valuing a reduction in the risk of an underactive thyroid: A large-scale multi-country stated preference approach”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 272, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/4af8f3aa-en.

[4] Appéré, G. et al. (2023), “Valuing a reduction in the risk and severity of asthma: A large scale multi-country stated preference approach”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 218, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/f289d29e-en.

[10] Contu, D. et al. (2026), “Valuing a reduction in the risk of skin sensitisation: A large-scale multi-country stated preference approach”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 277, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/fc305de9-en.

[5] Dockins, C. et al. (2026), “Valuing a reduction in the risk of miscarriage: A large-scale multi-country stated preference approach”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 271, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/23bb6643-en.

[6] Dockins, C. et al. (2023), “Valuing a reduction in the risk of chronic kidney disease: A large scale multi-country stated preference approach”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 216, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9c93138f-en.

[2] Dussaux, D. et al. (2023), “Valuing a reduction in the risk of infertility: A large scale multi-country stated preference approach”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 215, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/7242509f-en.

[7] Herrera-Araujo, D. et al. (2026), “Valuing a reduction in the risk of non-fatal cancer: A large-scale multi-country stated preference approach”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 274, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/0345660e-en.

[1] Hunt, A. et al. (2026), “Valuing a reduction in the risk of hypertension: A large-scale multi-country stated preference approach”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 270, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9da8057a-en.

[9] Mourato, S. et al. (2023), “Valuing the avoidance of IQ losses in children: A large scale multi-country stated preference approach”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 219, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/71574eb4-en.

[8] Ščasný, M., I. Zvěřinová and D. Dussaux (2023), “Valuing a reduction in the risk of very low birth weight: A large scale multi-country stated preference approach”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 217, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/dfd159a1-en.

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