This report was prepared under the overall leadership of Pilar Garrido, OECD Director for Development Co-operation, and May Ali Babiker, Director of the Cooperation and Capacity Development Department of the Islamic Development Bank, and under the co-ordination of Robin Ogilvy, Head of the Reforms and Partnerships for Development Impact Division of the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate. The lead authors are Nadine Piefer-Söyler (OECD); the team from the IsDB Reverse Linkage Division made up of Moncef Soudani, Aminuddin Mat Ariff, Muntasir Majdoub Hamid Ahmed, Camel Aribi and Yasser Bentaibi; and Bernadette Vega (independent consultant), with the support of Krystel Montpetit (independent foresight consultant, Chapter 1), Geovana Zoccal (OECD, Chapter 2) and Soon Yeol Chung (OECD, Chapter 4).
The authors are grateful to the peer reviewers and colleagues for their invaluable feedback and inputs to this report: Ulrich Müller of Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) and Thomas Böhler (OECD). Dexter Docherty (OECD, Office of the Secretary-General); Ana Fernandes, Renwick Irvine, and Paul Horrocks (OECD); Camilo Gamboa, Marisa Berbegal Ibáñez and Gabriel di Paolantonio (International Forum on TOSSD); and Houssem Eddine Bedoui (IsDB). On communications, Meral Gedik (independent consultant), Ola Kasneci, Joelle Bassoul, Stephanie Coïc (OECD) and Abdikadir Abdi (IsDB) provided support, with overarching publication advice from Henri-Bernard Solignac-Lecomte (OECD). The authors also thank Samantha Proteau (OECD) for administrative support and Susan Sachs (independent consultant) for editorial support.
Thanks also to all colleagues who shared project experiences in interviews, informal conversations and documents: Amnah Shaari (Founder and CEO, Serunai Commerce Sdn Bhd); Intan Suriya (Director of International Partnership, Serunai Commerce Sdn Bhd); Alex Ho Wei Ming (Executive Director, Probase Manufacturing Sdn Bhd); Faisal Kamiran (Co-founder and Co-CEO, Addo AI Pte Ltd.); Fitriana Rahmawati (VP International Commercial, PT BioFarma Persero); Shawn Lim Eu (Chief Business & Solutions Officer, Aerodyne Group); Nor Faiz Bin Ahmed Helimi (MD, Vision One Sdn Bhd); Rafaiq Bakri bin Zakaria (MD Qube Nexus Sdn Bhd); Shamsul Qamar Bin Abd Rani (Managing Partner, The Chambers of Shamsul Qamar (CSQLaw); Eric Lee (Singapore Cooperation Enterprise); Iwan Nur Hidayat (Indonesia AID); Martín Rivero and Cristina Xalma (Ibero-American General Secretariat, SEGIB); Bojan Nastav (UNCTAD); Alexis Bonnel (Agence Française de Développement); Alice Woojung, Soeun Ku, Yukyum Kim, Yeojin Kim, Seonghwan Jang and Ji-yul Kim (KOICA); Mari Kato, Yuko Kawai, Aiman Siddiqi and Yoshie Akimoto (JICA); Neni Marlina (GIZ Indonesia), Marco Antonio Perez Ruiz (GIZ Mexico) and Daniela Camacho Camargo (GIZ Colombia); Sachin Chaturvedi and Sushil Kumar (RIS India); José Saldaña (former Impact Hub Hamburg), Livia Galita (European Commission).
The participants and speakers at the 8th International Meeting on Triangular Co-operation in Lisbon in 2024, as well as participants in two foresight workshops held in 2025, shared interesting insights and new ideas for the future of triangular co-operation, and their contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the governments of France, Portugal and Spain that made the various meetings and analytical work underpinning this work possible as well as the wider support of the members of the IsDB and the OECD Development Assistance Committee.