OECD Youth Policy Toolkit

Report

26 November 2024

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5. Pillar VI – Administrative and technical capacities to address age-based discrimination

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The OECD Council recommends that Adherents to the Recommendation on Creation Better Opportunities for Young People (OECD, 2022[1]) reinforce administrative and technical capacities to deliver youth-responsive services and address age‑based inequalities through close collaboration across all levels of government.

Recommendation VI.1

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Improve the collection, use and sharing of data and evidence disaggregated by age, sex and all other relevant characteristic to track inequalities among young people from diverse backgrounds and across age groups, and inform decision-making.

Relevance

Young people are a heterogeneous group, with diverse characteristics, which may differ depending on national circumstances, including socio‑economic status and geographic area, age, gender, race and ethnicity, Indigeneity, migrant status, (dis)ability status and all other identities young people associate with, and their intersections (OECD, 2022[1]). Failing to acknowledge the unique experiences and needs of young people in the design and delivery of policies and services can perpetuate existing inequalities within and across generations. By collecting disaggregated data, governments can identify and address differentiated impacts of public policies, programmes and services across different age groups with diverse characteristics. Age disaggregated data allows policy makers to identify and understand the unique challenges faced by diverse youth populations, enabling them to develop targeted interventions and promote equal opportunities. It also helps policy makers examine and understand the disparities that exist across different generations and age groups. Age‑disaggregated data is a powerful enabler to understand the unique challenges faced by young people and across age cohorts, customise interventions, measure progress, promote inclusion and support evidence‑based policy making.

However, data from the OECD Youth Governance Surveys indicate that while 88% of the entities in charge of youth affairs across the OECD countries report to collect evidence to inform their design of National Youth Strategy, only around half (53%) of these entities report collecting age‑disaggregated data (OECD, 2020[2]). Moreover, the systematic collection and use of age‑disaggregated data vary significantly across policy domains. Evidence gaps are more pronounced in certain areas including social inclusion of vulnerable groups (45% of surveyed entities in charge of youth affairs reported facing challenges in this area), youth participation in public life (42%), conflict prevention (36%) and youth rights (36%), although gaps also exist in health (19%), employment (13%) and education (13%) domains (OECD, 2020[2]). As a consequence, the specific needs of young people might not be adequately assessed or considered in policy design, service delivery and allocation of public budgets, posing threats to widening inequalities across age groups.

Delivering youth-responsive policies and services that leave no one behind requires greater investment in quality age‑disaggregated data. To bridge evidence gaps, policy makers need to acquire the skills and capacities to ensure the availability and accessibility of age‑disaggregated data in collaboration with statistics agencies, line ministries and non-governmental stakeholders. Use of age disaggregated data across all stages of the policy cycle, including research, policy formulation, implementation and monitoring/evaluation enables targeted policy design, efficient resource allocation and ongoing assessment for better policy outcomes.

Box 5.1. Young People’s Voices

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“We need to collect social demographic data for different age groups so that the needs and experiences of young people from different groups can be better understood. It would be great if we could do a better job at collecting and using intersectional data.”

Young people mention the collection and use of disaggregated data and evidence (including through digital channels) as key to address age‑based inequalities, while recognising the need for governments to ensure a safe and responsible use of data. They stress the need for data and evidence to be disaggregated by age as well as all other relevant characteristics in an intersectoral way to ensure policies effectively respond to their diverse needs.

Consultations with young people and youth organisations

Policies and Practices

1. Establishing clear arrangements for age‑disaggregated data collection and sharing, and improving the interoperability between data systems across sectors, while safeguarding the digital security of personal data.

2. Systematically gathering age‑disaggregated data and indicators across all policy and service areas in co‑ordination with national statistics offices and line ministries and, where relevant, with universities and other research institutions.

3. Systematically gathering age‑disaggregated evidence in the targeting, elaboration, monitoring and evaluation of laws, policies and programmes.

4. Equipping policy makers with adequate skills, resources and capacities to ensure the availability, accessibility and use of age‑disaggregated data.

Youth specific OECD indicators

Continuous and systematic collection of age-disaggregated data by the government entity in charge of youth affairs, line ministries and independent statistics authority (OECD, 2020[2])
National youth strategy setting measurable objectives and targets (OECD, 2020[2])
National youth strategy defining key performance indicators linked to the objectives and targets (OECD, 2020[2])
Establishing specific mechanisms to ensure the quality of the data collected (OECD, 2020[2])
Government entity in charge of youth affairs preparing progress reports on a regular basis (OECD, 2020[2])
Government entity in charge of youth affairs informing decision-making with the evidence produced in monitoring and evaluation efforts (OECD, 2020[2])
Government entity in charge of youth affairs making regular evaluations publicly accessible (OECD, 2020[2])

Gender-Based Analysis Plus (GBA Plus) – Canada

Context

In Canada, based on median income and wages for people aged 25‑54, the gender gap stood at 28% in favour of men in terms annual employment income and at 12% in terms of hourly wages (full-time). Moreover, women account only for 19% of board members of publicly traded companies. To address systemic inequalities, the Government of Canada employs an analytical process known as Gender-based Analysis Plus (GBA Plus). Its original iteration as GBA primarily focused on gender differences, the “Plus” was adopted in 2011 to encourage the consideration of multiple factors that shape experiences, perspectives and outcomes, beyond sex and gender. GBA Plus is an analytical tool that supports the development of responsive and inclusive policies, programmes and initiatives. GBA Plus is a process for understanding who is impacted by the issue or opportunity being addressed by the initiative, identifying how the initiative could be tailored to meet diverse needs of the most impacted and anticipating and mitigating any barriers to accessing or benefitting from the initiative. GBA Plus is an intersectional analysis that goes beyond biological (sex) and socio-cultural (gender) differences to consider other factors, such as age, disability, education, ethnicity, economic status, geography (including rurality), language, race, religion and sexual orientation. GBA Plus aims to create more inclusive policies that better serve all members of society by taking intersecting identify factors into account.

Description

GBA Plus is applied by the Canadian Government to reduce inequalities in a variety of initiatives, including policies, programmes and legislations. The GBA Plus process includes the collection of intersectional and disaggregated data, understanding the project’s context and asking analytical questions to assess whether the project may have direct and indirect benefits, or negative impacts on diverse population groups. Ensuring broad participation, considering lived experiences and asking, “who is missing at the table?” helps policy makers to identify potential issues of importance to communities during the assessment. While GBA Plus is most impactful when applied in the early stages of an initiative, it can be applied throughout the whole policy making cycle. Some questions to consider for incorporating GBA Plus in these stages are: “What kinds of disaggregated quantitative or qualitative data would be important in understanding the different ways that diverse groups experience this initiative?”, “Do all people have equitable access to the programme or service? If not, what are the barriers to access?”, “Do diverse groups within the target audience access information in the same ways?”. The application of GBA Plus allows for a detailed and specific description of positive and adverse effects, as well as enhancement and mitigation options. Women and Gender Equality Canada (WAGE) and the Canada School of Public Service provide public servants and federal officials with training on the GBA Plus process. As of 2023‑24, 93% of departments and agencies used the GBA Plus online course or the WAGE departmental website to support GBA Plus.

Outcomes

According to the 2022-23 Departmental Results Report of Women and Gender Equality (Government of Canada, 2024[3]), although all Canadians benefit from the application of GBA Plus, certain groups particularly benefit from its application, notably women, young people and individuals living on a low income. Since 2017, Canada extended the application of GBA Plus to its federal budget. For instance, the Gender Results Framework, introduced as part of Budget 2018, incorporates specific goals related to young people, such as the reduction of gender gaps in reading and numeracy skills among youth, including indigenous young people. GBA Plus has also revealed important outcomes across policy programmes and initiatives. In the field of health, GBA Plus revealed that during puberty, girls are more susceptible to concussions than boys, facing distinct symptoms and slower recovery. By ensuring that health studies include an intersectional and gender lens, GBA Plus helps policy makers inform more targeted health policies. In the field of climate policy, GBA Plus highlighted that women living in poverty disproportionately experience the impacts of climate change, leading to targeted measures to strengthen their involvement in the design and implementation of federal climate initiatives.

LUPP youth survey (Local Follow-up of Youth Policy) – Sweden

Context

Evidence‑based policy making needs to be supported by quality data – to identify priorities, target solutions and monitor impact. Data on youth outcomes should be granular and made available at all levels of government, including regional and municipal governments which frequently have important responsibilities for education, housing and social protection as well as culture, sport and recreation. To strengthen evidence‑based policy making, Swedish municipalities have banded together to create the LUPP (a local follow-up of youth policy) survey tool, now managed by the Swedish Agency for Youth and Civil Society and administered locally.

Description

The LUPP tool was launched in 2003 in consultation with local governments and has since spread across Sweden, becoming a critical policy design tool for the central government’s Swedish Agency for Youth and Civil Society and subnational governments alike. The survey provides policy makers with insights into young people’s lived experiences to inform the design and delivery of youth-oriented public services. Survey questions span across multiple topics including the local conditions for a good quality of life, opportunities for young people to influence these conditions, their sense of security, stress, thoughts about the future and other aspects including leisure, school, health and education. Since its inception, over 175 of Sweden’s 290 municipalities – covering more than 60% of the Swedish population – have implemented the survey. It is primarily delivered to two age cohorts: upper high-school (aged ~17‑18) and lower high-school (aged ~14‑15). Municipalities generally conduct the survey every 2‑3 years to monitor progress. The data is analysed by academic researchers and policy makers who put it into policy use. For example, several municipalities directly engage with schools to present survey results, showing how they inform their local Agenda 2030 policies and asking students for feedback. Other municipalities have used the results to tackle issues that came to light through the survey such as sense of safety and stress, with working groups being established to find solutions with schools, local government and civil society. While the privacy of young respondents is protected, the Agency also hosts a digital portal (Lupportalen) where researchers and policy makers can access data and conduct comparative analysis within and across regions and municipalities. At the national level, youth policy monitoring and evaluation includes indicators across multiple dimensions. The web portal ungidag.se presents up-to-date official statistics on young people’s conditions provided by Statistics Sweden, government agencies and the Swedish Sports Confederation (Riksidrottsförbundet) with 60 indicators covering education and learning, physical and mental health, economic and social vulnerability, influence and representation, work and housing, culture and leisure. The data is used to evaluate implemented youth policy and to update or formulate new policy proposals and assignments for government agencies. The combination of the bottom-up picture provided by LUPP and the comprehensive snapshot covered in ungidag.se equip policy makers with an evidence base for youth policy that can be both spatially targeted and national in scope.

Outcomes

An independent review of the programme was published in 2019 covering the 2015‑18 period. Overwhelmingly, surveyed municipalities and regions have put the tool to use, with 81% having used the tool to make comparisons over time and 70% indicating that it has directly resulted in changes to how youth policy is conducted locally. The survey has also been widely disseminated within communities, with the evaluation showing a large portion of municipalities/regions having shared the results with politicians (92%), administrations (81%), teachers (78%), young people (75%) and associations (17%). It has also helped to tackle youth policy collaboratively, with 64% of municipalities/regions noting that the LUPP tool has led to cross-sector collaboration in addressing youth issues in their area.

National Youth Survey – Costa Rica

Context

National youth surveys are important tools to shed light on young people’s situations and provide policy makers with evidence. In Costa Rica, the National Council for Public Policy on Young People (CPJ), a decentralised body attached to the Ministry of Culture and Youth, has the mandate to promote research on young people, as stipulated in Law 8 261, Article 12. Within its mandate, the CPJ has undertaken national youth surveys in 2007, 2013 and 2018. These surveys aim to analyse young people’s perspectives on the exercise of their rights and provide insights to guide policies for young people between 15 and 35 years old.

Description

The 2018 National Youth Survey design, field work, and data analysis was carried out by the School of Statistics of the University of Costa Rica as a cooperation for the Council of the Young Person. The sample size for each National Youth Survey is approximately 6 500 homes throughout the country. The questionnaire consists of around 100 questions, with a maximum of 5% open-ended questions. A pilot test is carried out with 50 interviews to evaluate and revise the questionnaire. The survey gathers data on young people on education, work, violence, mental health, sexual and reproductive health, participation, knowledge of institutions, compliance with rights, among other topics. Data is disaggregated by age and sex, at the national level and by MIDEPLAN1 regions. Survey results provide policy makers, academics and related authorities with the necessary scientific background for the development and improvement of policies for young people.

Outcomes

The results of the National Youth Surveys have been used as basis for different national policies on young people in different areas of action. The diagnosis of the situation of young people presented in the results of the 2018 survey guided the Youth Public Policy 2020-24. The 2013 and 2017 National Youth Surveys revealed that more than 55% of young people perceive a lack of access to closed sports facilities. The survey also revealed a gender gap in access to sports, with young women reporting 1 hour access to sports per week compared to 1 hour and 55 minutes for men. To improve young people’s access to sports, Costa Rica developed the National Policy on Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity 2020‑30. The insights from the 2007 and 2018 surveys on the sexual and reproductive health of young people informed the second part of the National Sexuality Policy 2010‑21 and the National Strategic Plan for the Health of Adolescents 2021‑30. The 2007 survey revealed that among a national sample of adolescents aged 15 to 17, there was a notable prevalence of initial sexual experiences occurring between the ages of 10 and 13. This trend was more pronounced in rural areas compared to urban areas. Consequently, sexual abuse became a priority item in the government’s agenda, which led to the development of the Action Plan – Interinstitutional Council for Adolescent Mother Care 2012‑16.

Recommendation VI.2

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Promote an integrated approach to youth policy making, service delivery and youth-responsive policy outcomes across all relevant sectors.

Relevance

The needs of young people do not exist in isolation; they range across all policy and service areas including, but not limited to education, employment, health, housing, justice and environment. Numerous initiatives addressing the needs of young people, ranging from programmes targeting specific groups to programmes responding to national concerns, frequently intersect at the local level, where most services that influence young people are provided (World Bank, 2007[22]). An integrated approach to policy making ensures that efforts across different policy areas are aligned, avoids duplication of resources and optimises the effectiveness of interventions. Establishing a clearly defined set of national objectives for young people and ensuring active involvement of key ministries and stakeholders enhances accountability and improves youth outcomes.

National youth strategies are an important tool in ensuring government-wide strategic planning and enabling a co‑ordinated approach among relevant stakeholders. As of April 2020, 76% of OECD countries have an operational national or federal multi-year youth strategy in place (OECD, 2020[2]). Data from the 2020 OECD Youth Governance Survey highlights the need to invest in the quality of national youth strategies, with only 20% of them being fully participatory, budgeted, monitored and evaluated (OECD, 2020[2]). Yet, adopting a national youth strategy alone is not sufficient. Identifying clear institutional mandates, providing adequate resources and establishing mechanisms for cross-institutional co‑ordination are necessary to promote integrated policies and services that can address young people’s needs. Effective governance arrangements are also crucial for the optimal use of limited public resources and for driving economic growth. For instance, access to education can significantly influence future employment opportunities and health outcomes. Moreover, individuals who experience unemployment during their initial post-graduation years are more likely to face lower wages, restricted job opportunities and reduced pension benefits, resulting in substantial economic costs for societies (OECD, 2020[23]).

An integrated approach to youth policy making and service delivery is therefore crucial for breaking down silos, delivering more effectively and achieving better outcomes for young people. Promoting an integrated approach is a strategic investment for prosperous and inclusive societies.

Box 5.2. Young People’s Voices

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“Governments need to communicate on the concrete actions they implement for young people, their results and impact across different areas that matter to youth.”

Young people emphasise the role of integrated youth strategies in mainstreaming young people’s perspectives across policy areas. They note that these strategies facilitate better co‑ordination between government departments, making policies more responsive to the diverse needs of young people. They point out the importance of involving youth in the development and implementation of these strategies to enhance their effectiveness and relevance.

Consultations with young people and youth organisations

Policies and Practices

1. Developing youth policy that is evidence‑based, transparent, participatory, inclusive and cross-sectoral, and is supported by political commitment, adequate resources, and effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.

2. Considering the elaboration of youth strategies, at the appropriate level(s) of government, including national, regional and local, and ensure these provide a comprehensive and integrated approach to improve social and economic outcomes as well as civic and public participation.

3. Identifying clear institutional mandates, providing adequate resources and establishing effective co‑ordination mechanism and incentives for horizontal and vertical co‑ordination to ensure the coherent delivery of youth policy and services.

4. Providing accessible, barrier-free, people‑centred and user-friendly public services for young people including through digital means, to facilitate their access to information and counselling across all public service areas, including to legal, juvenile and other justice services.

Youth specific OECD indicators

Existence of a National Youth Strategy (OECD, 2020[2])
Extent to which the National Youth Strategy is aligned with the eight principles of good governance of the OECD Assessment Framework for National Youth Strategies (OECD, 2020[2])
Existence of inter-ministerial co-ordination mechanisms in the field of youth policy (OECD, 2020[2])
% of people reporting satisfaction with the quality of administrative services by age group (OECD, 2024[24])
% of people reporting they think it is likely that public employees would treat all people equally regardless of their income level, gender identity, sexual orientation, ethnicity or country of origin, by age group (OECD, 2024[24])

Youth strategies – Mexico, the Slovak Republic, Spain and the European Union

Context

Youth-related matters span across multiple portfolios. Many OECD members, including Mexico, the Slovak Republic, Spain and the European Union, have developed youth strategies to facilitate policy planning and service delivery across the whole‑of-government and address the diverse needs of young people.

Description

In Mexico, the National Youth Programme 2019‑24 (Projuventud) aligns with the National Development Plan and operates across three key axes, targeting people aged 12‑29. Firstly, it strengthens collaboration with academics and experts to improve youth policies. Secondly, it conducts consultations with young people through calls, surveys and debates, aiming to integrate their demands into national youth policy. Consultations ensure diverse participation from young people, including girls, adolescents, the indigenous population and the LGBTTTIQ+2 community. Thirdly, it establishes co‑operation mechanisms between levels of government to address the needs of young people. The Slovak Republic’s Youth Strategy 2021‑28 has been developed with the collaborative effort of representatives from 300 relevant governmental and non-governmental entities. An Interdepartmental Working Group for State Youth Policy within the Ministry of Education oversees its implementation and monitoring. In Spain, the National Youth Strategy 2022‑30 was developed by the Spanish Youth Institute (INJUVE) based on evidence disaggregated by age, educational background, employment, housing and electoral participation. The Strategy was designed with the participation of ministries, regional youth directorates and civil society organisations, including the Spanish Youth Council and more than 40 national youth organisations. It has a focus on young women, LGBTIQ3 people, young immigrants, Roma people and young people with disabilities. Annual Social Dialogue Roundtables gather representatives of civil society, youth councils and relevant ministries to discuss implementation progress.

The European Union Youth Strategy (EUYS) for 2019‑27 aims to foster youth participation in civic, democratic and social life through several instruments and programmes. Notably, the EU Youth Dialogue fosters dialogue between decision-makers and young people through a wide range of activities. The European Commission Youth Network aims to mainstream youth policy and enhance cross-sector co‑operation by providing a forum for representatives of Commission Directorate‑Generals and Services to exchange on good practices and tools linked to working for and with youth.

Outcomes

In Spain, the Strategy has reinforced cross-ministerial collaboration, notably through the Inter-ministerial Commission for Youth. The Strategy will be evaluated in 2024 and 2028 through impact indicators. Since the launch of the strategy, the government has introduced new measures in support of young people, including on access to adequate housing (e.g. through renting vouchers) and on access to employment, with targeted measures on the working conditions of young people. In Mexico, the System for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Youth Policy (SIMEJUV) monitors government actions and programmes, assessing their impact on young people. The European Commission has conducted an interim evaluation of its Youth Strategy, which highlights the EUYS’s role in setting a strategic co‑operation framework in a cost-efficient way as well as the EU Youth Dialogue’s effectiveness in engaging young people. At the same time, the evaluation outlines areas for further improvement. The European Commission Youth Network is also instrumental to promote youth mainstreaming.

The National Youth Work and Youth Policy Programme 2020‑23 – Finland

Context

The National Youth Work and Youth Policy Programme (VANUPO) in Finland is a cross-administrative programme that aims to improve the conditions in which young people live and grow by bringing together relevant youth policy actors. Since 2017 and every four years, the government defines its youth objectives and measures for attaining them. The programme also outlines youth work policy decisions, including the priorities determining the selection of national centres of excellence in the youth sector for this programme period, and sets Finland’s national objectives for European and international activities in the youth sector.

Description

The National Youth Work and Youth Policy Programme was adopted as a government resolution to provide guidelines to support young people in their activities and their work based on the Youth Act (1 285/2016). The programme targets all young people under the age of 29 years (1.8 million individuals in Finland) with a particular focus on those aged 12‑25. It aims to address youth exclusion and strengthen youth involvement in policy making with three key objectives: promoting equal opportunities for young people and addressing social exclusion; equipping young people with the means and skills for participating and influencing policy making; fostering the safety of young people. To integrate young people’s perspectives into decision-making, the programme operates through three sections: co‑ordinating policy goals, setting objectives for European and international activities, and outlining government’s support to youth work. To ensure effective implementation, the programme works in co‑operation with other programmes and cross-cutting government initiatives, including the Equality Programme, the Programme for the Promotion of Digitalisation, and the Programme to Address Reform in Child and Family Services. Schools and municipalities are involved alongside key stakeholders, including the Centre of Government, relevant national ministries, government agencies and civil society organisations.

Outcomes

At the end of each government term, the State Youth Council carries out an assessment of the National Youth Work and Youth Policy Programme to evaluate the extent to which objectives were attained and suggests recommendations for the subsequent period. The government’s youth policy programme encompasses 71 measures across 15 categories. The most recent evaluation, covering the 2020‑23 period, involved interviews, surveys, memoranda and reports. The data indicates that three‑quarters of the measures have been executed, with 51 fully implemented and 11 partially implemented or in progress. Successfully completed measures include a targeted focus on youth homelessness, living conditions, financial management and building financial literacy. Additionally, measures encouraging social inclusion among young people, particularly migrants, exhibited success. The programme positively impacted democracy and human rights education, fostering youth involvement in democratic processes and climate policy discussions. It also reinforced cross-administrative collaboration by identifying cross-administrative objectives, enabling the exchange of information and avoiding duplication of efforts, notably through the establishment of an inter-ministerial working group. Data also indicated that multidisciplinary co‑operation among young people has been strengthened and that well-being among young people has been promoted.

Methodology of Youth Policy Implementation Assessment – Lithuania

Context

Lithuania’s Agency of Youth Affairs develops and implements the national youth strategy and co‑ordinates policies and services relevant to young people across ministries and agencies. The Agency meets annually with municipalities to establish youth policy objectives and set evaluation criteria, ensuring alignment between policy planning at the national level and implementation at the municipal level. Specific indicators are established in consultation with each municipal administration and their designated youth affairs co‑ordinator, aligning with national priorities outlined by the Ministry of Social Security and Labour. The Agency collects activity reports on the implementation of youth policy, which are used to evaluate the performance of municipalities. The assessment is carried out in accordance with the criteria outlined in the Methodology of Youth Policy Implementation Assessment. This Methodology is defined according to the Youth Policy Framework Law and targets young people aged 14‑29. It aims to maximise the efficiency of the measures and programmes implemented concerning youth policy at the local level.

Description

The assessment is based on four youth policy fields: youth work, volunteering, youth participation and evidence‑based youth policy. It considers a range of factors, including the role and functions of the youth affairs co‑ordinator outlined in the Youth Policy Framework Law, the job description of the municipal youth affairs co‑ordinator and the measures implemented in the area of youth policy. The data collected is analysed according to nine indicators: preconditions for policy implementation, youth participation, support for young people, non-formal education, training and counselling for young people, youth information, inter-agency dimension, cross-sectoral dimension, integrity of youth policy, improvement and innovations of youth policy, and international relations and co‑operation. These assessments are conducted in co‑operation with representatives of young people and municipalities. To strengthen regional youth policy, the recommended targets emphasise the reinforcement of municipal youth affairs councils. These councils consist of representatives delegated by the municipal administration and/or municipal council, along with representatives aged 14‑29 designated by youth organisations operating within the municipality. This allows for better identification of the needs of young people, fosters the emergence of new leaders, explores innovative methods to engage disenfranchised young people in civic activities and fosters intergenerational solidarity. Monitoring is performed quarterly and an evaluation report is prepared annually. The methodology provides different points for the results achieved depending on the size of the municipality (number of inhabitants and young people). It also provides guidance on data collection across municipalities to provide the main criteria for the evaluation of youth policies.

Outcomes

The Youth Policy Implementation report published by the Youth Affairs Agency in 2022 demonstrates that 76.2% of 60 municipalities implemented the recommendations of chapter II, Section 5 of the Law on Youth Policy Framework in Lithuania. More than 70% of the recommended youth policy targets were implemented by 42 municipalities in 2022. Only four municipalities have integrated less than 50% of the recommendations. In the field of youth work, 76% of the tasks were implemented by 38 municipalities. Growing municipal financial budget on youth work is observed, new staff positions and new youth centres are established. In the area of youth participation, empowerment and representation, municipalities achieved 72.2% of the recommendations. 77.4% of municipalities have implemented recommendations on volunteering, including 14 municipalities who implemented all of them. Municipalities are enhancing awareness of youth volunteering by organising events and disseminating information in schools and through social networks. A constant increase in the number of accredited host organisations and number of young people participating in the programme is observed.

Recommendation VI.3

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Embed an intergenerational perspective into rule making, public budgeting, public procurement, infrastructure decision-making and delivery taking long-term ecological, economic and social dimensions of policies into account to ensure inclusive policy outcomes across age groups and avoid compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Relevance

Many government policies implemented today will have a far-reaching impact for younger generations in the years to come. Current decisions in various policy areas, including in environmental protection and resource management, economy, social welfare and education will significantly impact the quality of life and opportunities for future generations. Intergenerational justice refers to the principle of fairness and equity across generations, ensuring that actions of the present generations do not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

The notion of intergenerational justice gained more prominence with the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Intergenerational perspectives align with the 2030 Agenda and the principles of effective governance for sustainable development, emphasising the importance of constructing administrative acts that balance the short-term needs of today’s generation with the longer-term needs of future generations, promoting prosperity and quality of life for all (United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2018[39]). The absence of mechanisms promoting long-term considerations in policy making poses systemic barriers to intergenerational justice. The growing phenomenon of population ageing, climate change and public expenditure decisions necessitate securing a balance between the interests of present and future generations as well as between younger and older members of society.

OECD data reveals that in countries where age‑related inequalities are lower, citizens tend to express higher levels of life satisfaction overall (OECD, 2020[40]). However, the concept of intergenerational justice is currently integrated in a fragmented manner in the legal, policy and institutional structures across OECD countries. As of 2023, no OECD country had implemented a stand-alone national strategy aimed at advancing intergenerational justice. At the same time, some countries have been exploring innovative mechanisms and public management tools to integrate an intergenerational perspective across core functions of government, such as public budgeting, rulemaking and stakeholder participation. At least nine OECD countries have also enshrined the rights of future generations in their Constitution through clauses related to general, ecological or financial matters. Efforts to address intergenerational inequalities require strong co‑ordination and oversight mechanisms to prevent fragmentation in their implementation (OECD, 2020[2]). At least nine OECD countries have established bodies to monitor the implementation of government commitments to future generations. Embracing systematic collection of age‑disaggregated evidence, use of strategic foresight, establishing oversight institutions and promoting age diversity in decision-making are essential to promote intergenerational justice across government.

Box 5.3. Young People’s Voices

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“We need to do more on intergenerational communication.”

Young people stress that setting clear objectives, values and working methods from the outset to ensure an inclusive and impactful dialogue are success factors for promoting intergenerational dialogue.

Consultations with young people and youth organisations

Policies and Practices

1. Raising awareness of intergenerational justice considerations among policy makers and equipping them with adequate skills and human and financial resources to address age‑based inequalities.

2. Systematically applying public management tools such as strategic foresight and regulatory impact assessments to address inequalities across age groups and with regard to future generations,

3. Strengthening oversight and accountability mechanisms to monitor youth and intergenerational justice commitments and facilitating the legal, financial and political independence of such mechanisms.

Youth specific OECD indicators

% of people reporting confidence that the federal/national parliament/congress would adequately balance the interests of current and future generations when debating a new policy, by age group (OECD, 2024[24])
% of people reporting that their trust in the federal/central/national government is mostly impacted by whether government policies balance the interest of current and future generations, by age group (OECD, 2024[24])

Future Generations Commissioner for Wales – United Kingdom (Wales)

Context

To guide the public sector in developing policies to secure a good quality of life for both current and future generations, Wales adopted the Well-being of Future Generations Act in 2015. The Act emphasises the importance of acting today for a better tomorrow and requires public bodies in Wales to think about the long-term impact of their decisions. It also sets out seven national well-being goals for Wales: prosperous, resilient, healthier, more equal, cohesive communities, globally responsible, vibrant culture and thriving Welsh language. Statutory provisions were set out in the Act for the creation of a Future Generations Commissioner role, who is tasked with providing advice to public bodies in the implementation of the Act.

Description

The Commissioner serves as the guardian of future generations, offering advice to public bodies, Public Service Boards and policy makers to ensure the well-being of current and future generations across social, economic, environmental, and cultural aspects. The Commissioner promotes good practices among public entities for achieving well-being goals aligned with sustainable development principles4 and fosters collaboration among stakeholders. The Commissioner conducts reviews to assess how public bodies implement the Act, publishes a Future Generations Report every five years and provides recommendations to public bodies to better implement the Act. There are 15 Public Service Boards responsible for assessing the well-being of the population in their respective areas as well as setting objectives and preparing a local well-being plan with the Commissioner. 48 public bodies in Wales covered by the Act are required to use the sustainable development principle and consider long-term impact, preventative measures, integrated thinking, involvement of and collaboration with stakeholders in their actions. The Commissioner is conducting research to establish the extent to which the Act is informing procurement processes and decisions. Furthermore, the Future Generations Leadership Academy supports young people with opportunities to learn and enhance their leadership skills. The Commissioner also developed the Ways of Working Progress Checker, a tool that helps organisations progress on their journey towards sustainability.

Outcomes

The Well-being of Future Generations Act and the Future Generations Commissioner continue to play a significant role in reshaping the way Wales measures success and evaluates progress through the lens of well-being. A “Prosperous Wales” is now defined by its commitment to provide decent work and foster a low carbon society. The Act and the Commissioner have promoted the integration of intergenerational justice considerations across policy areas. For instance, public procurement contracts are measured through tools that provide opportunities to deliver on the requirements of the Act. The Welsh Government also scrapped its plan to build a motorway extension around Newport based on considerations on future generations. Wales has adopted a new purpose‑driven curriculum that puts emphasis on developing ethically informed citizens, including climate and eco-literacy to equip young learners with necessary skills for a net-zero world. Wales is also introducing a ten‑year health strategy, with the Act at its heart. In 2023, Wales launched the Future Generations Policy Toolkit, in partnership with Foundations for Tomorrow, to help advise policy makers on steps to be taken for future generations governance. The Commissioner also developed the Maturity Matrix as a tool to help track outcomes and measure impact.

Assessing the regulatory impact on young people – Austria, Belgium (Flanders), France and Germany

Context

Policy makers can leverage regulatory impact assessments (RIAs) to anticipate potential impacts on young people of new laws, policies and regulations. These tools encourage the collection of age‑disaggregated data and evidence and they can foster inter-ministerial co‑ordination and transparency. In 2020, 31 OECD countries reported using RIAs to anticipate the impacts of draft legislation on specific social groups. Austria, France, Flanders in Belgium, and Germany apply “youth checks” to promote more youth-responsive policy making. In 2024, the European Commission committed to applying a youth check when designing policies, notably by leveraging the existing Better Regulation tools, including consultations and impact assessments. Local authorities are also starting to adopt similar tools, as is the cases of the Italian cities of Parma and Bologna.

Description

Existing youth checks vary widely in terms of their legal underpinning and methodology as well as on distribution of competences, triggers for their utilisation and their integration in the policy-making process. Since 2013, the Child and Youth Impact Assessment in Austria is applied to all new legislative and regulatory proposals to evaluate their potential consequences on people aged 0‑30. This assessment is integrated in the broader system for regulatory impact assessment. Since 2008, the Child and Youth report (JoKER) in Flanders, Belgium, is fully integrated into the regulatory impact analysis assessing the effects of new regulations on people aged 0‑25. In France, since 2009, the Youth Impact Clause requires the ministry in charge of drafting new legislation/regulation to assess its impact on young people, intergenerational justice and non-discrimination in access to rights and public services as part of the general RIA process. In Germany, since 2017 the Competence Centre Youth-Check (ComYC) has been responsible for conducting the youth check. The ComYC is funded by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth and the tool is applied to legislation during the draft bill stage and after it has been dealt with by the Cabinet. The methodology of the assessment tool was developed in a participatory process with civil society, the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth and the German Research Institute for Public Administration. In January 2024, the Italian city of Parma adopted a generational impact evaluation aimed at systematically analysing and evaluating the impact of the municipality’s policies, programmes and projects aimed at young people either directly or indirectly. The introduction of the generational impact evaluation has been accompanied by the adoption of guidelines for its implementation, including areas of impact, outputs and outcomes indicators, steps to ensure a youth participatory approach and the overall process flow.

Outcomes

Youth checks allow policy makers to develop inclusive and responsive policies tailored to the evolving needs of young people, also promoting transparency, raising awareness on youth concerns among policy makers and experts, and facilitating the engagement of young people in the legislative processes. In France, each year the Orientation Council for Youth Policies presents an activity report to the government retracing its observations on the assessment of the impacts of draft legislative texts or regulations on youth. The evaluation elements are accessible on the website designated for youth by the government (jeunes.gouv.fr) to provide young people with easy access to these impact sheets. In Germany, a short version of the youth check is created in youth-friendly language. Between 2017 and 2021, ComYC examined 543 draft bills for youth-relevant issues and published 126 youth-checks. Youth-checks have been issued on legislative proposals from 11 of the 14 Federal Ministries which generated ownership across ministerial administrations. In Austria, monitoring is conducted via the Federal Performance Management Office and the lead ministry conducts an ex-post evaluation of estimations on the impact on children and youth. A support and quality control system are being developed to support line ministries in conducting the assessments and monitor outcomes.

Intergenerational Reports – Australia

Context

Understanding the impact of current policies on both the present and future is crucial for building better policies and strengthening existing ones. Australia’s economy will undergo significant transformations in the coming decades, driven by factors such as population ageing, heightened demand for care services, the expansion of digital and data technology, climate change and the net zero transition and increased geopolitical risks. To navigate these complexities, the Australian Government produces intergenerational reports. These reports offer insights into economic outlooks and the government’s budget trajectory over the next 40 years. The reports provide evidence on the long-term sustainability of current policies and how demographic, technological and other structural trends may affect the economy and allow policy makers make informed decisions.

Description

The analysis uses age‑disaggregated data on indicators including homeownership, access to education, participation on government-funded training, participation in the labour market, medical spending and migration. Through the evidence presented in the reports, the Australian Government aims to foster a more dynamic, productive and resilient economy, enhance the skills and capabilities of the workforce, benefit from opportunities presented by net zero initiatives and digitalisation and invest in the care and support economy.

Outcomes

The Intergenerational Reports highlight the significance of tackling structural budget challenges and implementing enhancements to the integrity and sustainability of the tax and transfer system. Together, these measures contribute to lowering future levels of debt, reducing the interest burden on future generations. Policy makers use the Intergenerational Reports within this framework to provide guidance to the government on the sustainability of policies, particularly their impact on the fiscal burden which disproportionately impacts younger generations. This practice hence supports the integration of considerations of intergenerational justice in public budgeting processes.

References

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[57] Ministère de la ville, de la jeunesse et des sports (2016), Création d’une « clause d’impact jeunesse » : Mieux prendre en compte la situation des jeunes dans les lois et règlements, https://www.banquedesterritoires.fr/sites/default/files/ra/%20Le%20communiqu%C3%A9%20du%20minist%C3%A8re%20de%20la%20Jeunesse.%20.pdf (accessed on 29 July 2024).

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[20] Ministry of Health (2012), Action Plan - Interinstitutional Council for Adolescent Mother Care 2012-2016, https://www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/index.php/biblioteca-de-archivos-left/documentos-ministerio-de-salud/ministerio-de-salud/planes-y-politicas-institucionales/planes-institucionales/5072-plan-de-accion-atencion-madre-adolescente/file (accessed on 30 January 2024).

[32] Moxon, D. (2023), Evaluation of participant inclusion levels within the EU Youth Dialogue, Youth Partnership, https://pjp-eu.coe.int/documents/42128013/47261884/EUYD+Inclusion+paper+-+full+report.pdf/d8de4ec9-2ce2-121e-3685-db7c0c6e0e99?t=1679063440763.

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[1] OECD (2022), Recommendation of the Council on Creating Better Opportunities for Young People, https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0474.

[2] OECD (2020), Governance for Youth, Trust and Intergenerational Justice: Fit for All Generations?, OECD Public Governance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c3e5cb8a-en.

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Notes

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← 1. MIDEPLAN is the acronym of Costa Rica’s Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy.

← 2. LGBTTTIQ+ stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Transexual, Transvestite, Intersexual, Queer, plus other identities.

← 3. LGBTIQ stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersexual, Queer.

← 4. The Future Generations Act defines Sustainable Development as: “The process of improving the economic, social, environmental and cultural well-being of Wales by taking action, in accordance with the sustainable development principle, aimed at achieving the well-being goals.” According to the Act, public bodies doing something “in accordance with the sustainable development principle” requires the body to act in a manner which seeks to ensure that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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