Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2026

9. Colombia

Main findings

Support to agriculture

Colombia’s producer support estimate (PSE) declined to 13.8% of gross farm receipts in 2023-25, compared to an average of 24.4% in 2000‑02. This long-term decline reflects a reduction in market price support (MPS) over time, linked in part to trade policy reforms, including lower import tariffs and changes in the Andean Price Band System (SAFP), for some agricultural commodities.

Policies that increase domestic prices above world prices, generating transfers to farmers (MPS) remain the dominant component of support, accounting for around 90% of the PSE in 2023-25, only little below the share at the beginning of the century (97% in 2000-02). Overall, producer prices were about 15% higher than border prices on average in 2023‑25, down from around 32% in 2000‑02, indicating that price gaps have been cut by half over time.

Budgetary support to farmers remains limited and is mainly provided through input-based measures, including concessional credit, subsidised insurance, and payments for variable inputs such as fertilisers and seeds. Additional support is directed to on-farm services (e.g. technical assistance) and fixed capital formation (e.g. machinery and equipment), although their overall magnitude remains modest compared to MPS.

Expenditures on general services (GSSE) averaged USD 518 million over 2023‑25, representing about 10.2% of TSE, a higher share than in the early 2000s. Spending remained concentrated in infrastructure development (USD 379 million on average), followed by agricultural knowledge and innovation systems, inspection and control, and marketing and promotion, indicating a continued emphasis on enabling services to the sector. While these categories continued to account for the bulk of GSSE, provisional data indicate a significant reduction in overall GSSE expenditure in 2025.

Total support estimate (TSE) averaged about 1.23% of GDP in 2023-25, less than half the level seen in 2000-02. Total support is largely driven by transfers from consumers, with additional contributions from taxpayer-funded expenditures.

Key policy changes in 2025-26

In 2025-26, Colombia continued advancing the Integrated Rural Reform, strengthening its focus on land access, tenure formalisation, and territorial governance. New regulatory measures were introduced to facilitate land acquisition through voluntary mechanisms, supporting land redistribution objectives. Progress was also made in consolidating territorial planning frameworks, including the adoption of a national plan to recognise and formalise peasant territorialities.

New Protection Areas for Food Production have been designated to strengthen protections for agricultural land. Territorial policy instruments are used to reinforce community-based land management and local food systems, including establishing and consolidating Peasant Reserve Zones and new Agrifood Territories.

Environmental and land-use governance frameworks were further developed, including measures to align agricultural production with ecosystem conservation and the introduction of instruments enabling the sustainable use of forest resources by rural communities. These include community-based forest management initiatives, conservation agreements with rural households, and strengthened territorial planning instruments aimed at reducing deforestation in environmentally sensitive areas.

New regulatory frameworks for indigenous territorial governance strengthened policies aimed at inclusion and equity in rural areas. These frameworks improved the governance and financing of indigenous territories, while enhancing co‑ordination and information systems related to land tenure. Targeted policy measures, such as a dedicated programme for the Rrom population, were introduced to facilitate access to land and address persistent disparities affecting ethnic communities.

Assessment and recommendations

• Accelerate land formalisation, cadastre updates and land allocation, while ensuring that beneficiaries have access to complementary services that enable productive use of land. Land reform remains central to the development of the Colombian agricultural sector.

• Rebalance policies away from market price support towards more efficient and targeted budgetary measures that enhance productivity and resilience while reducing market distortions.

• Increase investment in general services to support the provision of key public goods and the implementation of structural reforms. This includes public expenditures in institutions involved in infrastructure, innovation and rural development. Investments are also needed in agricultural research and innovation, in particular to facilitate technology transfer and the preservation of genetic resources, towards agricultural productivity growth and resilience.

• Strengthen the agricultural knowledge and innovation system (AKIS). Expanding extension services, improving their effectiveness and better aligning them with farmers’ needs, in particular for small-scale producers, would support technology adoption and sustainable productivity growth.

• Pursue efforts to integrate environmental sustainability and climate resilience into agricultural policies. Strengthening land-use planning and scaling up adaptation measures would help address increasing climate-related risks in the sector.

• Improve the collection of key statistical data. Strengthening data systems, including conducting a new Agricultural Census and re-establishing a regularly conducted agricultural survey, such as the National Agricultural Survey (ENA) or a revised equivalent instrument, is essential to support evidence-based policymaking and improve the design, implementation and evaluation of agricultural policies.

Key indicators on agricultural support

Table 9.1. Colombia: Estimates of support to agriculture

Million USD

	2000-02	2023-25	2023	2024	2025p
Total value of production (at farm gate)	10 564	32 848	30 647	32 612	35 286
of which: share of MPS commodities (%)	80.20	95.33	98.34	91.91	95.73
Total value of consumption (at farm gate)	7 846	26 887	25 163	27 137	28 360
Producer Support Estimate (PSE)	2 568	4 584	4 306	5 180	4 267
Support based on commodity output	2 482	4 147	3 912	4 725	3 805
Market price support¹	2 482	4 147	3 912	4 725	3 805
Positive market price support	2 482	4 147	3 912	4 725	3 805
Negative market price support	-1	0	0	0	0
Payments based on output	0	-0	0	0	0
Payments based on input use	86	436	393	453	461
Based on variable input use	53	342	308	358	360
with input constraints	36	302	272	318	318
Based on fixed capital formation	16	34	31	35	37
with input constraints	3	19	17	19	20
Based on on-farm services	17	59	54	60	64
with input constraints	5	49	44	49	52
Payments based on current A/An/R/I, production required	0	0	0	0	0
Based on Receipts / Income	0	0	0	0	0
Based on Area planted / Animal numbers	0	0	0	0	0
with input constraints	0	0	0	0	0
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production required	0	0	0	0	0
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production not required	0	0	0	0	0
With variable payment rates	0	0	0	0	0
with commodity exceptions	0	0	0	0	0
With fixed payment rates	0	0	0	0	0
with commodity exceptions	0	0	0	0	0
Payments based on non-commodity criteria	0	0	0	0	0
Based on long-term resource retirement	0	0	0	0	0
Based on a specific non-commodity output	0	0	0	0	0
Based on other non-commodity criteria	0	0	0	0	0
Miscellaneous payments	0	1	1	1	1
Percentage PSE (%)	24.42	13.78	13.87	15.67	11.94
Producer NPC (coeff.)	1.32	1.15	1.15	1.18	1.14
Producer NAC (coeff.)	1.32	1.16	1.16	1.19	1.14
General Services Support Estimate (GSSE)	154	518	614	686	254
Agricultural knowledge and innovation system	49	51	53	72	28
Inspection and control	9	44	40	45	47
Development and maintenance of infrastructure	95	379	481	526	132
Marketing and promotion	0	43	39	43	46
Cost of public stockholding	0	0	0	0	0
Miscellaneous	1	1	1	1	1
Percentage GSSE (% of TSE)	5.63	10.20	12.47	11.70	5.61
Consumer Support Estimate (CSE)	-2 253	-5 355	-4 350	-6 010	-5 705
Transfers to producers from consumers	-2 055	-4 280	-3 856	-4 666	-4 318
Other transfers from consumers	-214	-1 166	-562	-1 500	-1 437
Transfers to consumers from taxpayers	0	0	0	0	0
Excess feed cost	17	91	69	155	50
Percentage CSE (%)	-29.02	-19.87	-17.29	-22.15	-20.12
Consumer NPC (coeff.)	1.41	1.25	1.21	1.29	1.25
Consumer NAC (coeff.)	1.41	1.25	1.21	1.28	1.25
Total Support Estimate (TSE)	2 722	5 102	4 920	5 866	4 520
Transfers from consumers	2 269	5 446	4 418	6 165	5 755
Transfers from taxpayers	666	822	1 063	1 201	202
Budget revenues	-214	-1 166	-562	-1 500	-1 437
Percentage TSE (% of GDP)	2.80	1.23	1.34	1.40	0.99
Total Budgetary Support Estimate (TBSE)	240	955	1 008	1 141	716
Percentage TBSE (% of GDP)	0.25	0.23	0.28	0.27	0.16
GDP deflator (2000-02 = 100)	100	353	333	353	374
Exchange rate (national currency per USD)	2 297.50	4 151.18	4 325.95	4 074.43	4 053.14

Note: p: provisional. NPC: Nominal Protection Coefficient. NAC: Nominal Assistance Coefficient.

A/An/R/I: Area planted/Animal numbers/Receipts/Income.

1. Market Price Support (MPS) is net of producer levies and excess feed cost. MPS commodities for Colombia are: maize, rice, sugar, milk, beef and veal, pig meat, poultry, eggs, bananas, plantains, coffee, palm oil and flowers.

Source: OECD (2026), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agricultural policy monitoring (database), https://data-explorer.oecd.org/.

Policy landscape

Main policy instruments

Agricultural policy in Colombia is guided by the agricultural and rural components of the National Development Plan (PND, by its Spanish acronym). The PND 2022-2026, “Colombia, world power of life (Colombia, potencia mundial de la vida)” prioritises sustainable rural development by:

• formalising land tenure and land reform

• strengthening agricultural planning

• improving farmers’ access to productive factors such as irrigation, extension, financing, technology and connectivity

• encouraging small-scale producers’ associations, inclusion and diversity

• strengthening and shortening supply chains

• establishing climate smart adaptation strategies for agricultural production.

Preferential interest rates for agricultural credit, covering working capital, marketing and investment, are provided through the Financing Fund for the Agricultural Sector (Fondo para el Financiamiento del Sector Agropecuario, FINAGRO), which acts as the implementing agency of the National Agricultural Credit System (Sistema Nacional de Crédito Agropecuario, SNCA). The National Agricultural Credit Commission (Comisión Nacional de Crédito Agropecuario, CNCA), as the governing body of the SNCA, annually defines the financing policy for the sector, including the terms and conditions of financial instruments. The instruments include special lines of credit and microcredit (LEC/LEM), incentives for rural capitalisation (ICR), the Agricultural Guarantee Fund (Fondo Agropecuario de Garantías, FAG), which provides collateral guarantees for agricultural loans, and the risk management instruments financed through the National Agricultural Risk Fund (Fondo Nacional de Riesgos Agropecuarios, FNRA). The FNRA finances the agricultural insurance incentive (ISA), which subsidises the cost of agricultural insurance premiums at rates set annually by the CNCA and differentiated by type of producer.

Input subsidies are provided to support farm improvements. The Comprehensive Agricultural and Rural Development Projects with a Territorial Approach (Proyectos Integrales de Desarrollo Agropecuario y Rural con Enfoque Territorial, PIDAR), co-financed and implemented by the Rural Development Agency (Agencia de Desarrollo Rural, ADR), provide subsidies for investments related to drainage and on-farm irrigation infrastructure, other fixed capital formation, as well as for technical assistance. The Fund for Agricultural Promotion (Fondo de Fomento Agropecuario) provides co-financing for projects to strengthen technology transfer, research, and modernisation activities, and to improve productive, physical, and social infrastructure in rural areas. The Productive Alliances programme focuses on small-scale farmers and provides subsidies for various inputs, including variable inputs (e.g. seeds and fertilisers), fixed capital investments (e.g. irrigation, drainage, machinery), and on-farm services (e.g. technical assistance). Farmers also benefit from subsidies for animal and plant health control services.

The Andean Price Band System (SAFP) establishes a and ceiling prices for a set of marker agricultural products and their linked and derived products. The system currently covers several products, including cereals, oilseeds, sugar, dairy products and selected livestock products. In some cases, the SAFP may be suspended and replaced by fixed applied tariffs. During 2025 and early 2026, this remained the case for selected products, including rice, powdered milk, white maize and whey.

Price Stabilisation Funds (FEPs) also use reference price bands to stabilise farm income. These funds provide payments to producers when a product’s reference market price falls below a minimum (floor price). When the reference price exceeds an established ceiling price, producers contribute to the funds. FEPs therefore operate as producer-funded stabilisation mechanisms that compensate for differences between domestic and export market conditions and may result in domestic producer prices differing from international reference prices. The ceiling and floor prices are established by councils composed of producer representatives and government officials based on selected international prices for each product, while payments and contributions are calculated using a reference market price. FEPs are financed and administered by producer associations and are currently apply to cotton, cocoa, palm oil, sugar, beef and milk.

Public investments in general services focus on farm restructuring, agricultural research and extension services, as well as inspection and control. Efforts under the framework of the Peace Agreement on the provision of rural public goods and services have increased the amount of land with formal tenure, improved irrigation and drainage, and provided technical assistance. Recent years have seen a significant acceleration in land restitution to victims of dispossession and forced displacement during the armed conflict, contributing to a cumulative total exceeding 3 600 000 hectares (less than 1% of Colombia’s 40.5 million hectares of agricultural area) by the end of 2025.1

Recent policy developments

Domestic policy developments in 2025-26

New regulatory measures were introduced under the Integrated Rural Reform to facilitate land acquisition, including mechanisms to streamline voluntary land purchases.2 Launched in 2016 as part of the Final Agreement for Ending the Conflict and Building a Stable and Lasting Peace, the reform is grounded on the principle of land democratisation with a focus on access to land and the formalisation, and regularisation of property rights. Its scope extends beyond land issues to address broader rural development challenges, aiming to improve rural quality of life through integrated interventions. These include support for productive projects, access to financing, infrastructure development, and agricultural extension services, with a particular focus on marginalised rural populations.

A national plan to identify, characterise, recognise, and formalise peasant landholdings was adopted in 2025 to strengthen land governance and territorial planning and reinforce the role of rural communities in land management. The government also expanded territorial instruments such as Peasant Reserve Zones (Zonas de Reserva Campesina, ZRC), which is a land-use and rural development instrument designed to support small-scale farmers and stabilise rural territories. During 2025, several new zones were created or approved across multiple regions and continued to support collective land management approaches. In addition, new Agrifood Territories were established to promote local food systems and strengthen rural livelihoods. These measures reflect a broader strategy to consolidate territorial approaches to rural development and address historical inequalities in land distribution.

The use of land-use planning tools, aimed at protecting agricultural production and ensuring food security were expanded, with several Protection Areas for Food Production (Áreas de Protección para la Producción de Alimentos, APPA) declared or expanded across different regions. These safeguard significant shares of municipal territory for agricultural use. The regulatory framework governing the national agricultural frontier and territorial planning guidelines were also updated to reinforce the integration of environmental considerations into agricultural land-use planning.

Peasant forest concessions are a new policy instrument designed to enable sustainable use of forest and biodiversity resources on public lands. By granting local communities secure and conditional use rights, the policy creates incentives for long-term stewardship, encouraging sustainable management practices while reducing deforestation and illegal resource extraction.

Regulatory updates also refined frameworks for territorial planning and agricultural land management, notably through revisions to the national agricultural frontier and the guidelines for territorial management for agricultural uses. These measures strengthen land-use planning by clarifying the delimitation of areas suitable for agricultural expansion and by guiding production systems towards sustainable use, better aligning agricultural development with conservation objectives.

Policies promoting inclusion and equity in rural areas were reinforced in 2025–26. New regulatory frameworks, particularly reforms to the governance of indigenous territories and land information systems, were adopted to strengthen the governance and financing of indigenous territories, as well as to improve co-ordination and information systems related to land tenure. In parallel, a dedicated programme was introduced to facilitate access to land for the Rrom population, reflecting continued efforts to address disparities in land access and strengthen the rights of ethnic communities.

Colombia continued to implement climate adaptation initiatives in the agricultural sector, notably by scaling up agro‑climatic information systems and participatory extension mechanisms. Recent efforts have focused on expanding the use of tailored climate services, such as seasonal forecasts and decision‑support tools developed with international partners, and on strengthening local technical agroclimatic committees, which translate climate information into farm‑level recommendations. These initiatives, often supported through international co‑operation programmes, aim to improve farmers’ capacity to manage climate risks and adopt adaptive practices across priority value chains.

Trade policy developments in 2025-26

In 2025 and early 2026, Colombia suspended the Andean Price Band System (SAFP) for selected products, which continued to be subject to fixed import tariffs, including rice, powdered milk, white maize and whey. During the suspension period, these products were subject to fixed MFN import tariffs established by the national authorities rather than the variable duties of the SAFP. Preferential tariff treatment continued to apply under Colombia's trade agreements, including those with the United States, the European Union and the Andean Community, subject to the relevant tariff schedules and quotas (WTO, 2025[1]).

At the same time, Colombia continued to actively adjust import duties under the SAFP mechanism, with periodic revisions affecting products such as cereals, oilseeds, and dairy. Some additional tariff measures were applied in specific sectors, including dairy products, reflecting ongoing use of trade policy instruments to manage domestic market conditions. In March 2026, Colombia repealed anti-dumping duties on frozen fries imported from Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands following the implementation of WTO rulings in dispute DS591.3 The measure was terminated through Resolution 108 of 11 March 2026.

Policy context

Key economic and agricultural statistics

Colombia is the only South American country that borders both the Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) and the Pacific Ocean. The country has a surface of 1.1 million km² and has abundant agricultural land and fresh water, is mega-biodiverse and rich in natural minerals and fossil fuels. Agriculture is an important sector for the economy, accounting for 14.3% of employment and 9.3% of the GDP in 2024. Colombia has a dualistic distribution of land ownership where traditional subsistence smallholders co-exist with large-scale commercial farms. The sector makes a significant contribution to the country’s trade, with agro-food exports accounting for 22.8% of all exports in 2024.

Table 9.2. Colombia: Contextual indicators

	Colombia		International comparison
	2000*	2024*	2000*	2024*
Economic context			Share in total of all countries
GDP (billion USD in PPPs)	265	1 138	0.7%	0.7%
Population (million)	38	52	0.9%	0.9%
Land area (thousand km2)	1 110	1 110	1.3%	1.3%
Agricultural area (AA) (thousand ha)	44 859	40 483	1.5%	1.4%
			All countries1
Population density (inhabitants/km2)	35	47	52	64
GDP per capita (USD in PPPs)	6 776	21 509	9 508	31 740
Trade as % of GDP	12.5	13.6	12.3	15.0
Agriculture in the economy			All countries1
Agriculture in GDP (%)	8.3	9.3	3.0	3.6
Agriculture share in employment (%)	20.3	14.3	-	-
Agro-food exports (% of total exports)	22.3	22.8	6.4	8.3
Agro-food imports (% of total imports)	12.8	14.0	6.1	7.5
Characteristics of the agricultural sector			All countries1
Crop in total agricultural production (%)	59.1	55.0	62.1	60.4
Livestock in total agricultural production (%)	40.9	45.0	37.9	39.6
Share of arable land in AA (%)	6.3	6.3	33.0	34.0

Note: *or closest available year.

1. Average of all countries covered in this report.

Sources: OECD statistical databases; International Labour Organisation (ILO); UN Comtrade; World Bank, WDI; FAO database and national data.

In 2025, Colombia’s real GDP growth was 2.8%. Employment, which had suffered from the COVID-19 pandemic, started recovering since 2022. The unemployment rate has been decreasing and reached 8.3% in 2025. After three years of continuous increase, inflation decreased in 2024 to 6.61% and to 5.15% in 2025.

Colombia is a net exporter of agricultural and food products with a net surplus of USD 2 360 million in 2024. For 2024, 56% of agro-food exports are for final consumption, while 44% are sold as intermediate inputs for use in manufacturing sectors in foreign markets. Most agro-food imports (62%) are in the form of intermediates for further processing in the country.

Colombia has witnessed an output growth of 1.8% for the period 2014-23. This growth is mostly due to primary production factors use growth (0.9%), intermediate input growth (0.1%), and to Total Factor Productivity (TFP) that contributed to output growth with 0.8%. Agriculture contributed 31.6% of GHG emissions in 2024, well above the OECD average of 10.3%. In contrast, the nitrogen balance (20.2) was lower than the OECD average (29) in 2024.

Table 9.3. Colombia: Productivity and environmental indicators

	Colombia		International comparison
	1991-2000	2014-23	1991-2000	2014-23
			World
TFP annual growth rate (%)	0.8%	0.8%	1.8%	0.8%
			OECD average
Environmental indicators	2000*	2024*	2000*	2024*
Nitrogen balance, kg/ha	11.8	20.2	32.3	29.0
Phosphorus balance, kg/ha	6.1	10.0	3.3	2.3
Agriculture share of total energy use (%)¹	5.8	1.5	1.7	2.0
Agriculture share of GHG emissions (%)	35.2	31.6	8.7	10.3
Share of irrigated land in AA (%)	..	0.7	-	-
Share of agriculture in water abstractions (%)	..	..	46.1	47.7
Water stress indicator	..	..	..	..

Note: * or closest available year.

1. Data are not directly comparable between time periods due to change in methodology in 2013.

Sources: USDA Economic Research Service, Agricultural Productivity database; OECD statistical databases; FAO database and national data.

Historical trends in agricultural policies

The agricultural sector has played an important role in Colombia’s economic growth. Commercial agriculture began a phase of rapid expansion in the 1960s. Growth, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, was partly a response to policy incentives to mechanise and intensify the use of modern inputs, and partly a consequence of the sector’s protection from imports. The coffee booms of the 1970s and the 1980s coincided with strong growth in agricultural and total GDP. Until the beginning of the 1990s, agriculture was the largest productive sector of Colombia. Over this period, import substitution policies were used, including tariffs, quantitative restrictions, state marketing enterprise, subsided credit and minimum prices (Anderson and Valdes, 2007[2]).

At the beginning of the 1990s, Colombia experimented with more open trade. The government monopoly on agricultural marketing was eliminated, and private banks were encouraged to lend to farmers and agricultural exporters. To diversify the markets for Colombian agro-food products, the government negotiated trade agreements with Mercosur, the United States, Central America, Chile, Canada, and the European Union (OECD, 2015[3]).

This economy-wide programme of trade liberalisation was combined with deregulated foreign exchange rates and labour markets. Quantitative trade restrictions were abolished and import tariffs reduced and replaced by ad valorem tariffs. The role of IDEMA (Instituto de Mercadeo Agropecuario), the agricultural marketing institute that had a monopoly over grain imports, was reduced and its operation limited to poor areas with less access to markets. Minimum guaranteed prices were established for some staple commodities, with international prices used as a benchmark (Anderson and Valdes, 2007[2]).

However, this liberalisation was too rapid for farmers to adjust, putting the sector in crisis. Towards the end of the 1990s, the government implemented policies to protect the sector and stabilise producer incomes in the face of price fluctuations in world markets. Colombia adopted a price band system for six agricultural commodities, along with their substitutes and derivatives was introduced. This eventually evolved into the Andean Price Band System (Sistema Andino de Franjas de Precios – SAFP) and incorporated more products. The construction of the price bands, which fixed the floor and ceiling prices, raised the protection of domestic goods against imports.

Moreover, the Price Stabilisation Funds (Fondos de Estabilización de Precios, FEPs) originally created for cocoa and cotton, were expanded to also cover palm oil, sugar cane, beef, and milk. The FEPs make payments to producers when the selling price of a product falls below a minimum (floor) price. When the sales price of a product is higher than an established maximum (ceiling) price, producers contribute to the FEPs. While these funds currently do not represent government outlays, the government provided the initial capital for their set-up.

After 56 years of conflict between the government, paramilitary groups and guerrilla groups, a peace agreement was signed in 2016 by the government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). The peace negotiations resulted in an agreement with a common vision for rural development. It sets out a long-term plan for the sector focusing on the use of land and water resources, increased productivity and competitiveness, improved infrastructure and other public goods for the agricultural sector, and a redefined institutional architecture to design and implement policy (Colombian Government, 2016[4]).

Since 2022, more emphasis has been put on land reform, sustainability, productivity, rural and territorial development, as well as rural services such as rural roads, digital coverage, and housing.

Table 9.4. Colombia: Agricultural policy trends

Period	Broader framework	Changes in agricultural policies
Prior to 1990s	Import substitution policies	Tariffs on agricultural inputs and outputs Other border measures establish tariff rate quotas (TRQs) Minimum prices Export promotion and subsidies for traditional crops (coffee, sugar) State marketing agency (government purchases of agricultural products) Subsided agricultural credit Export taxes
1990-2013	Back and forth changes to trade liberalisation and measures to offset economic crisis Changes to trade liberalisation and some protection measures	Role of the state marketing company reduced and later increased for marketing cereals and oilseeds Reduction of tariffs for both agricultural outputs and inputs Export subsidies Several FTAs signed The price band system evolves into the Andean Price Band System (SAFP), expanding its coverage from a limited number of agricultural commodities to a broader set of products and by-products Quantitative import restrictions created Direct payments introduced Expansion of price stabilisation funds to other crops
2013-2022	Peace negotiations and agreement	Focus on agricultural innovation and public goods Focus on productivity, competitiveness, and rural development Efforts to improve the land tenure system
2022-present	Agrarian reform Agricultural inequalities	Emphasis on land rights, land restitution, land access Emphasis on small-scale farmers and gender issues Emphasis on sustainable productivity and territorial development

References

[2] Anderson, K. and A. Valdes (2007), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Latin America, World Bank, Washington DC, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/518211468170062688/Distortions-to-agricultural-incentives-in-Latin-America.

[4] Colombian Government (2016), Final agreement to end the armed conflict and build a stable and lasting peace, https://www.peaceagreements.org/viewmasterdocument/1845.

[3] OECD (2015), OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Colombia 2015, OECD Review of Agricultural Policies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264227644-en.

[1] WTO (2025), Trade Policy Review. Colombia, WTO, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s472_e.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com.

Notes

← 1.  See: https://colombia.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/2026-01/infography_eng_dec2025_final.pdf.

← 2.  Decree 33 of 2025: https://www.funcionpublica.gov.co/eva/gestornormativo/norma_pdf.php?i=259621.

← 3.  See WTO | dispute settlement - the disputes - DS591: Colombia - Anti-Dumping Duties on Frozen Fries from Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands.