Development Co‑operation Profiles: Türkiye
Table of contents
Development co-operation is key component of Türkiye’s foreign policy and diplomatic engagement strategy. Türkiye’s international development co-operation is delivered primarily through technical co-operation, training and advisory services, finance of infrastructure projects, and the extension of humanitarian assistance. Initially focused on Central Asia and the Caucasus, Türkiye’s development co‑operation extends to more than 170 countries. Türkiye’s total official development assistance (ODA) (USD 7.5 billion, preliminary data) decreased in 2025, representing 0.5% of gross national income (GNI).
This profile presents verified data on Türkiye’s development assistance allocations. See the Development Co-operation Profiles.
The Twelfth Development Plan for 2024-2028 is Türkiye’s principal long-term strategic policy document on international development co-operation, designed within the framework of the 2053 Vision. Policy priorities include productivity, green and digital transformation, disaster resilience, human capital development, social inclusion, and stronger governance. The Twelfth Development Plan establishes the framework for resource allocation and institutional reforms. As part of this framework, a vast majority of Türkiye’s resources are allocated bilaterally through the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA), guided by people- and demand-oriented activities aimed at mutual learning.
Türkiye’s multilateral development engagement is structured around active participation in international organisations and platforms to advance sustainable development, trade, digital transformation and climate action while promoting partnerships with civil society and the private sector. Multilateral co-operation is further supported through improved co-ordination, and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to enhance the effectiveness and transparency of development interventions.
Türkiye provided USD 7.5 billion (preliminary data) of ODA in 2025 (USD 6.7 billion in constant terms), representing 0.5% of GNI.1 This was a decrease of 9% in real terms in volume and a decrease in the share of GNI from 2024. Türkiye is not in line with international commitments to achieve a 0.7% ODA/GNI ratio. Total ODA on a grant-equivalent basis has the same value as net ODA under the cash‑flow methodology used in the past, as Türkiye provides only grants.
In 2024, Türkiye ranked among the highest in terms of ODA/GNI percentage share among non-DAC countries. Türkiye channels the majority of its ODA bilaterally, with allocations concentrated in the Middle East in line with its policy. In 2024, Türkiye had a high percentage of gross bilateral ODA disbursements to the humanitarian pillar of the humanitarian development-peace nexus in fragile contexts.
Notes: This table only includes information about ODA data-related DAC recommendations. ODA: official development assistance; GNI: gross national income; DAC: Development Assistance Committee.
Türkiye provided most of its ODA bilaterally in 2024. Gross bilateral ODA was 98.7% of total ODA disbursements. Of this, core contributions to multilateral organisations represented 1.3%.
In 2024, Türkiye provided USD 97.9 million of gross ODA to the multilateral system, an increase of 133.7% in real terms from 2023. Of this, USD 95.6 million was core multilateral ODA (1.3% of total ODA), while USD 2.3 million was non-core contributions earmarked for a specific country, region, theme or purpose. Programmatic funding (to pooled funds and specific-purpose programmes and funds) accounted for 100% of Türkiye’s non-core contributions.
The United Nations (UN) system received 19.3% of Türkiye’s contributions to multilateral organisations, of which USD 1.9 million (9.9%) represented earmarked contributions. Out of a total volume of USD 18.9 million to the UN system, the top three UN recipients of Türkiye’s support (core and earmarked contributions) were the World Health Organisation (USD 6.8 million), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (USD 2.6 million) and Food and Agricultural Organization (USD 2.3 million).
See the section on Geographic, sectoral and thematic focus of ODA for the breakdown of bilateral allocations, including ODA earmarked through the multilateral development system.
In 2024, Türkiye’s bilateral spending declined compared to the previous year. It provided USD 7.3 billion of gross bilateral ODA (which includes earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations). This represented a decrease of 7% in real terms from 2023.
In 2024, country programmable aid amounted to USD 458 million, or 6.3% of Türkiye’s gross bilateral ODA.
Türkiye’s in-donor refugee costs amounted to USD 486.9 million (6.7% of gross bilateral ODA) in 2024, while humanitarian aid was USD 6.1 billion, or 83.1% of gross bilateral ODA.
In 2024, Türkiye channelled all its bilateral ODA through public sector.
In 2024, Türkiye’s bilateral ODA primarily focused on the Middle East. USD 6.2 billion was allocated to the Middle East and USD 139.6 million to countries in Africa, accounting respectively for 84.9% and 1.9% of gross bilateral ODA. USD 124.4 million was allocated to ODA-eligible countries in Europe (of which 2% was for Ukraine). This reflects Türkiye's policy priorities.
In 2024, 85.6% of gross bilateral ODA went to Türkiye’s top 10 recipients. Its top 10 recipients are primarily in the Middle East, Eastern Africa and Central. Syria was by far the main recipient of Türkiye’s bilateral ODA. The share of gross bilateral ODA not allocated by country was 12.6%, of which 52.9% consisted of expenditures for processing and hosting refugees in provider countries.
In 2024, Türkiye allocated 0.01% of its GNI to the least developed countries (LDCs). Türkiye allocated the highest share of gross bilateral ODA (82.3%) to other low-income countries (non-LDCs) in 2024, noting that 12.6% was unallocated by income group. LDCs received 1.8% of Türkiye’s gross bilateral ODA (USD 133.4 million). Additionally, Türkiye allocated 1.4% of gross bilateral ODA to land-locked developing countries in 2024, equal to USD 104.6 million. Türkiye allocated USD 23.4 million to small island developing states (SIDS) in 2024.
The distribution of Türkiye’s ODA in net terms in relation to “ODA per person in extreme poverty”2 was USD 0.1 in LDCs, USD 0.1 in lower middle-income countries (LMICs) and USD 1.5 in upper middle-income countries.
In 2024, Türkiye provided 2.4 million USD of net bilateral ODA to Ukraine to respond to the impacts of the Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion.
Support to contexts with high and extreme fragility was USD 6.2 billion in 2024, representing 85.6% of Türkiye’s gross bilateral ODA. Of this ODA, 95.7% was provided in the form of humanitarian assistance, a decrease from 97.2% in 2023. Learn more about the States of Fragility platform.
In 2024, more than half of Türkiye’s bilateral ODA was allocated to humanitarian assistance. Investments in this area accounted for 83.1% of bilateral ODA commitments (USD 6.1 billion), with a strong focus on support to emergency response (USD 6.1 billion), reconstruction relief and rehabilitation (USD 18.8 million) and disaster prevention and preparedness (USD 0.6 million). ODA for other macro sectors totalled USD 577.7 million, with a focus on refugees in donor countries (USD 486.9 million). Social infrastructure and services amounted to USD 525.2 million (7.2% of bilateral ODA). Earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations also focused on social sectors and other macro sectors in 2024.
In 2024, Türkiye:
Allocated 1.2% of its bilateral ODA (USD 85.4 million) to core poverty-reducing sectors as defined by SDG 1.a.1. This indicator captures grants to basic social services (such as basic health and education, water supply and sanitation, multisector aid for basic social services) and development food aid. In addition, 0.1% of bilateral ODA (USD 4.1 million) went to social protection support. Learn more by exploring the Reducing poverty and inequalities through ODA data explainer.
Committed USD 88.5 million (1.3% of its bilateral allocable ODA) to promote aid for trade and improve developing countries’ trade performance and integration into the world economy in 2024. Learn more by exploring the Aid for Trade dashboard.
In 2024, total official and private flows from Türkiye to developing countries amounted to USD 8.7 billion in net terms. Official sources accounted for USD 7.2 billion, while USD 1.5 billion originated from private sources.
Total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD) is an international statistical standard that monitors and increases the transparency of all official and officially supported resources for financing the SDGs received by developing countries (Pillar 1) and for addressing global challenges (Pillar 2). In 2024, activities reported by Türkiye as TOSSD totalled USD 8 billion, marking a 3% decrease compared with the previous year. Türkiye’s TOSSD activities mostly targeted SDG 1 (no poverty), SDG 4 (quality education) and SDG 3 (good health and well-being). Activity-level data on TOSSD by recipient are available at: https://tossd.online.
Development co-operation is provided by TİKA, established in 1992 (Statutory Decree Law No. 480) to initially support collaboration with newly independent Turkic-speaking states following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. TİKA has since evolved into Türkiye’s principal technical co-operation agency and is responsible for collecting and reporting ODA statistics.
In July 2018, TİKA was moved under the authority of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism but retained its status as a public legal entity with a dedicated budget. Co-ordination is ensured through inter-institutional collaboration and reporting mechanisms, supported by TİKA’s network of programme co-ordination offices abroad, which facilitate implementation, monitoring and accountability. Civil society organisations active in humanitarian assistance co-ordinate through the umbrella body, the Humanitarian Relief Foundation.
Access the full list of development co-operation providers at: Development Co-operation Profiles.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye: www.mfa.gov.tr/default.en.mfa.
Türkiye’s development co-operation activities: www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye_s-development-cooperation.en.mfa.
Türkiye’s 12th Development Plan (2024-2028): https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Twelfth-Development-Plan_2024-2028.pdf.
Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA): www.tika.gov.tr/en.
TİKA Annual Report 2023: www.tika.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/TIKA-IFR-202319-Mart-2024-Web.pdf (in Turkish).
Türkiye has been a Member of the OECD since 1961. Türkiye is not a member of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC).
Türkiye has been reporting to the OECD since 1990 and reporting activity-level data since 2019 on 2018 activities.
Türkiye is an Adherent to the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Environmental Assessment of Development Assistance Projects and Programmes; the OECD Recommendation of the Council for Development Co-operation Actors on Managing the Risk of Corruption; the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas; the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development; the OECD Declaration on Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co‑operation; and the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Learn more about OECD legal instruments and DAC Recommendations.
TİKA participated in the 2023 and 2025 DAC High Level Meetings.
Türkiye participated as an observer in the Peer Review of Canada in 2025.
The methodological notes provide further details on the definitions and statistical methodologies applied, including the grant-equivalent methodology, core and earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations, country programmable aid, channels of delivery, bilateral ODA unspecified/unallocated, bilateral allocable ODA, the gender equality policy marker, and the environment markers.
This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD.
This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
© OECD 2026
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Attribution – you must cite the work.
Translations – you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and the translation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.
Adaptations – you must cite the original work and add the following text: This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.
Third-party material – the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and for any claims of infringement.
You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.
Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shall be Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one.
← 1. DAC members adopted the grant-equivalent methodology starting from their reporting of 2018 data as a more accurate way to count the donor effort in development loans. See the methodological notes for further details.
← 2. Aid per person in extreme poverty is calculated by dividing net ODA (bilateral and imputed multilateral) by the population in extreme poverty in each country. It estimates how much ODA each person in extreme poverty would receive if total ODA was divided evenly among the extreme poor. This metric does not measure the amount of ODA actually received by each person in extreme poverty, nor does it measure how much ODA goes to poverty reduction. It instead highlights patterns in total ODA allocations relative to the number of people living in extreme poverty in each country. Group averages are calculated based on a weighted average of aid per person in extreme poverty and the number of people in extreme poverty for each country in the group. See the methodological notes for further details.