The Geography of Choice

Annex B. Additional figures and tables

Figure A B.1. Most FUAs have no large commuting outflow to a single other functional area, but some show strong links

Share of FUAs by the size of their largest commuting outflow to a single other functional area

Note: The figure shows the share of FUAs by the size of their largest commuting outflow to a single other functional area. The largest commuting outflow is measured as the share of working residents living in a FUA who commute to the same other functional area. “Higher than self-containment” identifies FUAs where more working residents commute to the same functional area than work within the FUA where they live.

Source: OECD calculations based on FRA boundaries shared by the EC-JRC and data from the OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas database http://oe.cd/geostats.

Table A B.1. FRA-FUA results for France are robust to different FRA parametrisations

Criterion	Measure	50 000 people 20 + 45 minutes	25 000 people 30 + 45 minutes	25 000 people 30 + 60 minutes	50 000 people 30 + 60 minutes
Cohesion	Number of daily systems	337	329	269	286
Autonomy	Global self-containment	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86
Autonomy	Median self-containment	0.75	0.75	0.77	0.77
Autonomy	Minimum self-containment	0.27	0.27	0.27	0.24
Balance	1 – Gini (job ratio)	0.95	0.95	0.95	0.95
Cohesion	Global interaction index CS	0.0039	0.0039	0.0035	0.0036
Homogeneity	1 – Gini (area)	0.64	0.64	0.62	0.61
Homogeneity	1 – Gini (working population)	0.31	0.32	0.37	0.36

Note: The four specifications vary by the parameters used in the construction of the Functional Rural Areas. The two time-parameters refer to time thresholds below which the FRA algorithm combines FRAs / above which it never combines FRAs. The population parameter describes the minimum population size, which the algorithm only violates if it would imply driving times above the higher time parameter. Only the FRAs change between the different versions, the jointly evaluated FUAs remain the same. Higher values indicate better performance for all measures.

Source: OECD calculations based on FRA boundaries shared by the EC-JRC and data from the OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas database http://oe.cd/geostats.

Table A B.2. Number of FRAs and FUAs used for the analysis in subsection 3.1; and in subsection 3.2 where commuting data are available

Country	Number of FRAs	Number of FUAs
AUS	180	18
AUT	52	8
BEL	29	13
BGR	53	13
CAN	437	26
CHE	37	14
CHL	89	26
COL	260	53
CZE	71	12
DEU	327	89
DNK	37	4
ESP	219	68
EST	11	3
FIN	67	7
FRA	356	69
GBR	84	86
GRC	112	15
HRV	39	5
HUN	71	12
IRL	36	5
ISL	9	1
ITA	310	83
JPN	213	61
KOR	64	22
LTU	20	6
LUX	2	1
LVA	12	3
MEX	601	92
NLD	29	33
NOR	106	4
POL	233	55
PRT	69	12
ROU	124	32
SVK	45	7
SVN	15	2
SWE	92	12
USA	1259	211

Note: Number of FRAs and FUAs used for the analysis in subsection 3.1; and in subsection 3.2 where commuting data are available.

Source: OECD calculations based on FRA boundaries shared by the EC-JRC and data from the OECD Regions, Cities and Local Areas database http://oe.cd/geostats.