[49] Adler, R. (2014), « Osteoporosis in men: a review », Bone Research, vol. 2/1, https://doi.org/10.1038/boneres.2014.1.
[45] American Heart Association (2021), Heart Attack Symptoms in Women, https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/warning-signs-of-a-heart-attack/heart-attack-symptoms-in-women (consulté le 23 septembre 2024).
[46] American Heart Association (2019), Is it fatigue – or a stroke? Women shouldn’t ignore these warning signs, https://www.heart.org/en/news/2019/05/31/is-it-fatigue-or-a-stroke-women-shouldnt-ignore-these-warning-signs (consulté le 23 septembre 2024).
[66] As-Sanie, S. et al. (2019), « Assessing research gaps and unmet needs in endometriosis », American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 221/2, pp. 86-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.02.033.
[10] Barth, C. et al. (2023), « Sex steroids and the female brain across the lifespan: insights into risk of depression and Alzheimer’s disease », The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00224-3.
[59] Blohm, M. et al. (2023), « Differences in cholecystectomy outcomes and operating time between male and female surgeons in Sweden », JAMA Surgery, vol. 158/11, pp. 1168-1175, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2023.3736.
[26] Boerma, T., A. Hosseinpoor, E. Verdes et S. Chatterji (2016), « A global assessment of the gender gap in self-reported health with survey data from 59 countries », BMC Public Health, vol. 16, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3352-y.
[50] Buckley, R., J. Gong et M. Woodward (2023), « A Call to Action to Address Sex Differences in Alzheimer Disease Clinical Trials », JAMA Neurology, vol. 80/8, p. 769, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.1059.
[18] Burgess, S. (2022), « Understudied, under-recognized, underdiagnosed, and undertreated: sex-based disparities in cardiovascular medicine », Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions, vol. 15/2, p. p.e011714.
[34] Connery, H. et al. (2020), « Substance Use Disorders in Global Mental Health Delivery: Epidemiology, Treatment Gap, and Implementation of Evidence-Based Treatments », Harvard Review of Psychiatry, vol. 28/5, pp. 316-327, https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000271.
[30] Crimmins, E., J. Kim et A. Hagedorn (2002), « Life With and Without Disease: Women Experience More of Both », Journal of Women & Aging, vol. 14/1-2, pp. 47-59, https://doi.org/10.1300/j074v14n01_04.
[62] CSE (2020), « Prendre en compte le sexe et le genre pour mieux soigner : un enjeu de santé publique », https://www.haut-conseil-egalite.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/rapport_sexe_genre_soigner-v9.pdf (consulté le 11 juillet 2024).
[57] Dahrouge, S. et al. (2016), « A Comprehensive Assessment of Family Physician Gender and Quality of Care: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in Ontario, Canada », Medical Care, vol. 54/3, pp. 277-286, https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000480.
[48] Département de la santé (2018), The Women’s Mental Health Taskforce, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-womens-mental-health-taskforce-report.
[12] Din, N. et al. (2015), « Age and Gender Variations in Cancer Diagnostic Intervals in 15 Cancers: Analysis of Data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink », PLoS One, vol. 10/5, p. e0127717, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127717.
[23] DREES (2024), Hospitalisations pour gestes auto-infligés : une progression inédite chez les adolescentes et les jeunes femmes en 2021 et 2022, https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/240516_ERHospiGestesAutoInfliges.
[39] EMCDDA (2022), European Drug Report 2022: Trends and Developments, EMCDDA, Lisbonne, https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2022_en.
[36] Farhane-Medina, N. et al. (2022), « Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review », Science Progress, vol. 105/4, https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504221135469.
[52] Farkouh, A. et al. (2021), « Sex-related differences in drugs with anti-inflammatory properties », Journal of Clinical Medicine, vol. 10/7, p. 1441, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071441.
[55] Forum économique mondial (January 2024), Closing the Women’s Health Gap: A $1 Trillion Opportunity to Improve Lives and Economy, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/mckinsey%20health%20institute/our%20insights/closing%20the%20womens%20health%20gap%20a%201%20trillion%20dollar%20opportunity%20to%20improve%20lives%20and%20economies/closing-the-womens-health-gap-report.pdf?should.
[28] Garmany, A. et A. Terzic (2024), « Global Healthspan-Lifespan Gaps Among 183 World Health Organization Member States », JAMA Network Open, vol. 7/12, p. e2450241, https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2024.50241.
[29] Gordon, E. et al. (2017), « Sex differences in frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis », Experimental Gerontology, vol. 89, pp. 30-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2016.12.021.
[61] Gouvernement australien, D. (2019), « National Women’s Health Strategy 2020–2030 | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care », https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/national-womens-health-strategy-2020-2030?language=en (consulté le 11 juillet 2024).
[56] Greenwood, B., S. Carnahan et L. Huang (2018), « Patient–physician gender concordance and increased mortality among female heart attack patients », Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 115/34, pp. 8569-8574, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800097115.
[9] Haupt, S. et al. (2021), « Sex disparities matter in cancer development and therapy », Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 21/6, pp. 393-407, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-021-00348-y.
[8] Haupt, S., C. Carcel et R. Norton (2024), « Neglecting sex and gender in research is a public-health risk », Nature, vol. 629/8012, pp. 527-530, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01372-2.
[6] Heydari, R. et al. (2022), « Y chromosome is moving out of sex determination shadow », Cell Biosci, vol. 12/4, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-021-00741-y.
[51] Lacroix, C. et al. (2023), « Sex differences in adverse drug reactions: Are women more impacted? », Therapies, vol. 78/2, pp. 175-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therap.2022.10.002.
[11] Loke, H., V. Harley et J. Lee (2015), « Biological factors underlying sex differences in neurological disorders », The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, vol. 65, pp. 139-150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.024.
[13] Maas, A. et Y. Appelman (2010), « Gender differences in coronary heart disease », Netherlands Heart Journal, vol. 18/12, pp. 598–603, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-010-0841-y.
[31] Merrick, R. et C. Brayne (2024), « Sex Differences in Dementia, Cognition, and Health in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies (CFAS) », Journal of Alzheimer’s disease, https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-240358.
[14] Merz, A. et S. Cheng (2016), « Sex differences in cardiovascular ageing », Heart, vol. 102/11, pp. 825-831, https://doi.org/10.1136/HEARTJNL-2015-308769.
[65] Mirin, A. (2021), « Gender disparity in the funding of diseases by the US National Institutes of Health », Journal of women’s health, vol. 30/7, pp. 956-963, https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8682.
[43] Murtin, F. et C. Lübker (2022), « Educational inequalities in longevity among OECD countries around 2016 », OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities, n° 8, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5faaa751-en.
[63] National Women’s Council (2021), Improving the health outcomes and experiences of healthcare system for marginalised women, https://www.nwci.ie/images/uploads/NWC_RadicalListening_Report_FINAL.pdf.
[37] O. (dir. pub.) (2023), How to Make Societies Thrive ? Coordinating Approaches to Promote Well-being and Mental Health, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/fc6b9844-en.
[1] OCDE (2025), Les systèmes de santé tiennent-ils leurs promesses ? : Résultats de l’enquête PaRIS fondés sur les déclarations des patients, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/81af0784-fr.
[19] OCDE (2024), Beating Cancer Inequalities in the EU : Spotlight on Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, Études de l’OCDE sur les politiques de santé, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/14fdc89a-en.
[2] OCDE (2024), Déclaration sur l’instauration de politiques meilleures pour des systèmes de santé plus résilients, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/fr/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0500.
[68] OCDE (2024), Repenser l’évaluation de la performance des systèmes de santé : Un cadre renouvelé, Études de l’OCDE sur les politiques de santé, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/04e8cdb9-fr.
[3] OCDE (2023), Joining Forces for Gender Equality : What is Holding us Back?, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/6a24b253-fr.
[38] OCDE (2023), Panorama de la santé 2023 : Les indicateurs de l’OCDE, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5108d4c7-fr.
[42] OCDE (2021), Fitter Minds, Fitter Jobs : From Awareness to Change in Integrated Mental Health, Skills and Work Policies, Mental Health and Work, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/a0815d0f-en.
[40] OCDE (2019), Health for Everyone? : Social Inequalities in Health and Health Systems, Études de l’OCDE sur les politiques de santé, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/3c8385d0-en.
[17] OCDE (à paraître), The State of Cardiovascular Health in the European Union, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ea7a15f4-en.
[4] OCDE/ The King’s Fund (2020), Is Cardiovascular Disease Slowing Improvements in Life Expectancy? : OECD and The King’s Fund Workshop Proceedings, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/47a04a11-en.
[41] OCDE/Union européenne (2022), Health at a Glance : Europe 2022 : State of Health in the EU Cycle, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/507433b0-en.
[60] Okoshi, K. et al. (2022), « Comparison of short term surgical outcomes of male and female gastrointestinal surgeons in Japan: retrospective cohort study », BMJ, vol. 378, p. e070568, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-070568.
[25] Patwardhan, V. et al (2024), « Differences across the lifespan between females and males in the top 20 causes of disease burden globally: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 », The Lancet Public Health, vol. 9/5, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00053-7.
[7] Peters, S. et M. Woodward (2022), « Sex and gender matter in cardiovascular disease and beyond », Heart, vol. 108/13, pp. 994-995, https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2021-320719.
[27] Phillips, S., M. O’ Connor et A. Vafaei (2023), « Women suffer but men die: survey data exploring whether this self-reported health paradox is real or an artefact of gender stereotypes », BMC Public Health, vol. 23/94, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15011-4.
[24] Qu, D., A. Zhu et R. Chen (2024), « Addressing the gender paradox: Effective suicide prevention strategies for women », Cell Reports Medicine, vol. 5/6, p. 101613, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.XCRM.2024.101613.
[5] Raleigh, V. (2019), « Trends in life expectancy in EU and other OECD countries : Why are improvements slowing? », Documents de travail de l’OCDE sur la santé, n° 108, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/223159ab-en.
[53] Raparelli, V. et al. (2017), « Treatment and response to statins: gender-related differences », Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 24/24, pp. 2628-2638, https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666161118094711.
[67] Rinonapoli, G. et al. (2021), « Osteoporosis in men: a review of an underestimated bone condition », International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 22/4, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042105.
[20] Santé Canada (2024), « Méfaits associés aux opioïdes et aux stimulants au Canada », Comité consultatif spécial fédéral, provincial et territorial sur la crise des opioïdes, https://sante-infobase.canada.ca/mefaits-associes-aux-substances/opioides-stimulants/index.html (consulté le 2 September 2024).
[35] Sheikh A, A. et al. (2025), « Why do young men not seek help for affective mental health issues? A systematic review of perceived barriers and facilitators among adolescent boys and young men », Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, vol. 34/2, pp. 565-583, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-024-02520-9.
[33] Shields, M. et al. (2021), « Symptoms of major depressive disorder during the covid-19 pandemic: Results from a representative sample of the Canadian population », Promotion de la santé et prévention des maladies chroniques au Canada, vol. 41/11, pp. 340-358, https://doi.org/10.24095/HPCDP.41.11.04.
[15] Stanhewicz, A., M. Wenner et N. Stachenfeld (2018), « Sex differences in endothelial function important to vascular health and overall cardiovascular disease risk across the lifespan », American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 315/6, pp. H1569-H1588, https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00396.2018.
[54] Tamargo, J. et al. (2017), « Gender differences in the effects of cardiovascular drugs », European Heart Journal–Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, vol. 3/3, pp. 163-182, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvw042.
[44] Temkin, S. et al. (2023), « Chronic conditions in women: the development of a National Institutes of health framework », BMC Women’s Health, vol. 23/162, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02319-x.
[64] Temkin, S. et al. (2023), « Chronic conditions in women: the development of a National Institutes of health framework », BMC Women’s Health, vol. 23/162, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02319-x.
[47] Templeton, K. (2021), Musculoskeletal disorders: Sex and gender evidence in anterior cruciate ligament injuries, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816569-0.00010-3.
[21] The Kings Fund (2024), Inequalities in men’s health: why are they not being addressed?, https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/insight-and-analysis/blogs/inequalities-mens-health-why-are-they-not-being-addressed (consulté le 2 September 2024).
[32] Van Oyen, H. et al. (2012), « Gender differences in healthy life years within the EU: an exploration of the “health–survival” paradox », International Journal of Public Health, vol. 58, pp. 143- 155, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0361-1.
[22] Vargas Lopes, F. et A. Llena-Nozal (2025), « Understanding and addressing inequalities in mental health », OECD Health Working Papers, n° 180, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/56adb10f-en.
[58] Wallis, C. et al. (2017), « Comparison of postoperative outcomes among patients treated by male and female surgeons: a population based matched cohort study », BMJ, vol. 359, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4366.
[16] Wenzl, F. et al. (2022), « Sex-specific evaluation and redevelopment of the GRACE score in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes in populations from the UK and Switzerland: a multinational analysis with external cohort validation », The Lancet, vol. 400/10354, pp. 744-756, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01483-0.