More Effective Social Protection for Stronger Economic Growth

Annex A. Supporting Figures and Tables

Table A A.1. Geopolitical risks are a top concern in most OECD RTM countries

Share (%) of respondents who are somewhat or very concerned about select social and economic risks in the next year or two, by country, 2024

	Becoming ill or disabled	Losing a job or self-employment income	Finding/ maintaining adequate housing	Paying all expenses and making ends meet	Accessing good-quality childcare or education for your children	Accessing good-quality LTC for elderly family members	Accessing good-quality LTC for young or working-age family members with an illness or disability	Being the victim of crime or violence	Having to give up your job to care for children, elderly relatives, or relatives with illness or disability	Accessing good-quality healthcare	Climate change	Geopolitical risks (e.g. war or terrorism)
AUT	55	35	35	47	27	51	39	47	24	62	70	82
BEL	58	27	28	42	21	44	35	47	18	45	65	76
CAN	54	52	46	55	33	49	41	50	32	73	70	70
CHL	79	74	74	80	58	71	58	83	50	84	77	73
DNK	43	35	27	36	20	39	34	34	16	42	63	71
EST	55	59	48	60	41	52	45	40	36	58	49	79
FIN	63	55	43	59	28	44	39	47	26	69	65	77
FRA	54	40	38	60	30	54	48	49	27	62	72	78
DEU	63	41	47	58	32	52	40	56	40	62	67	81
GRC	78	72	67	84	75	77	68	72	57	84	81	82
IRL	60	44	40	56	30	49	34	59	32	74	73	78
ISR	57	55	46	58	42	44	39	62	38	47	51	88
ITA	74	58	45	63	53	64	57	69	43	74	81	83
KOR	57	59	43	45	28	37	39	40	30	47	79	64
LVA	64	68	57	72	46	55	51	51	45	72	48	74
LTU	55	54	47	52	41	45	43	40	34	61	60	81
MEX	86	78	74	77	67	74	62	87	56	82	77	79
NLD	52	39	44	51	33	48	40	48	29	54	65	76
NOR	55	45	44	54	28	50	37	48	27	46	62	73
POL	63	51	38	49	36	47	36	44	31	64	56	71
PRT	78	62	57	68	55	71	60	65	49	78	82	86
SVN	67	50	40	53	36	58	49	44	36	72	67	73
ESP	84	60	65	70	53	71	65	70	51	80	79	87
CHE	54	45	45	57	27	44	36	43	25	48	67	72
TUR	76	67	62	77	68	70	62	65	52	71	78	84
GBR	56	49	41	58	33	47	39	53	32	65	69	77
USA	61	53	49	61	39	52	47	56	41	63	68	73
AVG	63	53	48	59	40	54	46	54	36	64	68	77

Note: Respondents were asked: “Thinking about the next year or two, how concerned are you about each of the following: (a) Becoming ill or disabled, (b) Losing a job or self-employment income, (c) Not being able to find/maintain adequate housing, (d) Not being able to pay all expenses and make ends meet, (e) Not being able to access good-quality childcare or education for your children (or young members of your family), (f) Not being able to access good-quality long-term care for elderly family members, (g) Not being able to access good-quality long-term care for young or working-age family members with an illness or disability, (h) Being the victim of crime or violence, (i) Having to give up your job to care for children, elderly relatives, or relatives with illness or disability, (j) Accessing good-quality healthcare, (k) Climate change and (l) Geopolitical risks (e.g. war or terrorism).” Response options for each of the 12 items were: “Not at all concerned,” “Not so concerned,” “Somewhat concerned,” “Very concerned,” and “Can’t choose / Not applicable.” Response items (a) through (l) were randomly rotated. Estimates refer to the share who are somewhat or very concerned.

Source: 2024 OECD Risks that Matter Survey (https://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/oecd-risks-that-matter-rtm-survey.html).

Table A A.2. Long-term worries dominated by geopolitics, pensions and health

Share (%) of respondents who are somewhat or very concerned about select social and economic risks beyond the next 10 years, by country, 2024

	Not being as well-off and financially secure as your parents and/or that you had hoped to be	Your children (or young members of your family) not being as well-off and financially secure as you are	Becoming ill or disabled	Not having the right skills and knowledge to work in a secure and well-paid job	Not being financially secure in old age	Finding/ maintaining adequate housing	Accessing good-quality LTC for yourself	Accessing good-quality LTC for elderly family members	Accessing good-quality LTC for young or working-age family members with an illness or disability	Accessing good-quality healthcare	Climate change	Geopolitical risks (e.g. war or terrorism)	Population ageing
AUT	59	53	60	36	65	44	59	60	41	70	72	83	63
BEL	55	56	65	35	60	42	55	53	43	58	68	78	63
CAN	68	58	68	52	71	53	67	62	45	76	73	71	68
CHL	82	71	85	76	90	78	86	75	61	90	80	77	60
DNK	42	38	44	33	49	31	46	48	38	53	67	73	46
EST	69	55	61	53	73	54	59	57	47	64	54	79	61
FIN	67	44	67	45	68	49	60	54	44	75	69	76	69
FRA	66	62	64	46	69	49	67	63	56	70	73	79	53
DEU	64	51	69	45	72	55	63	59	46	69	70	82	69
GRC	84	84	81	67	85	73	84	77	69	89	80	85	75
IRL	67	61	72	47	76	48	65	62	44	78	76	81	64
ISR	69	67	63	37	67	51	48	52	45	53	57	87	48
ITA	77	66	81	60	80	52	75	71	62	81	81	84	69
KOR	68	53	63	62	68	50	54	51	50	57	82	71	85
LVA	67	61	68	62	76	60	66	62	55	74	50	74	60
LTU	61	55	59	54	66	54	54	53	50	68	64	78	63
MEX	81	79	89	78	87	78	85	78	70	85	81	81	60
NLD	57	51	55	42	60	52	55	54	44	63	70	78	65
NOR	59	50	58	46	64	51	57	56	42	59	66	75	65
POL	57	51	69	52	68	42	59	51	41	69	59	74	65
PRT	79	75	83	65	85	66	81	79	66	84	85	87	79
SVN	68	68	73	51	71	48	67	66	53	79	70	75	62
ESP	82	72	86	62	83	71	82	81	71	87	81	88	77
CHE	66	50	60	47	72	53	53	51	41	57	67	76	60
TUR	79	76	76	64	77	68	75	70	63	75	81	83	70
GBR	67	55	65	47	70	51	63	59	45	69	71	75	64
USA	68	60	68	53	72	54	66	57	52	70	71	77	62
AVG	68	60	69	52	72	55	65	61	51	71	71	79	65

Note: Respondents were asked “Looking beyond the next ten years, how concerned are you about the following: (a) Not being as well-off and financially secure as your parents and/or that you had hoped to be, (b) Your children (or young members of your family) not being as well-off and financially secure as you are, (c) Becoming ill or disabled, (d) Not having the right skills and knowledge to work in a secure and well-paid job, (e) Not being financially secure in old age, (f) Not being able to find/maintain adequate housing, (g) Not being able to access good-quality long-term care for yourself, (h) Not being able to access good-quality long-term care for elderly family members, (i) Not being able to access good-quality long-term care for young or working-age family members with an illness or disability, (j) Accessing good-quality healthcare, (k) Climate change, (l) Geopolitical risks (e.g. war or terrorism) and (m) Population ageing.” Response options for each of the 13 items were: “Not at all concerned,” “Not so concerned,” “Somewhat concerned,” “Very concerned,” and “Can’t choose / Not applicable.” Response items (a) through (m) were randomly rotated. Estimates refer to the share who are somewhat or very concerned.

Source: 2024 OECD Risks that Matter Survey (https://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/oecd-risks-that-matter-rtm-survey.html).

Table A A.3. Cross-country support for responsive digitalisation policies

Share (%) of respondents who support specified government actions as a response to digitalisation and technological change, RTM‑27 average, 2024

	Investing more in university education and vocational training opportunities for young people	Investing more in re‑training opportunities for working-age people	Investing more in digital infrastructure, such as the broadband network	Introducing (or increasing) a tax on robots and/or technology companies	Introducing a limit on (or lowering) working hours	Making public benefits and services more accessible and/or more generous to provide a better safety net for workers facing possible job loss	Introducing a universal and unconditional basic income that covers essential living costs to everyone, regardless of their financial situation	Providing subsidies to firms in industries that are hardest hit by technological change, to reduce job losses	Promoting the migration of skilled workers to [country]	Promoting the migration of unskilled workers to [country]	Prioritising workers from [country] in the hiring process	Introducing trade tariffs to protect domestic industries
AUT	65	76	64	41	48	45	44	48	46	14	57	37
BEL	68	74	54	41	49	41	42	45	33	18	64	49
CAN	70	75	60	53	52	63	61	52	51	30	74	48
CHL	83	85	72	55	78	74	62	64	29	13	80	62
DNK	60	65	51	24	37	40	37	41	38	25	51	30
EST	75	76	51	41	46	65	56	59	37	26	66	51
FIN	70	71	43	48	37	58	58	49	58	21	51	33
FRA	69	74	57	51	47	49	49	55	36	23	61	64
DEU	63	71	67	38	51	50	48	52	46	24	52	42
GRC	77	73	65	56	68	63	64	63	30	22	70	54
IRL	80	85	79	59	63	62	62	62	58	28	60	46
ISR	84	82	70	38	51	68	45	55	31	13	85	58
ITA	71	72	60	40	62	58	53	64	43	29	62	52
KOR	70	68	62	48	57	63	46	54	41	26	65	50
LVA	71	70	47	44	51	62	52	52	37	19	65	52
LTU	69	70	51	44	47	58	53	51	44	19	74	44
MEX	85	82	69	50	77	72	64	67	35	19	84	56
NLD	64	69	52	42	51	48	51	45	38	29	66	50
NOR	71	70	61	36	48	55	49	53	39	22	62	49
POL	71	68	62	48	54	50	55	52	42	25	67	50
PRT	81	82	63	48	72	59	55	65	45	21	75	57
SVN	68	76	61	43	62	57	63	59	35	23	68	55
ESP	77	75	63	46	62	60	54	62	51	30	66	55
CHE	61	74	50	42	54	51	50	49	34	23	64	42
TUR	74	69	68	49	66	64	65	61	40	25	70	68
GBR	66	77	68	55	55	57	63	59	53	31	66	53
USA	72	75	63	59	54	64	57	57	49	37	74	55
AVG	72	74	61	46	56	58	54	55	41	24	67	50

Note: Respondents were asked “Governments can introduce measures aimed at helping workers and industries cope with the challenges created by digitalisation and technological change, such as outdated skills, skills shortages, and possible job loss. Keeping in mind how much they might cost as well as how you and your family might benefit, to what extent would you oppose or support the government taking the following actions as a response to digitalisation and technological change: (a) Investing more in university education and vocational training opportunities for young people, (b) Investing more in re‑training opportunities for working-age people, (c) Investing more in digital infrastructure, such as the broadband network, (d) Introducing (or increasing) a tax on robots and/or technology companies, (e) Introducing a limit on (or lowering) working hours, (f) Making public benefits and services, such as unemployment benefits or minimum income programmes, more accessible and/or more generous to provide a better safety net for workers facing possible job loss, (g) Introducing a universal and unconditional basic income that covers essential living costs to everyone, regardless of their financial situation, (h) Providing subsidies to firms in industries that are hardest hit by technological change, so as to reduce job losses, (i) Promoting the migration of skilled workers to [country], (j) Promoting the migration of unskilled workers to [country], (k) Prioritising workers from [country] in the hiring process, (l) Introducing trade tariffs to protect domestic industries.” Response items (a) and (l) were randomly rotated. Response options were: “Strongly oppose,” “Oppose,” “Neither support nor oppose,” “Support,” “Strongly support,” and “Can’t choose.” Estimates refer to the combined share of “Support” and “Strongly support.”

Source: 2024 OECD Risks that Matter Survey (https://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/oecd-risks-that-matter-rtm-survey.html).

Table A A.4. Inter-generational differences in perceptions of digitalisation of government services exist in many RTM countries

Share (%) of respondents who agree with specific statements regarding government services and benefits, by country, 2024

	I feel it is easy to talk to a human staffer (e.g. through a call centre or in-person) when I have a question about benefits or services			I prefer paper-based or in-person applications/renewals for programmes instead of online
	18‑ to 29‑year‑olds	30‑ to 49‑year‑olds	50‑ to 64‑year‑olds	18‑ to 29‑year‑olds	30‑ to 49‑year‑olds	50‑ to 64‑year‑olds
AUT	52	58	68	35	32	43
BEL	32	35	27	29	36	33
CAN	50	54	45	43	41	39
CHL	39	32	28	36	34	40
DNK	38	32	31	29	24	24
EST	59	55	47	29	23	15
FIN	47	42	45	34	21	25
FRA	42	32	19	39	40	30
DEU	60	65	69	51	39	44
GRC	31	30	23	38	25	23
IRL	57	48	53	41	30	39
ISR	34	31	31	21	17	23
ITA	47	38	32	42	31	26
KOR	47	55	58	37	32	41
LVA	47	44	39	35	30	34
LTU	48	43	35	37	25	22
MEX	41	34	37	48	47	59
NLD	46	46	40	34	39	34
NOR	40	36	30	39	28	28
POL	44	50	50	40	38	35
PRT	37	30	27	33	26	37
SVN	48	43	37	44	37	34
ESP	34	33	31	42	48	51
CHE	56	52	51	39	36	40
TUR	47	49	39	40	50	49
GBR	57	53	33	50	44	36
USA	57	62	50	46	55	38
AVG	46	44	40	38	34	35

Note: Respondents were asked to indicate the degree to which they agree or disagree with the following statements: (a) I feel it is easy to talk to a human staffer (e.g. through a call centre or in-person) when I have a question about benefits or services and (b) I prefer paper-based or in-person applications/renewals for programmes instead of online. Response options were: “Strongly disagree,” “Disagree,” “Neither agree nor disagree,” “Agree,” “Strongly agree,” and “Can’t choose.” Estimates refers to the share who “agree” or “strongly agree.”

Source: 2024 OECD Risks that Matter Survey (https://www.oecd.org/en/about/programmes/oecd-risks-that-matter-rtm-survey.html).