The role of subnational governments in adult skills systems: France

This country note provides an overview of the governance of the adult skills system in France. It is part of an extensive review of all 38 OECD countries. The main findings across all countries are summarised in the OECD policy paper The Role of Subnational Governments in Adult Skills Systems. Representatives from the French government reviewed the country note in December 2024 and published it in June 2025.

Table 1. Overall governance and expenditure structure

Governance structure	Levels of governance	% of general government expenditure at the sub-national level
Unitary	National: State Regional: Régions (18) Sub-regional: Départments (101) Local: Communes (34 955)	19%
How is the adult skills system governed?
Centralised ✓	Combined system	Decentralised

Note : For more information on the definitions of the governance models, please see (OECD, 2025[1]).

Source: (OECD/UCLG, 2022[2])

How is the adult skills system governed?

France has a centralised adult skills system, where national ministries play a key role in setting curricula and designing training strategies, overseeing their implementation, and monitoring labour market trends.

• At the national level, responsibilities for the strategic framework, design and high-level implementation of Vocational Education and Training (VET), Higher VET (HVET), Continued Education and Training (CET), adult education (AE) and Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) is divided among multiple ministries and agencies. Key agencies are France Travail (the Public Employment Service, PES), which oversees the provision of ALMPs, France Compétences, which is responsible for ensuring quality, financing, and certification of VET and HVET; France Stratégie, an autonomous institution attached to the Prime Minister and specialised in public policy evaluation and DARES, the economic directorate of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.

• Beyond the state, France’s 18 regions (régions) play an important role in the provision of VET, HVET, CET, AE and ALMPs. Regional Councils (Conseils régionaux) are responsible for defining, co-ordinating, and co-funding education and training policies within their territory. They do so in close co-operation with the regional directorates of the Ministry of Education (on lifelong learning initiatives) and the Ministry of Labour and Employment (Directions régionales de l'économie, de l'emploi, du travail et des solidarités) (on ALMPs) as well as the local agencies of the PES and the Local Missions (Missions Locales), which provide targeted support for youth.

• Social partners have an essential role in regulatory, policy and financial aspects of lifelong learning programmes (VET, CET, AE). They sign inter-professional agreements which are used to shap reforms and are reflected in legislative and regulatory documents. They also managed the Skills Operators (OPCOs) which oversee skills development for employees.

Table 2. Allocation of responsibilities across policy areas and levels of government

		Strategy	Intelligence	Implementation	Funding	Delivery
Policy area	National level
	VET, HVET	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	CET	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	AE	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	ALMP	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Regional level
	VET, HVET	-	✓	✓	✓	✓
	CET	-	✓	✓	✓	✓
	AE	-	✓	✓	✓	✓
	ALMP	-	-	-	-	-
	Local level
	VET, HVET	-	-	-	-	-
	CET	-	-	-	-
	AE	-	-	-	-
	ALMP	-	-	-	-	-

Legend: ✓= Yes; - = No

Note: For more information on exact definitions of policy areas and responsibilities, please see (OECD, 2025[1]).

Infographic 1. Overview of the adult skills system

Note: Colour code: Dark blue → government/national/subnational agencies, Green → social partners, Lighter blue → private actors and education providers, Yellow → Expert councils/foundations/associations/research institutions. For more information, please see (OECD, 2025[1])

Source: OECD compilation based on available information.

Stakeholders and responsibilities at the national level

At the national level, the following actors are important for the adult skills system:

• The Ministry of Higher Education and Research (Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche) and, to a lesser extent, the Ministry of National Education (Ministère de l’Éducation nationale) shape VET and HVET provision by setting the strategic and legal framework and guiding national curriculum development and the design of policies and programmes.

• The Ministry of Labor and Employment (Ministère du Travail et de l’Emploi) develops policies supporting job seekers and lifelong learning through training initiatives and work-based learning schemes. The Ministry sets the guidelines for ALMPs and CET policies/programmes. It establishes the legal framework in consultation with the regions and social partners and manages and co-ordinates implementation and evaluate results.

• Various government agencies complement the Ministries’ activities. France Travail acts as the public employment service, facilitating labour market integration through job placement and training programs. France Compétences serves as the central coordinating body, overseeing the quality and governance of vocational training and apprenticeship policies, while also managing the certification of training providers, and France Stratégie provides strategic labour market insights.

• Bodies like the Consular Chambers (Chambres consulaires) offer sector-specific training, while the OPCOs support company training initiatives by managing funds and advising on workforce development needs. The National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM) deliver professional training, certifications, and lifelong learning.

• Social partners can manage training funds and collaborate with various stakeholders such as ministries and regional actors to ensure policies and programs align with needs.

Table 3. Stakeholders and responsibilities at the national level

Name of institution	Responsibilities		Organisation type				Areas	Description
	Strategy	Intelligence	Implementation	Funding	Delivery
The Ministry of Higher Education and Research (Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche)	✓	✓	-	✓	-	Ministry	HVET CET AE	The Ministry of Higher Education and Research oversees the higher education system, managing funding, governance, and accreditation processes. The Ministry develops vocational programs at the higher education level, including technical degrees and vocational bachelor’s degrees, while promoting adult education and continuing education programs with higher education institutions.
The Ministry of Labor and Employment (Ministère du Travail et de l’Emploi)	✓	✓	-	✓	-	Ministry	VET CET ALMP	The Ministry develops policies in the fields of ALMPs, VET, CET and workplace regulations. It draws up the legal texts relating to lifelong vocational training and apprenticeship, the organisation of schemes and their financing. The ministry also co-ordinations implementation of changes in the training and employment system and monitor and evaluates results. It also supervise and control training providers and organisations managing continuing vocational training funds.
The Ministry of National Education (Ministère de l’Éducation nationale)	✓	✓	-	✓	-	Ministry	VET CET AE	The Ministry oversees pre-primary, primary, and secondary education, establishing the national curriculum for general, technological, and vocational tracks, and awards national diplomas. While not its primary focus, the Ministry also supports AE and CET, particularly for those with limited literacy or formal education, through language, numeracy, and digital literacy programs. It fosters lifelong learning, through public institutions like the GRETA networks, which offer continuing education for adults.
France Strategy (France Stratégie)	✓	✓	-	-	-	Ministry	VET HVET CET AE ALMP	France Strategy is a ministry that serves as a strategic think tank and operates under the authority of the Prime Minister. The agency supports government decision-making through studies, evaluations, and forecasts. Guided by a steering committee of government, social partners, academia, and civil society representatives, it anticipates skills needs and coordinates the activities of nine public sector bodies, including the Council for Employment Orientation. It also oversees the Employment and Skills Network, which brings together various stakeholders involved in employment, training and skills development.
France Travail (French Public Employment Service, PES)	-	✓	✓	✓	✓	National Agency	VET CET AE ALMP	France Travail, France’s PES, sorting under the Ministry of Labor and Employment, supports job seekers, career-changers, and those facing employment barriers through ALMPs. Additionally, France Travail collaborates with regional authorities on vocational training, financing sector-specific courses aligned with labour market needs and providing allowances to supplement regional support for job seekers. The agency also collects labour market data to monitor trends and inform national and regional policies. Through 890+ agencies, it partners with local and regional services to deliver integrated job placement and social support.
France Compétences	-	✓	✓	✓	-	National agency	VET CET	The agency sorts under the vocational training ministry, and is responsible for overseeing the governance, implementation, and funding of vocational training and apprenticeships. It allocates resources to regional training programs for employees, job seekers, and apprentices. It also manages inter-branch redistribution by providing financial support to Skills Operators (OPCOs). By certifying programs in the National Directory of Professional Certifications (RNCP), it ensures quality and labour market alignment. The agency also administers the Individual Training account (Compte Personnel de Formation) to help individuals finance training, and it guides lifelong learning through research and policy analysis.
Skills Operators (OPCO)	-	✓	✓	✓	-	National agency	VET CET	The 11 Skills Operators are organisations supporting employers and employees in their training and skills development needs. The boards of directors of the skills operators are responsible for setting priorities for support under the skills development plan for companies with fewer than 50 employees. The operators are designed to help finance training programmes and promote skills development in various sectors. They manage and distribute funds for VET and CET, including apprenticeships, manage training funds for small companies, and assist professional branches in developing training programs and certifications. They also help SMEs identify training needs and adapt to economic and technological changes.
National agency for adult education (Agence nationale pour la Formation Professionnelle des Adultes, AFPA)	-	✓	✓	✓	✓	National Agency	VET CET AE	A Public Establishment with Industrial and Commercial Character (EPIC) governed by a quadripartite Board of Directors with representatives from the State, regional councils, social partners, and VET experts. It operates under the auspices of the Ministry of Labour and Employment. AFPA provides vocational training for job seekers and employees across its 158 training centres in metropolitan France, focusing on employment entry, skill development, and career progression. It also supports the development of professional certifications and analyses of skill trends to address local labour market needs. Its activities are financed by a mix of national government funding and training contributions from companies.
Deposits and Consignments Fund (Caisse des dépôts et des consignations)	-	-	✓	✓	-	National agency	VET CET	A national agency and public financial institution that operates under the oversight of the Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Recovery. It promotes long-term investments that contribute to economic development. This includes investment in VET and CET initiatives that enhance skills development and employment opportunities. It also manages and administers the Professional Training Accounts, a government initiative that helps individuals finance vocational training and skills development throughout their career. The agency is responsible for managing an online service from which allows individuals to view their training credits, access information on training programmes, and enrol directly.
The national commission for collective bargaining (Commission nationale de la négociation collective, de l’emploi et de la formation professionnelle)	-	✓	-	-	-	Expert council	VET HVET CET ALMP	The commission is a national advisory body that issues opinions and recommendations on employment, vocational training, and labour law. The Commission features a sub-committee for Employment, Guidance and Vocational Training. It is composed of government officials from relevant ministries, employer’s organisations, trade unions, experts, and representatives from public institutions. It reports to the ministers responsible for labour, employment, vocational training, agriculture, and social security.
Consular chambers (Chambres consulaires)	-	-	✓	✓	✓	Social partner	VET CET	Consular Chambers are public institutions that represent and support the interests of businesses in their respective sectors. They include chambers of commerce and industry, chambers of agriculture, and chambers of trades and crafts. Each chamber plays a role in vocational education and training, addressing the specific skills needs of its respective sector—commerce and industry, agriculture, and craftsmanship—by providing sector-specific training programs, managing some Apprenticeship Training Centres in collaboration with other stakeholders and offering work-based learning opportunities. Through collaboration with the PES, they facilitate career guidance, job placement, and professional mobility. While they align with national frameworks, consular chambers primarily operate at regional and local levels, representing businesses and addressing sector-specific needs in their areas.
Apprentice Training Centres (Le centre de formation d’apprenti)	-	-	-	-	✓	Education provider	VET HVET CET	The centres are educational institutions that provide vocational training for apprentices. They offer training across various sectors and serve young people (16–25) and adults seeking career changes or new skills. The centres can be both public (affiliated with regional councils or local governments) and private (independently funded and operated). They operate under the regulatory framework set by the Ministry of National Education and Youth. They work closely with businesses to design training programmes that meet industry standards and requirements. The public centres are established through agreements among regional councils, chambers of commerce, educational institutions, and companies, with funding from the government and employers.
National Conservatory of Jobs and Arts (Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers)	-	✓	✓	-	✓	Education provider	VET HVET CET	The conservatory is a public higher education institution supervised by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research. It is dedicated to lifelong learning, professional development, and research in science, technology and management fields. It offers degrees, certifications, and professional training through continuing education and apprenticeships for working adults and students. The conservatory also conducts research and provides expertise in workforce development and labour market trends, operating 20 centres and 230 teaching locations in France and five abroad.
Higher education providers (public universities, University Technology Institutes and non-university sector)	-	-	-	-	✓	Education provider	HVET CET	There are multiple institutions providing HVET and to some extent CET in France, including public universities, University Technology Institutes and non-public higher education institutions/higher colleges of excellence. They are either funded and managed by the state or private institutions funded by tuition fees and industry sponsorships.
Social partners	-	-	✓	✓	-	Social partner	VET CET	Social partners play a central role in VET and lifelong learning policies. They help develop and revise VET qualifications to meet labour market demands, participate in examination boards, and provide in-company training. They also sign inter-professional agreements that shape reforms and manage the 11 Skills Operators. Through apprenticeship taxes paid by companies, they help manage funds for VET and CET, and collaborate with regional authorities to ensure training aligns with labour market demands.

Legend: ✓ = Yes; - = No

Source : OECD compilation based on (Cedefop, 2022[3]), (Cedefop, 2022[4]), (Ministère du Travail, de la Santé et des Solidarités, 2021[5]), (France compétences, 2024[6]), (Compétences plus, 2024[7]), (European Commission, 2023[8]), (Cedefop, 2024[9]), (Ministère du Travail et de l'Emploi, 2015[10]), (Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, n.d.[11]), (CNAM, n.d.[12]), (Caisse des Dépôts Groupe, n.d.[13]), (Cedefop, 2022[14]), (Gouvernement, n.d.[15]), (API.gouv.fr, n.d.[16]), (France Travail, 2024[17]), (Ministère du Travail et de l'Emploi, 2019[18]), (Ministère du Travail, de la Santé, des Solidarités et des Familles, 2021[19]), (Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, 2024[20]),

Stakeholders and responsibilities at the regional level

The regional government level in France consists of 13 regions (regions). Despite France’s centralised skills system, the regions play a significant role in the adult skills system and operate alongside the national government and local stakeholders to coordinate policies in their geographic area:

• Regional Councils (Conseils régionaux) have autonomy to define and implement VET policies aligned with regional socio-economic priorities. They can also fund ALMPs, often in collaboration with the state and social partners, and coordinates the financial support for training for jobseekers and employees and drive regional initiatives for lifelong learning, career guidance, and employment support. The regional councils have the responsibility for funding and managing Apprentice Training Centres (Centres de formational d’apprentis, CFA) in close co-operation with chambers, public or private educational establishments or associations.

• The Regional Directorates of Education (Directions Régionales de l’Education Nationale) are regional authorities representing the Ministry of National Education. They harmonise and coordinate regional lifelong learning policies in close cooperation with the Regional Councils. A regional Directorate can be composed of one or several Regions Académies which is the administrative district of reference for the Ministry of National Education. They manage education staff and institutions from primary to tertiary education, oversee the implementation of the national education policy within their territory and implement training programs at the regional level.

• The Regional Directorates of economy, employment, labour and solidarity (Directions régionales de l’économie, de l'emploi, du travail et des solidarités) operate as deconcentrated departments of the Ministry of Labor and Employment, responsible for implementing and evaluating policies related to economic development, employment, workforce skills, and social cohesion.

• The Regional Committee on Employment, Vocational Guidance and Training (Comité régional de l’emploi, de la formation et de l’orientation professionnelles) brings together government, employer, employee, and labour union representatives to support the alignment of VET provision with labour market needs.

Table 4. Stakeholders and responsibilities at the regional level

Name of institution	Responsibilities					Organisation type	Areas	Description
	Strategy	Intelligence	Implementation	Funding	Delivery
Regional Councils (Conseils régionaux)	-	✓	✓	✓	-	Subnational government	VET CET ALMP	Each Regional Council defines and implements VET policies that align with the region’s specific economic and social priorities. They support the development of Contractual Regional Development Plans for Vocational Training, which are strategic agreements between the State and Regional Councils to shape and implement regional VET programmes, career guidance, and ALMPs. Additionally, Regional Councils fund the Programme Régional de formation, which provides collective training programs designed for job seekers.
Regional Directorate of Education (Directions Régionales de l’Education Nationale) and the Regions Académies	-	-	✓	✓	-	National agency	VET AE	These are regional education authorities operating under the Ministry of National Education and led by a regional rector of education. Their objective is to harmonise educational policies at the regional level in cooperation with the regional councils and prefects. Their tasks include implementing national educational policies, aligning regional strategies in VET and lifelong learning, overseeing the allocation of European funds, and budgetary and financial control of public higher education institutions. From 2016, the Regions Académies were introduced as larger administrative regions that encompass multiple regional educational districts previously covered by the Regional Directorate of Education. They are led by an academic rector and comprise an Academic Delegation for Vocational Training, which participates in defining and implementing the academic policy for vocational training, coordinates the GRETA network, and works to align initial and continuing education
Regional directorates of the Ministry of Labor and Employment (Directions regionales de l’économie, de l'emploi, du travail et des solidarités)	-	✓	✓	✓	-	National agency	VET ALMP	The directorates operate as deconcentrated departments of the Ministry of Labor and Employment, responsible for implementing and evaluating policies related to economic development, employment, workforce skills, and social cohesion. They coordinate and support various employment and training programmes, including VET and ALMPs, and they provide guidance to businesses on labour regulations and workforce management.
Regional committee on employment, vocational guidance and training (Comité régional de l’emploi, de la formation et de l’orientation professionnelles)	-	✓	-	-	-	Expert council	VET CET ALMP	A regional body that is responsible for coordinating ALMPs and VET policies within its territory. With representatives from the state, regions, and social partners, the committee provides expert opinions on regional vocational training plans and coordinates VET policies through the multi-year agreements on employment and training. It is also responsible for diagnosing, monitoring, and evaluating these agreed on policies. The council consults with e.g. local and regional authorities, VET provider representatives, and the Pôle emploi in its acitivites.
Apprentice Training Centres (Centres de formation d’apprentis, CFA)	-	-	-	-	✓	Education provider	VET	These are specialised vocational training centres that provides apprenticeships programmes. They offer training to young people/adults in a wide range of trade and professional skills, combining theoretical education with hands-on work experience. The Regional Councils have the primary responsibility for the funding and oversight of CFAs in their territory – often in close co-operation with partner such as chamber of commerce, trade or agriculture, public or private educational establishments or associations.

Legend: ✓ = Yes; - = No

Source: OECD compilation based on (Ministère de L'éducation nationale et de la jeunesse, 2024[21]), (Cedefop, 2022[4]), (France Travail, n.d.[22]), (La Préfecture et les services de l'État en région, 2018[23]), (Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, n.d.[24]), (Légifrance, 2020[25]), (Ministère du Travail et de l'Emploi, 2015[26]), (Légifrance, 2023[27]), (La Région Grand Est - OrientEst Pro, n.d.[28]), (CAP Métiers Nouvelle-Aquitaine, 2022[29]), (La Région Occitanie, 2022[30])

Stakeholders and responsibilities at the local level

The local government level in France consists of 34 955 municipalities.

• Municipalities have various responsibilities related to VET, AE, and ALMPs. They have autonomy for local planning of VET initiatives, collaborate with Regional Councils on VET provision, and oversee the allocation of funds for VET. Each municipality may develop its own VET, CET, AE and ALMP initiatives as a complement to national services.

• Local missions (Missions locales) provide individualised support to people aged 16 to 25 to address employment barriers, housing, health, and mobility needs. These agencies coordinate with the PES and local partners to create pathways to stable employment and partner with employers to integrate youth into the labour market.

• The Departmental Education Services Directorates (Directions des services départementaux de l’éducation nationale), are sub-regional divisions of the Ministry of National Education, each of which are affiliated to one of the Académies. They contribute to the development of the academic educational and pedagogical strategy and are responsible for implementing the national education policy and regional educational initiatives and managing VET staff and schools.

• The GRETA network is France’s largest provider of VET, CET and AE and training. It offers courses through 288 centres across the country. GRETA provides flexible, localised training for jobseekers, employees, and self-funding individuals, adapting to local labour demands. Vocational/Professional High schools are local providers of VET and work closely with companies in their provision to facilitate internships and the labour market integration for students.

Table 5. Stakeholders and responsibilities at the local level

Name of institution	Responsibilities		Organisation type			Areas		Description
	Strategy	Intelligence	Implementation	Funding	Delivery
Municipalities	-	-	-	-	-		Subnational government		CET AE	Municipalities do not have extensive formal competencies for adult skills policies, but they play an important supportive role in the implementation, funding and delivery of programmes at local level, in particular for CET and AE. Municipalities can decide to run local basic education programmes or provide funding for programmes developed e.g. in cooperation with national/regional authorities or employers.
France Travail (French Public Employment Service, PES)	-	-	-	-	✓		National Agency		VET CET AE ALMP	France Travail operates nearly 900 local agencies across France under the authority of the national PES. These agencies offer personalized assistance for administrative tasks, job search support with on-site counselors, and information on employment opportunities and training.
Local missions (Missions locales)	-	-	-	-	✓		National agency		ALMP	The Missions locales are part of the French PES network but are not direct providers of ALMPs. They provide support to young people facing difficulties in their social and professional integration. They are governed by regional and national networks, and collaborate with local partners, companies, and the national PES.
Departmental Education Services Directorates	-	-	✓	-	-		National agency		VET	The Departmental Education Services directorate operate at the sub-regional level (département). It is led by a Director of the Departmental Education Services. It is responsible for implementing the national VET policy and for the management of VET staff and schools.
Vocational/ Professional High schools	-	-	-	-	✓		Education provider		VET	Vocational/professional and comprehensive high schools provide vocational secondary education programmes. The vocational sections have established company offices which help develop and strengthen the partnerships with private companies. These schools are managed by the regions.
GRETA Network establishments (Groupes d’établissements)	-	-	✓	-	✓		Education provider		VET CET AE	GRETA is a network of 288 training centres and institutions operating under the Ministry of National Education. It is the largest provider of continuing education and adult education, offering vocational courses for jobseekers and employees enrolled in training programs. The network operates at the local level to meet local needs, with activities coordinated by the académies.

Legend: ✓ = Yes; - = No

Source : OECD compilation based on (Mission locale - Site non officiel mais essentiel des Missions locales, n.d.[31]), (Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, n.d.[24]), (Ministère du Travail, de la Santé, des Solidarités et des Familles, 2024[32])

References

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[13] Caisse des Dépôts Groupe (n.d.), La Caisse des Dépôts, gestionnaire de Mon Compte Formation, https://www.caissedesdepots.fr/la-caisse-des-depots-gestionnaire-de-mon-compte-formation.

[29] CAP Métiers Nouvelle-Aquitaine (2022), Comité régional de l’emploi, de la formation et de l’orientation professionnelles (CREFOP), https://www.cap-metiers.pro/Fiches-techniques/-Structures-et-institutions/680/Comite-regional-emploi-formation-orientation-professionnelles-CREFOP/#:~:text=Structures%20et%20institutions-,Comit%C3%A9%20r%C3%A9gional%20de%20l%27emploi%2C%20de%20la%20format.

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[3] Cedefop (2022), Spotlight on VET France, https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/8141_en.pdf.

[4] Cedefop (2022), Vocational education and training in France Short description, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, https://doi.org/10.2801/204196.

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[33] European Commission, Eurydice (2023), 8. Adult education and training, https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/netherlands/adult-education-and-training.

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[15] Gouvernement (n.d.), Ministère de l’Éducation nationale, https://www.info.gouv.fr/ministere/ministere-de-leducation-nationale.

[23] La Préfecture et les services de l’État en région (2018), Quelles sont les compétences d’une région ?, https://www.prefectures-regions.gouv.fr/Le-savez-vous/Quelles-sont-les-competences-d-une-region.

[28] La Région Grand Est - OrientEst Pro (n.d.), Le Comité régional de l’emploi, de la formation et de l’orientation professionnelles (CREFOP), https://www.orientest.pro/sinformer/decouvrir-la-gouvernance-regionale/le-comite-regional-emploi-formation-orientation-crefop.

[30] La Région Occitanie (2022), Le Contrat de Plan Régional de Développement de la Formation et de l’Orientation Professionnelles (CPRDFOP) 2022-2028, https://www.laregion.fr/CPRDFOP#:~:text=Le%20CPRDFOP%20est%20un%20document,une%20p%C3%A9riode%20de%205%20ans.

[27] Légifrance (2023), Section 2 : Comité régional de l’emploi, de la formation et de l’orientation professionnelles (Article L6123-3), https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/section_lc/LEGITEXT000006072050/LEGISCTA000021340260/.

[25] Légifrance (2020), Décret n° 2020-1545 du 9 décembre 2020 relatif à l’organisation et aux missions des directions régionales de l’économie, de l’emploi, du travail et des solidarités, des directions départementales de l’emploi, du travail et des solidarités et des direction, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000042636412.

[11] Ministère de l’Éducation nationale (n.d.), Le centre de formation des apprentis (CFA) : création, fonctionnement, personnels et apprentis, https://www.education.gouv.fr/le-centre-de-formation-d-apprentis-cfa-creation-fonctionnement-personnels-et-apprentis-2069.

[24] Ministère de l’Éducation nationale (n.d.), Les régions académiques, les académies et services départementaux de l’Éducation nationale, https://www.education.gouv.fr/les-regions-academiques-academies-et-services-departementaux-de-l-education-nationale-6557.

[21] Ministère de L’éducation nationale et de la jeunesse (2024), Le rôle des collectivités territoriales dans le service public de l’éducation, https://www.education.gouv.fr/le-role-des-collectivites-territoriales-dans-le-service-public-de-l-education-8138.

[20] Ministère de l’Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (2024), La formation continue des adultes à l’Éducation nationale, https://www.education.gouv.fr/la-formation-continue-des-adultes-l-education-nationale-3035.

[18] Ministère du Travail et de l’Emploi (2019), Les opérateurs de compétence (OPCO) (Updated 2023), https://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/les-operateurs-de-competences-opco.

[10] Ministère du Travail et de l’Emploi (2015), L’Agence nationale pour la formation professionnelle des adultes (AFPA), https://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/lagence-nationale-pour-la-formation-professionnelle-des-adultes-afpa.

[26] Ministère du Travail et de l’Emploi (2015), Les Directions régionales de l’économie, de l’emploi, du travail et des solidarités (DREETS), https://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/les-directions-regionales-de-leconomie-de-lemploi-du-travail-et-des-solidarites-dreets.

[5] Ministère du Travail, de la Santé et des Solidarités (2021), CNNCEFP (Commission nationale de la négociation collective, de l’emploi et de la formation professionnelle), https://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/ministere/instances-rattachees/article/cnncefp-commission-nationale-de-la-negociation-collective-de-l-emploi-et-de-la.

[32] Ministère du Travail, de la Santé, des Solidarités et des Familles (2024), Les Missions Locales, https://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/les-missions-locales.

[19] Ministère du Travail, de la Santé, des Solidarités et des Familles (2021), La Commission nationale de la négociation collective, de l’emploi et de la formation professionnelle (CNNCEFP), https://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/la-commission-nationale-de-la-negociation-collective-de-lemploi-et-de-la-formation-professionnelle-cnncefp.

[31] Mission locale - Site non officiel mais essentiel des Missions locales (n.d.), Les Missions locales : Un soutien personnalisé pour chaque Jeune, https://www.mission-locale.fr/missions-locales/.

[1] OECD (2025), “From national to local: Exploring the role of subnational governments in adult skills systems across OECD countries”, OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers, No. 2025/XX, OECD Publishing, Paris.

[2] OECD/UCLG (2022), 2022 Country Profiles of the World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, https://www.sng-wofi.org/country-profiles/france.html.

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