Development Co‑operation Profiles: Türkiye
Table of contents
Türkiye has significantly stepped up its role as a provider of international development co-operation and humanitarian assistance by increasing its geographical reach, sectoral focus and volume over recent decades, and, while its co-operation volume decreased, it was the second largest provider of humanitarian aid in 2023. In 2024, Türkiye ODA ranked among the top 10 bilateral providers of development co-operation reporting to the Creditor Reporting System, according to preliminary data. Türkiye’s total official development assistance (ODA) was USD 7.4 billion (preliminary data), representing 0.56% of gross national income (GNI) and decrease compared to 2023.
This profile presents verified data on development assistance allocation. See the Development Co-operation Profiles.
Development co-operation is a central pillar of Türkiye’s foreign policy. The strategic directions for Türkiye’s international development co-operation are set out in its 12th Development Plan for 2024-2028. Türkiye’s vision for development co-operation is based on the ambition to share its expertise and support in ways that contribute to sustainable development and poverty eradication and help create a more peaceful and stable environment, regionally and globally. It has developed expertise in focusing on conflict and emergency and disaster response, as a global leader in humanitarian aid. As part of this, a vast majority of Türkiye’s resources are allocated bilaterally through the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA), guided by people- and demand-oriented activities aimed at mutual learning.
Türkiye’s thematic priorities include access to sustainable and quality health services, food safety, security, and increased capacity for basic education. The Development Plan emphasises the importance of job creation, health, education, agriculture, industry, technology and service sectors, digitalisation, as well as economic relations and trade. The Development Plan emphasises diverse strategies, tools and instruments, including at the regional level, through the multilateral system, partnerships with civil society and the private sector, and triangular co-operation, as well as strengthening planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation.
Türkiye provided USD 7.4 billion (preliminary data) of ODA in 2024 (USD 6.5 billion in constant terms) representing 0.56% of GNI.1 This was a decrease of 5.4% in real terms in volume and in the share of GNI from 2023. Türkiye is not in line with international commitment to achieve a 0.7% ODA/GNI ratio. Total ODA on a grant-equivalent basis has the same value as net ODA under the cash-flow methodology used in the past, as Türkiye provides only grants.2
Note: This table only includes information about ODA data-related DAC recommendations. ODA: official development assistance; GNI: gross national income.
Türkiye provided a higher share of its ODA bilaterally in 2023. Gross bilateral ODA was 99.5% of total ODA disbursements.
In 2023, Türkiye provided USD 36.3 million of gross ODA to the multilateral system, a fall of 78.4% in real terms from 2022. Of this, USD 36.1 million was core multilateral ODA, while USD 0.2 million was non-core contributions earmarked for a specific country, region, theme or purpose.
The United Nations (UN) system received 91.5% of Türkiye’s contributions to multilateral organisations, of which USD 0.2 million (0.5%) represented earmarked contributions. Out of a total volume of USD 33.2 million to the UN system, the top three UN recipients of Türkiye’s support (core and earmarked contributions) were the UN Secretariat (USD 12.9 million), the World Health Organization (USD 5.72 million), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (USD 5.6 million).
See the section on Geographic, sectoral and thematic focus of ODA for the breakdown of bilateral allocations, including ODA earmarked through the multilateral development system.
In 2023, Türkiye’s bilateral spending declined compared to the previous year. It provided USD 6.8 billion of gross bilateral ODA (which includes earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations). This represented a decrease of 16.7% in real terms from 2022.
In 2023, country programmable aid amounted to USD 249.8 million, or 4% of Türkiye’s gross bilateral ODA, compared to the non-DAC country average of 37.7%.
In 2023, Türkiye channelled its bilateral ODA mainly through the public sector.
In 2023, Türkiye’s bilateral ODA primarily focused on the Middle East. USD 6 billion was allocated to the Middle East and USD 111 million to Asia (excluding the Middle East), accounting respectively for 88.6% and 1.6% of gross bilateral ODA. USD 92.9 million was allocated to ODA-eligible countries in Europe (of which 0.7% was for Ukraine). Countries in Africa were the main regional recipient of Türkiye’s earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations.
In 2023, 89.2% of gross bilateral ODA went to Türkiye’s top 10 recipients. Its top 10 recipients are primarily in the Middle East and Central Asia. The Syrian Arab Republic was by far the main recipient of Türkiye’s bilateral ODA. The share of gross bilateral ODA not allocated by country was 9.4%, of which 42.9% consisted of expenditures for processing and hosting refugees in provider countries.
In 2023, Türkiye allocated 0.01% of its GNI to the least developed countries (LDCs). Türkiye allocated the highest share of gross bilateral ODA (87.1%) to low-income countries in 2023, noting that 9.4% was unallocated by income group. LDCs received 0.9% of Türkiye’s gross bilateral ODA (USD 61.7 million). Additionally, Türkiye allocated 1.6% of gross bilateral ODA to land-locked developing countries in 2023, equal to USD 106.2 million.
Support to contexts with high and extreme fragility was USD 6 billion in 2023, representing 88.7% of Türkiye’s gross bilateral ODA. Ninety-seven per cent of this ODA was provided in the form of humanitarian assistance, with no change from 97.2% in 2022, while 0.1% was allocated to peace, a decrease from 0.5% in 2022. Learn more about the OECD States of Fragility platform.
In 2023, more than half of Türkiye’s bilateral ODA was allocated to humanitarian assistance. Investments in this area accounted for 88.9% of bilateral ODA commitments (USD 6.1 billion), with a strong focus on support to emergency response (USD 6 billion), disaster prevention and preparedness (USD 600 thousand), and reconstruction relief and rehabilitation (USD 100 thousand). ODA for social infrastructure and services totalled USD 385.9 million, with a focus on education (USD 242.6 million). Earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations focused also on other macro and social sectors in 2023.
In 2023, Türkiye also:
Allocated 1.5% of its bilateral ODA (USD 102.9 million) to core poverty-reducing sectors as defined by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1.a.1, which captures grants to basic social services (basic health and education, water supply and sanitation, multisector aid for basic social services) and development food aid. USD 2.8 million went to social protection support.
Committed USD 0.4 million to the mobilisation of domestic resources in developing countries.
Committed USD 35.9 million (0.6% of its bilateral allocable ODA) to promote aid for trade and improve developing countries’ trade performance and integration into the world economy in 2023.
Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) is an international statistical standard that monitors and increases transparency of all official and officially supported resources for financing the SDGs in developing countries, as well as for addressing global challenges. In 2023, activities reported by Türkiye as TOSSD totalled USD 7.1 billion, down from USD 8.8 billion in 2022. Türkiye’s TOSSD activities mostly targeted SDG 1 (no poverty), SDG 4 (quality education) and SDG 3 (good health and well-being). Activity-level data on TOSSD by recipient are available at: https://tossd.online.
TİKA, established in 1992, is responsible for: implementing Türkiye’s development co-operation policy; co‑ordinating its development co-operation with other actors, including line ministries, public institutions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the private sector, and internationally; and global reporting on its development co-operation activities. TİKA operates in over 170 countries, through 56 programme co-ordination offices in 52 countries, spread across the Balkans, Central Asia, Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia.
TİKA was initially established under Statutory Decree Law 480 as an international technical assistance. In July 2018, TİKA was moved under the authority of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism but retained its status as a public legal entity with a dedicated budget.
Other public Turkish institutions, NGOs and the private sector also implement projects and programmes for Türkiye’s development co-operation.
Access the full list of providers at this link: Development Co-operation Profiles.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye: www.mfa.gov.tr/default.en.mfa
Türkiye’s development co-operation activities: www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye_s-development-cooperation.en.mfa
Türkiye’s 12th Development Plan (2024-2028): https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Twelfth-Development-Plan_2024-2028.pdf
Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA): www.tika.gov.tr/en
TİKA Annual Report 2023 (Turkish only): www.tika.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/TIKA-IFR-202319-Mart-2024-Web.pdf
Türkiye has been a Member of the OECD since 1961. Türkiye is not a member of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC).
Türkiye has been reporting to the OECD since 1990 and reporting activity-level data since 2019 on 2018 activities.
Türkiye is an Adherent to the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Environmental Assessment of Development Assistance Projects and Programmes; the OECD Recommendation of the Council for Development Co-operation Actors on Managing the Risk of Corruption; the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas; the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development; the OECD Declaration on Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co‑operation; and the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Learn more about OECD legal instruments and DAC Recommendations.
TİKA participated in the 2023 and 2025 DAC High Level Meetings.
Türkiye participated as an observer in the peer review of Canada in 2025.
The methodological notes provide further details on the definitions and statistical methodologies applied, including the grant-equivalent methodology, core and earmarked contributions to multilateral organisations, country programmable aid, channels of delivery, bilateral ODA unspecified/unallocated, bilateral allocable ODA, the gender equality policy marker, and the environment markers.
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← 1. DAC members adopted the grant-equivalent methodology starting from their reporting of 2018 data as a more accurate way to count the donor effort in development loans. See the methodological notes for further details.
← 2. Non-grants include sovereign loans, multilateral loans, equity investment and loans to the private sector.