The ocean economy and climate change nexus

The ocean is vital to both the global economy and climate system, yet it is increasingly under threat from climate change. Ocean acidification, rising temperatures, and sea-level rise are damaging marine ecosystems and undermining the ocean’s role as a climate regulator, while also disrupting economic sectors and communities that rely on marine resources. At the same time, the ocean economy is also a driver of climate change through activities such as shipping, fishing or tourism. This paper explores the ocean-climate nexus, highlighting both the ocean economy’s impact on climate change and its potential to support climate mitigation. Using Portugal as a case study, the paper illustrates practical challenges and policy solutions for aligning economic growth with net-zero goals across key ocean economy sectors.