Education at a Glance 2026

Annex 2: Reference statistics

Tables for Annex 2 – Reference Statistics

 

Table X2.1	Basic reference statistics in current prices (reference period: calendar year, 2015, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024)
Table X2.2	Basic reference statistics (reference period: calendar year, 2015, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024)
Table X2.3	Pre-primary and primary teachers' statutory salaries, in national currencies, based on the most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers (2025
Table X2.4	Secondary teachers' statutory salaries, in national currencies, based on the most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers (2025)
Table X2.5	Trends in teachers' statutory starting salaries, in national currencies (2000 and 2005 to 2025)
Table X2.6	Trends in teachers' statutory salaries after 15 years of experience, in national currencies (2000 and 2005 to 2025)
Table X2.7	Trends in teachers' average actual salaries, in national currencies (2000, 2005 and 2010 to 2025)
Table X2.8	Reference statistics used in calculating salaries of teachers and school heads (2000 and 2005 to 2025)
Table X2.9	Distribution of teachers, by minimum or most prevalent qualifications and level of education (2025)
Table X2.10	Distribution of teachers aged 25-64, by educational attainment and level of education (2025)
Table X2.11	Distribution of school heads aged 25-64, by educational attainment and level of education (2025)

Statlink

Data download

The data for the tables in this chapter, can be downloaded via https://stat.link/z2esdn.

To access further data and/or other education indicators, please visit the OECD Data Explorer: http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/4s.

Data cut-off for the print publication 17 June 2026. Please note that the Data Explorer contains the most recent data

Table X2.1. Basic reference statistics in current prices (reference period: calendar year, 2015, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024) 

	Gross domestic product (GDP) (in millions of local currency, current prices)					Total government expenditure (in millions of local currency, current prices)
	2015	2020	2022	2023	2024	2015	2020	2022	2023	2024
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
OECD countries
Australia	1 647 614	2 040 015	2 456 958	2 628 519	2 729 461	620 247	918 351	957 294	1 031 662	1 101 443
Austria	342 084	380 318	449 382	477 837	494 088	175 201	217 971	238 015	249 471	272 668
Belgium	415 538	463 751	561 309	602 376	620 272	223 896	271 076	294 711	318 078	335 288
Canada	1 999 215	2 299 350	2 889 420	3 001 039	3 142 280	812 749	1 182 045	1 179 589	1 262 510	1 402 308
Chile	158 622 903	201 306 507	262 954 242	282 096 646	310 681 170	40 935 942	61 261 849	73 231 558	79 504 743	m
Colombia	804 692 000	998 471 000	1 471 079 000	1 584 562 000	1 706 447 200	363 654 000	520 102 000	680 668 000	777 942 000	847 076 000
Costa Rica	30 171 919	36 495 246	44 810 031	47 059 272	49 115 935	9 099 110	12 475 503	13 051 117	18 824 168	18 780 060
Czechia	4 651 813	5 828 318	7 049 872	7 659 655	8 058 158	1 939 667	2 695 753	3 030 666	3 346 445	3 453 578
Denmark	2 030 206	2 326 592	2 831 270	2 787 930	2 926 878	1 104 800	1 240 994	1 276 593	1 321 428	1 385 275
Estonia	21 011	27 859	36 301	38 353	39 848	8 248	12 464	14 534	16 524	17 517
Finland	210 192	236 387	266 135	273 005	275 993	117 168	133 447	140 085	152 619	159 373
France	2 201 402	2 318 276	2 653 997	2 826 542	2 919 900	1 268 008	1 430 357	1 550 331	1 607 392	1 671 794
Germany	3 087 030	3 450 720	3 989 390	4 219 310	4 328 970	1 373 293	1 763 784	1 939 208	2 031 433	2 139 717
Greece	175 363	167 540	207 009	224 686	236 736	96 036	99 338	109 903	111 476	114 222
Hungary	34 984 755	48 807 766	65 950 424	75 218 235	81 493 548	17 616 154	24 907 128	32 333 477	37 248 383	38 398 095
Iceland	2 335 025	2 983 972	3 946 957	4 373 067	4 578 361	1 005 011	1 504 531	1 821 712	1 976 187	2 158 440
Ireland	272 283	381 729	520 718	524 729	562 794	76 430	101 932	107 603	116 622	125 998
Israel	1 177 086	1 414 517	1 764 332	1 882 809	2 006 304	450 849	643 126	662 175	757 466	888 709
Italy	1 663 278	1 670 012	1 998 073	2 142 744	2 202 031	835 694	948 296	1 097 627	1 149 206	1 109 154
Japan	550 642 675	558 948 000	592 683 700	620 581 250	m	208 755 400	249 073 500	243 092 800	240 871 000	245 630 000
Korea	1 740 776 000	2 058 466 500	2 323 781 500	2 408 687 400	2 556 857 400	504 008 400	738 883 100	860 322 100	857 483 200	896 273 400
Latvia	23 744	29 224	36 089	39 564	40 652	9 494	12 934	15 965	17 190	18 419
Lithuania	37 441	50 265	67 081	74 317	78 996	13 179	21 285	24 517	27 641	31 137
Luxembourg	54 142	64 499	76 731	82 115	86 180	21 861	30 341	33 991	38 061	40 369
Mexico	19 228 615	24 086 758	29 525 509	31 866 426	33 506 847	5 307 315	7 059 081	7  834  616	8 724 641	9 780 195
Netherlands	699 175	816 463	993 820	1 050 133	1 121 543	316 389	390 377	429  984	462 064	498 516
New Zealand	252 406	327 207	384 911	410 057	426 306	99 595	152 260	168  259	183 036	m
Norway	3 130 183	3 461 575	5 732 905	5 101 559	5 196 606	1 533 194	1 994 429	2 186 991	2 384 960	2 563 785
Poland	1 809 564	2 362 909	3 100 850	3 415 274	3 653 432	750 899	1 127 935	1 341 054	1 600 363	1 806 320
Portugal	179 393	201 033	243 957	270 353	289 784	86 677	98 754	107 034	113 272	123 174
Slovak Republic	80 376	94 321	109 960	123 539	130 208	35 467	41 972	47 373	59 596	61 806
Slovenia	38 494	46 739	56 882	64 050	67 418	19 052	24 209	27 116	29 814	31 334
Spain	1 087 112	1 129 214	1 375 863	1 497 761	1 594 330	474 893	580 164	637 117	680 225	725 001
Sweden	4 230 936	5 012 855	5 816 415	6 143 187	6 391 596	2 130 800	2 662 499	2 871 330	3 072 290	3 237 865
Switzerland	679 633	709 855	819 704	834 190	853 957	223 963	265 763	258 366	268 555	277 258
Türkiye	2 354 059	5 141 711	15 325 857	27 091 469	44 587 225	763 240	1 750 531	4 103 040	8 857 133	14 656 111
United Kingdom	1 947 201	2 174 203	2 623 753	2 786 984	2 928 548	812 551	1 099 820	1 175 557	1 280 729	1 337 139
United States	17 951 579	21 457 632	24 890 130	26 933 066	28 554 765	6 910 981	10 100 928	10 009 775	10 905 858	11 592 173
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	5 954 511	27 209 814	82 810 045	192 408 000	583 910 000	2 463 163	11 558 522	31 172 287	72 417 362	181 123 984
Brazil	5 995 787	7 609 597	10 079 677	10 943 344	11 779 251	3 921 250	5 354 228	4 379 149	4 958 352	5 364 453
Bulgaria	45 797	61 856	86 078	94 525	104 767	18 495	25 595	35 542	36 724	41 060
China	70 251 150	103 486 760	123 402 940	129 427 170	134 908 350	21 837 060	36 310 049	40 260 431	42 366 255	44 440 402
Croatia	45 966	50 744	67 613	79 186	85 905	21 884	27 278	30 435	36 649	41 238
India	137 718 739	198 540 960	268 904 726	301 229 559	330 681 454	37 265 268	61 585 922	78 255 535	86 087 648	93 125 601
Indonesia	11 526 332 800	15 443 353 200	19 588 459 900	20 892 312 300	22 138 990 800	2 635 705 194	3 816 647 028	4 446 448 737	4 480 372 649	3 734 009 329
Peru	604 416	703 915	943 706	999 447	1 085 708	136 195	188 422	219 985	224 668	246 353
Romania	712 549	1 063 651	1 384 598	1 590 749	1 759 183	255 676	443 597	566 399	653 234	766 175
Saudi Arabia	2 600 305	2 879 817	4 646 532	4 569 693	4 703 029	1 001 292	1 075 734	1 174 310	1 293 235	1 374 718
South Africa	4 420 792	5 562 760	6 666 581	7 037 674	7 352 449	1 333 492	1 925 591	2 125 904	2 288 017	2 424 245
Thailand	13 743 480	15 661 291	17 377 997	17 954 668	18 582 671	3 027 323	3 950 751	4 224 508	4 065 261	4 178 141

Note: For countries where GDP is not reported for the same reference period as data on educational finance, GDP is estimated as: wt-1 (GDPt - 1) + wt (GDPt), where wt and wt-1 are the weights for the respective portions of the two reference periods for GDP which fall within the educational financial year. Adjustments were made in Part C for Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. Columns showing the source of each data point are available for consultation on line.

Source: OECD Data Explorer, "Annual GDP and components - expenditure approach" and "Annual government non-financial accounts and key indicators (Expenditure)" (https://data-explorer.oecd.org ). World Economic Outlook data were sourced using: https://api.imf.org/external/sdmx/3.0/data/dataflow/IMF.RES/WEO/9.0.0/. World Bank data were sourced using the WDI package in R. Data updated on 16 April 2026. The data for this table can be accessed via https://stat.link/z2esdn.

Table X2.2. Basic reference statistics (reference period: calendar year, 2015, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024)

	Purchasing power parity for GDP (PPP) (USD = 1)					Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (local currency, current prices)					GDP deflator (2020 = 100)
	2015	2020	2022	2023	2024	2015	2020	2022	2023	2024	2015	2020	2022	2023	2024
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)	(15)
OECD countries
Australia	1.474	1.431	1.359	1.337	1.367	69 181	79 535	94 446	98 621	100 368	87.2	100.0	114.1	117.1	119.8
Austria	0.799	0.729	0.688	0.705	0.710	39 641	42 651	49 640	52 333	53 834	91.8	100.0	106.9	114.6	119.3
Belgium	0.800	0.716	0.698	0.703	0.704	36 857	40 191	48 056	51 136	52 342	91.4	100.0	109.6	115.6	117.8
Canada	1.248	1.202	1.145	1.140	1.150	55 993	60 464	74 183	74 934	76 154	92.8	100.0	116.3	118.1	121.3
Chile	391.179	409.842	434.952	432.562	435.779	8 826 396	10 345 529	13 261 387	14 132 469	15 467 258	79.8	100.0	115.0	122.5	131.2
Colombia	1 289.324	1 270.744	1 363.444	1 425.434	1 443.719	17 744 641	20 269 008	29 133 058	31 052 870	33 102 114	81.9	100.0	123.9	132.5	140.5
Costa Rica	353.964	328.024	336.220	318.842	307.792	6 247 222	7 143 969	8 598 560	8 946 497	9 253 539	90.3	100.0	108.8	108.7	108.8
Czechia	12.938	12.150	12.476	12.576	12.823	442 711	554 964	655 221	704 139	739 598	86.8	100.0	113.1	122.8	127.6
Denmark	7.305	6.365	6.106	6.055	6.050	357 277	399 093	479 357	468 718	489 706	94.3	100.0	113.8	111.3	113.0
Estonia	0.538	0.515	0.560	0.573	0.576	15 999	20 964	27 257	28 080	28 987	85.8	100.0	121.9	132.4	137.7
Finland	0.908	0.802	0.771	0.770	0.754	38 353	42 741	47 893	48 948	49 101	94.2	100.0	108.8	113.1	113.9
France	0.809	0.693	0.683	0.679	0.681	33 197	34 280	38 917	41 341	42 594	93.9	100.0	104.3	109.5	111.8
Germany	0.778	0.707	0.688	0.701	0.701	37 949	42 017	48 339	50 660	51 833	92.0	100.0	109.3	116.6	120.2
Greece	0.609	0.530	0.503	0.507	0.515	16 206	15 660	19 568	21 301	22 479	100.6	100.0	107.8	114.5	118.2
Hungary	132.554	141.838	155.230	169.087	175.578	3 570 691	5 047 120	6 866 207	7 841 616	8 522 589	81.2	100.0	121.0	139.1	149.7
Iceland	141.975	143.253	134.899	137.850	141.758	7 195 764	8 377 238	10 664 570	11 523 233	11 842 630	85.0	100.0	115.5	121.9	129.2
Ireland	0.810	0.775	0.721	0.740	0.741	57 985	75 824	100 143	99 083	104 512	96.3	100.0	109.1	112.8	118.0
Israel	3.924	3.747	3.443	3.457	3.502	137 948	151 689	182 743	191 241	201 200	96.1	100.0	107.3	112.1	118.4
Italy	0.739	0.632	0.591	0.602	0.600	27 616	28 096	33 858	36 327	37 350	94.5	100.0	104.8	111.3	113.5
Japan	103.469	100.742	94.922	93.832	94.463	4 332 528	4 430 961	4 743 481	4 990 521	m	97.5	100.0	100.6	105.2	108.6
Korea	857.483	829.359	810.157	811.048	809.267	34 122 827	39 711 137	44 970 904	46 577 986	49 406 918	94.6	100.0	105.0	107.2	111.5
Latvia	0.533	0.470	0.474	0.491	0.497	12 008	15 374	19 133	21 028	21 799	87.3	100.0	113.3	125.4	128.9
Lithuania	0.477	0.433	0.468	0.491	0.491	12 861	17 885	23 690	25 880	27 351	87.9	100.0	122.4	134.6	138.9
Luxembourg	0.881	0.838	0.800	0.807	0.816	95 087	102 194	117 097	122 972	127 027	92.7	100.0	112.5	120.3	125.8
Mexico	8.328	9.815	9.923	9.751	9.917	161 516	190 585	229 624	246 420	257 694	77.0	100.0	111.5	116.7	121.0
Netherlands	0.810	0.748	0.714	0.731	0.731	41 274	46 810	56 145	58 742	62 329	90.7	100.0	109.1	115.9	122.5
New Zealand	1.478	1.423	1.433	1.461	1.464	54 419	64 449	75 399	78 390	80 627	89.8	100.0	110.2	114.9	119.7
Norway	9.933	9.588	8.371	8.918	9.142	603 118	643 535	1 050 560	924 195	932 628	94.4	100.0	154.4	137.3	137.0
Poland	1.765	1.698	1.800	1.920	1.949	47 643	63 577	82 078	90 758	97 358	90.3	100.0	116.6	128.1	133.0
Portugal	0.585	0.543	0.517	0.513	0.516	17 279	19 358	23 303	25 558	27 096	91.3	100.0	107.5	115.5	121.1
Slovak Republic	0.492	0.489	0.487	0.496	0.502	14 823	17 273	20 150	22 637	23 852	92.7	100.0	109.7	120.7	124.8
Slovenia	0.595	0.532	0.515	0.538	0.550	18 656	22 227	26 966	30 205	31 698	92.5	100.0	109.3	120.3	124.4
Spain	0.665	0.606	0.559	0.557	0.562	23 437	23 851	28 792	30 976	32 633	94.8	100.0	107.4	114.1	117.4
Sweden	8.854	8.436	8.338	8.517	8.490	431 764	484 173	552 514	579 578	601 224	89.9	100.0	108.9	115.3	118.7
Switzerland	1.235	1.105	0.987	0.999	0.973	81 985	82 118	93 336	93 568	94 718	101.1	100.0	105.0	106.0	107.1
Türkiye	1.162	2.111	4.518	7.350	11.555	29 341	59 116	172 922	305 570	503 076	54.4	100.0	252.8	425.5	677.7
United Kingdom	0.693	0.653	0.633	0.661	0.664	29 917	32 577	38 792	40 670	42 304	88.4	100.0	106.4	113.2	117.6
United States	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	55 731	64 663	74 443	79 899	83 961	92.3	100.0	112.0	116.1	119.0
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	6.883	26.887	61.180	139.807	419.901	138 053	599 642	1 791 075	4 124 095	12 405 774	18.9	100.0	261.9	615.3	1 892.8
Brazil	2.006	2.265	2.411	2.448	2.487	29 467	35 936	47 802	51 694	55 410	77.0	100.0	122.7	129.1	134.3
Bulgaria	0.371	0.366	0.383	0.378	0.388	6 557	9 443	13 314	14 663	16 265	80.6	100.0	124.0	133.9	143.6
China	3.782	4.015	3.794	3.644	3.533	50 787	73 285	87 411	91 814	95 797	89.7	100.0	106.6	106.1	105.2
Croatia	0.499	0.436	0.435	0.430	0.449	11 077	12 984	17 538	20 526	22 201	94.2	100.0	110.3	124.4	130.0
India	19.115	20.319	20.489	20.290	20.422	107 341	146 480	194 451	215 935	227 909	83.6	100.0	114.7	117.7	121.3
Indonesia	4 390.646	4 791.007	4 917.925	4 819.742	4 747.909	45 097 404	57 154 442	71 030 895	74 964 468	78 617 514	89.1	100.0	116.1	117.9	119.0
Peru	1.711	1.706	1.691	1.736	1.782	20 171	21 575	28 257	29 630	31 869	86.6	100.0	115.0	122.3	128.6
Romania	1.780	1.714	1.809	1.818	1.883	35 947	55 123	72 670	83 437	92 299	78.7	100.0	118.3	132.9	145.7
Saudi Arabia	1.617	1.921	2.007	1.895	1.845	87 211	91 271	144 413	135 588	133 229	93.8	100.0	135.2	132.3	132.6
South Africa	5.817	7.249	7.246	7.325	7.432	81 216	95 803	112 011	116 845	120 684	77.3	100.0	112.0	117.3	121.9
Thailand	12.338	11.407	10.891	10.647	10.492	194 830	218 606	242 252	250 405	259 288	94.5	100.0	106.5	107.9	108.9

Note: Columns showing the source of each data point are available for consultation on line.

Source: OECD (2026), OECD Data Explorer, "Annual Purchasing Power Parities and exchange rates", "Annual population and employment, national concept", and "Annual GDP and components - expenditure approach" (http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/4s). World Economic Outlook data were sourced using: https://api.imf.org/external/sdmx/3.0/data/dataflow/IMF.RES/WEO/9.0.0/. World Bank data were sourced using the WDI package in R. Data updated on 16 April 2026

The data for this table can be accessed via https://stat.link/z2esdn.

Table X2.3 Pre-primary and primary teachers' statutory salaries, in national currencies, based on the most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers (2025)

Annual salaries of full-time teachers in public institutions, by level of education

	Pre-primary				Primary
	Starting salary	Salary after 10 years of experience	Salary after 15 years of experience	Salary at top of scale	Starting salary	Salary after 10 years of experience	Salary after 15 years of experience	Salary at top of scale
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
OECD Countries
Australia	88 547	126 640	126 640	138 905	85 196	121 683	121 683	137 178
Austria	m	m	m	m	48 688	51 617	57 821	85 118
Canada	m	m	m	m	59 451	104 433	104 441	104 441
Chile	15 546 464	19 085 463	23 339 054	28 777 336	15 546 464	19 187 852	23 339 054	28 777 336
Colombia	55 821 669	101 802 483	101 802 483	101 802 483	55 821 669	101 802 483	101 802 483	101 802 483
Costa Rica	9 342 667	10 974 367	11 790 217	14 237 767	9 435 183	11 083 403	11 907 513	14 379 843
Czechia	387 600	399 600	409 200	454 800	410 400	436 800	456 000	538 800
Denmark	410 929	464 413	464 413	464 413	470 655	536 615	540 356	540 356
Estonia	m	a	a	a	21 840	a	a	a
Finland1	33 447	36 470	36 817	36 817	37 116	42 343	45 311	48 030
France2	32 264	35 428	36 591	51 911	32 264	35 428	36 591	51 911
Germany	m	m	m	m	59 979	68 557	71 844	77 433
Greece	14 094	16 926	18 342	26 838	14 094	16 926	18 342	26 838
Hungary	7 242 400	7 376 800	7 503 200	7 503 200	7 242 400	7 376 800	7 503 200	7 503 200
Iceland	8 963 578	9 048 086	9 438 904	9 639 298	8 963 578	9 048 086	9 438 904	9 639 298
Ireland	a	a	a	a	41 383	57 221	66 025	81 930
Israel	149 362	175 795	191 203	300 721	129 659	150 239	169 591	263 374
Italy	25 195	27 614	30 271	36 733	25 195	27 614	30 271	36 733
Japan	m	m	m	m	4 282 000	5 475 000	6 130 000	7 374 000
Korea	37 637 700	53 878 860	63 015 160	100 483 380	37 637 700	53 878 860	63 015 160	100 483 380
Latvia	17 488	m	m	27 981	16 176	m	m	25 880
Lithuania	23 522	24 281	27 049	30 779	23 522	24 281	27 049	30 779
Luxembourg	81 565	105 491	119 086	144 098	81 565	105 491	119 086	144 098
Mexico	334 182	409 361	511 572	637 584	334 182	409 361	501 685	620 686
Netherlands	48 852	70 073	79 588	99 994	48 852	70 073	79 588	99 994
New Zealand	m	m	m	m	61 329	97 920	97 920	97 920
Norway	507 400	578 600	578 600	596 400	614 100	638 400	638 400	685 400
Poland	65 248	77 376	94 012	97 981	65 248	77 376	94 012	97 981
Portugal	25 101	30 131	31 874	52 669	25 101	30 131	31 874	52 669
Slovak Republic	11 256	12 840	13 152	14 706	13 938	15 672	16 050	17 952
Slovenia	23 739	34 360	38 746	45 208	23 739	33 182	40 146	48 585
Spain	35 030	38 101	40 633	50 148	35 030	38 101	40 633	50 148
Sweden3, 4, 5	439 740	465 228	474 000	506 400	444 678	492 000	513 600	590 400
Switzerland	80 400	101 400	m	121 700	83 100	105 400	m	126 500
Türkiye	626 524	672 331	703 084	805 001	626 524	672 331	703 084	805 001
United States5	51 746	57 404	77 629	86 732	50 688	68 784	74 639	88 089
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)	41 501	51 921	58 394	73 497	41 501	51 921	58 394	73 497
French Comm. (Belgium)	39 283	49 058	55 201	67 488	39 283	49 058	55 201	67 488
England (UK)	32 701	a	50 464	50 464	32 701	a	50 464	50 464
Scotland (UK)	40 305	50 589	50 589	50 589	40 305	50 589	50 589	50 589
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	11 477 743	12 948 511	13 745 340	16 391 906	11 386 289	12 831 858	13 603 338	16 341 527
Brazil	64 904	m	m	m	64 904	m	m	m
Bulgaria	13 075	13 486	14 007	m	13 075	13 486	14 007	m
China	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Croatia	m	m	m	m	23 362	24 408	24 989	27 895
India	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Peru	43 008	m	m	89 218	43 008	m	m	89 218
Romania	77 352	96 864	100 536	110 170	77 352	96 864	100 536	110 170
Saudi Arabia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
South Africa	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Thailand	218 640	378 000	438 000	494 400	218 640	341 232	438 000	494 400

Note: The definition of teachers' most prevalent qualifications is based on a broad concept, including the typical ISCED level of attainment and other criteria. The most prevalent qualification is defined for each of the four career stages included in this table. In many cases, the minimum qualification is the same as the most prevalent qualification. The minimum and the most prevalent qualifications are described in Table D.D3.3 in Education at a Glance 2026 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (https://doi.org/10.1787/dcf64a14-en).

1. Data on pre-primary education include salaries of kindergarten teachers (the majority).

2. Data include the average of fixed bonuses for overtime hours for lower and upper secondary teachers.

3. Year of reference: 2024 (calendar year).

4. Data exclude the social security contributions and pension scheme contributions paid by employees.

5. Actual salaries (including teachers of general subjects within vocational programmes in Sweden, and excluding bonuses and allowances in the United States).

The data for this table can be accessed via https://stat.link/z2esdn.

Table X2.4. Secondary teachers' statutory salaries, in national currencies, based on the most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers (2025)

Annual salaries of full-time teachers in public institutions, by level of education

	Lower secondary, general programmes				Upper secondary, general programmes
	Starting salary	Salary after 10 years of experience	Salary after 15 years of experience	Salary at top of scale	Starting salary	Salary after 10 years of experience	Salary after 15 years of experience	Salary at top of scale
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
OECD Countries
Australia	85 077	121 331	121 331	137 323	85 077	121 331	121 331	137 323
Austria	48 688	53 993	60 465	90 179	48 688	58 478	65 501	99 732
Canada	59 451	104 433	104 441	104 441	59 451	104 433	104 441	104 441
Chile	15 546 464	19 187 852	23 339 054	28 777 336	16 076 048	19 894 317	24 151 330	29 465 513
Colombia	55 821 669	101 802 483	101 802 483	101 802 483	55 821 669	101 802 483	101 802 483	101 802 483
Costa Rica	9 723 350	11 423 090	12 272 960	14 822 570	9 723 350	11 423 090	12 272 960	14 822 570
Czechia	410 400	436 800	456 000	541 200	410 400	436 800	456 000	540 000
Denmark	472 368	544 831	544 831	544 831	436 735	567 565	567 565	567 565
Estonia	21 840	a	a	a	21 840	a	a	a
Finland1	39 591	45 387	48 568	51 482	41 570	49 915	52 406	55 551
France2	34 945	38 110	39 273	54 861	34 945	38 110	39 273	54 861
Germany	66 461	74 902	78 436	86 186	69 293	77 419	81 121	92 819
Greece	14 094	16 926	18 342	26 838	14 094	16 926	18 342	26 838
Hungary	7 387 248	7 524 336	7 653 264	7 503 200	7 387 248	7 524 336	7 653 264	7 653 264
Iceland	8 963 578	9 048 086	9 438 904	9 639 298	8 041 044	9 734 924	10 213 362	10 213 362
Ireland	42 853	58 889	67 942	83 439	42 853	58 889	67 942	83 439
Israel	130 303	159 594	174 162	263 374	145 102	178 041	195 468	269 037
Italy	27 079	29 895	32 892	40 309	27 187	30 603	33 806	42 116
Japan	4 282 000	5 475 000	6 130 000	7 374 000	4 282 000	5 475 000	6 135 000	7 569 000
Korea	37 936 520	55 520 380	64 832 760	101 595 240	37 637 700	53 878 860	63 015 160	100 483 380
Latvia	16 176	m	m	25 880	16 176	m	m	25 880
Lithuania	23 522	24 281	27 049	30 779	23 522	24 281	27 049	30 779
Luxembourg	92 441	115 551	127 514	160 683	92 440	115 551	127 514	160 683
Mexico	417 678	519 702	647 900	803 637	701 637	805 031	859 244	859 244
Netherlands	48 975	74 721	85 499	99 994	48 975	74 721	85 499	99 994
New Zealand	61 329	97 920	97 920	97 920	64 083	103 086	103 086	103 086
Norway	614 100	638 400	638 400	685 400	614 100	695 000	695 000	778 000
Poland	65 248	77 376	94 012	97 981	65 248	77 376	94 012	97 981
Portugal	25 101	30 131	31 874	52 669	25 101	30 131	31 874	52 669
Slovak Republic	13 938	15 672	16 050	17 952	13 938	15 672	16 050	17 952
Slovenia	23 739	33 182	40 146	48 585	23 739	33 182	40 146	48 585
Spain	39 294	42 768	45 572	56 077	39 294	42 768	45 572	56 077
Sweden3, 4, 5	459 600	504 000	528 660	603 600	468 000	509 400	532 800	610 800
Switzerland	93 700	121 300	m	142 300	104 500	134 200	m	159 100
Türkiye	626 524	672 331	703 084	805 001	626 524	672 331	703 084	805 001
United States5	51 844	72 324	78 231	89 037	54 288	71 005	78 458	85 609
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)	41 501	51 921	58 394	73 497	51 658	65 709	74 865	93 179
French Comm. (Belgium)	39 283	49 058	55 201	67 488	48 808	62 144	70 835	85 319
England (UK)	32 701	a	50 464	50 464	32 701	a	50 464	50 464
Scotland (UK)	40 305	50 589	50 589	50 589	40 305	50 589	50 589	50 589
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	8 465 405	9 728 776	10 376 803	12 404 126	8 465 405	9 728 776	10 376 803	12 404 126
Brazil	64 904	m	m	m	64 904	m	m	m
Bulgaria	13 075	13 486	14 007	m	13 075	13 486	14 007	m
China	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Croatia	23 362	24 408	24 989	27 895	23 362	24 408	24 989	27 895
India	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Peru	43 008	m	m	89 218	43 008	m	m	89 218
Romania	77 352	96 864	100 536	110 170	77 352	96 864	100 536	110 170
Saudi Arabia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
South Africa	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Thailand	218 640	341 232	438 000	494 400	218 640	341 232	438 000	494 400

Note: The definition of teachers' most prevalent qualifications is based on a broad concept, including the typical ISCED level of attainment and other criteria. The most prevalent qualification is defined for each of the four career stages included in this table. In many cases, the minimum qualification is the same as the most prevalent qualification. The minimum and the most prevalent qualifications are described in Table D.D3.3 in Education at a Glance 2026 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (https://doi.org/10.1787/dcf64a14-en).

1. Data on pre-primary education include salaries of kindergarten teachers (the majority).

2. Data include the average of fixed bonuses for overtime hours for lower and upper secondary teachers.

3. Year of reference: 2024 (calendar year).

4. Data exclude the social security contributions and pension scheme contributions paid by employees.

5. Actual salaries (including teachers of general subjects within vocational programmes in Sweden, and excluding bonuses and allowances in the United States).

The data for this table can be accessed via https://stat.link/z2esdn.

Table X2.5. Trends in teachers' statutory starting salaries, in national currencies (2000 and 2005 to 2025)

Annual statutory starting teachers' salaries in public institutions for teachers with the most prevalent qualifications, by level of education

			Pre-primary						Primary
			2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025		2000		2005	2010	2015	2020	2025
			(1)	(2)	(7)	(12)	(17)	(22)		(23)		(24)	(29)	(34)	(39)	(44)
OECD Countries
Australia			m	m	m	63 821	70 819	88 547		m		m	m	63 257	71 233	85 196
Austria			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	29 022	38 414	48 688
Canada			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	52 064	52 665	m
Chile			m	m	m	7 569 485	11 654 016	15 546 464		m		m	m	7 569 485	11 654 016	15 546 464
Colombia			m	m	m	22 612 928	34 696 391	55 821 669		m		m	m	22 612 928	34 696 391	55 821 669
Costa Rica			m	m	m	9 122 311	9 342 667	9 342 667		m		m	m	9 122 311	9 435 183	9 435 183
Czechia			m	m	m	242 000	338 400	387 600		m		m	m	251 200	360 000	410 400
Denmark			m	m	m	m	350 646	410 929		m		m	m	m	404 229	470 655
Estonia			m	m	m	a	a	m		m		m	m	10 400	15 520	21 840
Finland			m	m	m	28 611	29 201	33 447		m		m	m	32 412	33 140	37 116
France			20 181	21 031	22 026	24 595	26 197	32 264		20 181		21 031	22 026	24 595	26 197	32 264
Germany			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	44 860	51 695	59 979
Greece			m	m	m	13 104	13 104	14 094		m		m	m	13 104	13 104	14 094
Hungary			m	m	m	1 922 004	2 527 200	7 242 400		m		m	m	1 922 004	2 527 200	7 242 400
Iceland			m	m	m	m	m	8 963 578		m		m	m	m	m	8 963 578
Ireland			a	a	a	a	a	a		m		m	m	30 702	36 953	41 383
Israel			m	m	m	98 968	108 318	149 362		m		m	m	85 936	95 287	129 659
Italy			m	m	m	23 051	24 297	25 195		m		m	m	23 051	24 297	25 195
Japan			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	3 266 000	3 529 000	4 282 000
Korea			m	m	m	28 824 720	32 614 440	37 637 700		m		m	m	28 824 720	32 614 440	37 637 700
Latvia			m	m	m	4 860	9 000	17 488		m		m	m	4 860	9 000	16 176
Lithuania			m	m	m	m	10 476	23 522		m		m	m	m	14 573	23 522
Luxembourg			m	m	m	67 129	67 391	81 565		m		m	m	67 129	67 391	81 565
Mexico			m	m	m	164 657	230 295	334 182		m		m	m	164 657	230 295	334 182
Netherlands			m	m	m	32 562	39 504	48 852		m		m	m	32 562	39 504	48 852
New Zealand			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	46 117	54 318	61 329
			Pre-primary							Primary
			2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025		2000		2005	2010	2015	2020	2025
			(1)	(2)	(7)	(12)	(17)	(22)		(23)		(24)	(29)	(34)	(39)	(44)
Norway			m	m	m	364 500	410 000	507 400		m		m	m	425 650	489 700	614 100
Poland			m	m	m	29 044	35 880	65 248		m		m	m	29 044	35 880	65 248
Portugal			m	m	m	21 960	22 351	25 101		m		m	m	21 960	22 351	25 101
Slovak Republic			m	m	m	6 222	8 592	11 256		m		m	m	6 960	10 646	13 938
Slovenia			m	m	m	16 864	19 529	23 739		m		m	m	16 864	19 529	23 739
Spain			m	m	m	28 129	30 550	35 030		m		m	m	28 129	30 550	35 030
Sweden1			m	m	m	330 000	397 200	m		m		m	m	330 000	402 000	m
Switzerland			m	m	m	72 200	74 900	80 400		m		m	m	79 053	80 300	83 100
Türkiye			m	m	m	39 802	72 036	626 524		m		m	m	39 802	72 036	626 524
United States1, 2			m	m	m	43 570	41 427	51 746		m		m	m	42 563	49 494	59 005
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)			m	m	m	m	33 061	41 501		m		m	m	m	33 061	41 501
French Comm. (Belgium)			m	m	m	m	32 010	39 283		m		m	m	m	32 010	39 283
England (UK)			m	m	m	22 023	25 305	32 701		m		m	m	22 023	25 305	32 701
Scotland (UK)			m	m	m	21 867	32 034	40 305		m		m	m	21 867	32 034	40 305
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina			m	m	m	m	m	11 477 743		m		m	m	m	m	11 386 289
Brazil			m	m	13 662	25 570	38 483	64 904		m		m	13 662	25 570	38 483	64 904
Bulgaria			m	m	m	m	m	13 075		m		m	m	m	m	13 075
China			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	m	m	m
Croatia			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	m	m	23 362
India			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	m	m	m
Peru			m	m	m	m	m	43 008		m		m	m	m	m	43 008
Romania			m	m	m	m	m	77 352		m		m	m	m	m	77 352
Saudi Arabia			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	m	m	m
South Africa			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	m	m	m
Thailand			m	m	m	m	m	256 920		m		m	m	m	m	256 920
	Lower secondary, general programmes								Upper secondary, general programmes
	2000		2005	2010	2015	2020	2025		2000	2005		2010	2015	2020	2025
	(45)		(46)	(51)	(56)	(61)	(66)		(67)	(68)		(73)	(78)	(83)	(88)
OECD Countries
Australia			m	m	m	63 213	71 230	85 077		m		m	m	63 213	71 230	85 077
Austria			m	m	m	30 340	38 224	48 688		m		m	m	31 775	38 325	48 688
Canada			m	m	m	52 064	52 665	m		m		m	m	52 064	52 665	m
Chile			m	m	m	7 569 485	11 654 016	15 546 464		m		m	m	7 756 420	12 051 072	16 076 048
Colombia			m	m	m	22 612 928	34 696 391	55 821 669		m		m	m	22 612 928	34 696 391	55 821 669
Costa Rica			m	m	m	12 657 737	9 723 350	9 723 350		m		m	m	12 657 737	9 723 350	9 723 350
Czechia			m	m	m	251 200	360 000	410 400		m		m	m	251 200	360 000	410 400
Denmark			m	m	m	m	406 280	472 368		m		m	m	m	382 229	436 735
Estonia			m	m	m	10 400	15 520	21 840		m		m	m	10 400	15 520	21 840
Finland			m	m	m	35 005	35 792	39 591		m		m	m	37 120	37 954	41 570
France			21 278	22 173	23 220	26 686	28 735	34 945		21 278		22 173	23 220	26 686	28 735	34 945
Germany			m	m	m	50 448	57 311	66 461		m		m	m	50 764	59 935	69 293
Greece			m	m	m	13 104	13 104	14 094		m		m	m	13 104	13 104	14 094
Hungary			m	m	m	1 922 004	2 527 200	7 387 248		m		m	m	2 105 922	2 527 200	7 387 248
Iceland			m	m	m	m	6 854 066	8 963 578		m		m	m	m	m	8 041 044
Ireland			m	m	m	30 702	36 953	42 853		m		m	m	30 702	36 953	42 853
Israel			m	m	m	86 414	95 764	130 303		m		m	m	89 187	115 820	145 102
Italy			m	m	m	24 849	26 114	27 079		m		m	m	24 849	26 114	27 187
Japan			m	m	m	3 266 000	3 529 000	4 282 000		m		m	m	3 266 000	3 529 000	4 282 000
Korea			m	m	m	28 884 720	32 674 440	37 936 520		m		m	m	28 164 720	31 954 440	37 637 700
Latvia			m	m	m	4 860	9 000	16 176		m		m	m	4 860	9 000	16 176
Lithuania			m	m	m	m	14 573	23 522		m		m	m	m	14 573	23 522
Luxembourg			m	m	m	77 897	76 376b	92 441		m		m	m	77 897	76 376	92 440
Mexico			m	m	m	211 345	292 733	417 678		m		m	m	409 330	563 277	701 637
Netherlands			m	m	m	34 840	39 806	48 975		m		m	m	34 840	39 806	48 975
New Zealand			m	m	m	47 700	54 318	61 329		m		m	m	49 282	54 318	64 083
Norway			m	m	m	425 650	489 700	614 100		m		m	m	477 700	531 700	633 600
Poland			m	m	m	29 044	35 880	65 248		m		m	m	29 044	35 880	65 248
Portugal			m	m	m	21 960	22 351	25 101		m		m	m	21 960	22 351	25 101
			Lower secondary, general programmes							Upper secondary, general programmes
			2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025		2000		2005	2010	2015	2020	2025
			(45)	(46)	(51)	(56)	(61)	(66)		(67)		(68)	(73)	(78)	(83)	(88)
Slovak Republic			m	m	m	6 960	10 646	13 938		m		m	m	6 960	10 646	13 938
Slovenia			m	m	m	16 864	19 529	23 739		m		m	m	16 864	19 529	23 739
Spain			m	m	m	31 415	34 121	39 294		m		m	m	31 415	34 121	39 294
Sweden1			m	m	m	330 000	414 000	m		m		m	m	342 000	416 400	m
Switzerland			m	m	m	89 509	89 500	93 700		m		m	m	100 477	100 800	104 500
Türkiye			m	m	m	41 197	74 547	626 524		m		m	m	41 197	74 547	626 524
United States1, 2			m	m	m	44 322	49 211	60 835		m		m	m	43 678	49 710	58 027
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)			m	m	m	m	33 061	41 501		m		m	m	m	41 246	51 658
French Comm. (Belgium)			m	m	m	m	32 010	39 283		m		m	m	m	39 817	48 808
England (UK)			m	m	m	22 023	25 305	32 701		m		m	m	22 023	25 305	32 701
Scotland (UK)			m	m	m	21 867	32 034	40 305		m		m	m	21 867	32 034	40 305
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina			m	m	m	m	m	8 465 405		m		m	m	m	m	8 465 405
Brazil			m	m	13 662	25 570	38 483	64 904		m		m	13 662	25 570	38 483	64 904
Bulgaria			m	m	m	m	m	13 075		m		m	m	m	m	13 075
China			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	m	m	m
Croatia			m	m	m	m	m	23 362		m		m	m	m	m	23 362
India			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	m	m	m
Peru			m	m	m	m	m	43 008		m		m	m	m	m	43 008
Romania			m	m	m	m	m	77 352		m		m	m	m	m	77 352
Saudi Arabia			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	m	m	m
South Africa			m	m	m	m	m	m		m		m	m	m	m	m
Thailand			m	m	m	m	m	256 920		m		m	m	m	m	256 920

Note: Data on salaries for countries now in the euro area are shown in euros. Years 2006 to 2009, 2011 to 2014, 2016 to 2019 and 2021 to 2024 (i.e. Columns 3 to 6, 8 to 11, 13 to 16, 18 to 21, 25 to 28, 30 to 33, 35 to 38, 40 to 43, 47 to 50, 52 to 55, 57 to 60, 62 to 65, 69 to 72, 74 to 77, 79 to 82 and 84 to 87) are available for consultation online. The definition of teachers' most prevalent qualifications is based on a broad concept, including the typical ISCED level of attainment and other criteria. The most prevalent qualification is defined for the career stage included in this table. In many cases, the minimum qualification is the same as the most prevalent qualification. The minimum and the most prevalent qualifications are described in Table D.D3.3 in Education at a Glance 2026 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (https://doi.org/10.1787/dcf64a14-en).

1. Actual salaries (including teachers of general subjects within vocational programmes in Sweden, and excluding bonuses and allowances in the United States).

2. The most prevalent qualification for pre-primary and primary teachers in 2000 was a bachelor's degree or equivalent (ISCED 6), and a master's degree or equivalent (ISCED 7) in subsequent years

The data for this table can be accessed via https://stat.link/z2esdn.

Table X2.6. Trends in teachers' statutory salaries after 15 years of experience, in national currencies (2000 and 2005 to 2025)

Annual statutory teachers' salaries in public institutions for teachers with 15 years of experience and the most prevalent qualifications, by level of education

	Pre-primary						Primary
	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025
	(1)	(2)	(7)	(12)	(17)	(22)	(23)	(24)	(29)	(34)	(39)	(44)
OECD Countries
Australia	m	62 240	74 125	91 291	106 583	126 640	m	62 240	75 382	91 805	102 380	121 683
Austria1	m	31 050	35 526	m	m	m	25 826	31 050	35 526	38 225	46 156	57 821
Canada	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	87 202	93 640	104 441
Chile	m	m	9 154 829	11 449 961	17 528 510	23 339 054	m	m	9 154 829	11 449 961	17 528 510	23 339 054
Colombia	m	m	m	41 239 431	63 276 168	101 802 483	m	m	m	41 239 431	63 276 168	101 802 483
Costa Rica	m	m	m	m	11 790 217	11 790 217	m	m	m	m	11 907 513	11 907 513
Czechia	m	m	m	251 160	358 800	409 200	m	m	m	272 200	399 600	456 000
Denmark	m	m	m	m	397 756	464 413	m	m	m	m	465 241	540 356
Estonia	m	m	m	a	a	a	3 068	4 379	7 728	m	a	a
Finland	19 956	23 333	28 331	30 900	31 966	36 817	24 961	30 791	37 769	39 769	40 824	45 311
France	27 151	28 290	29 610	30 140	32 583	36 591	27 151	28 290	29 610	30 140	32 583	36 591
Germany	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	43 320	47 647	56 267	63 484	71 844
Greece	16 292	21 237	25 001	17 592	17 352	18 342	16 292	21 237	25 001	17 592	17 352	18 342
Hungary	751 668	1 739 076	1 780 884	2 884 041	3 178 980	7 503 200	897 168	1 944 576	1 916 568	2 884 041	3 178 980	7 503 200
Iceland	m	2 821 586	3 901 395	m	6 676 644	9 438 904	m	3 100 440	4 264 973	m	6 630 444	9 438 904
Ireland	a	a	a	a	a	a	33 370	48 206	57 390	57 390	62 072	66 025
Israel	72 174	82 076	99 707	145 012	158 912	191 203	75 912	82 179	115 299	130 922	138 394	169 591
Italy	m	25 234	27 645	27 845	29 162	30 271	20 849	25 234	27 645	27 845	29 162	30 271
Japan	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	5 774 000	5 699 000	5 841 000	6 130 000
Korea	m	38 608 000	42 003 257	50 422 920	57 579 740	63 015 160	m	39 712 000	42 003 257	50 422 920	57 579 740	63 015 160
Latvia	1 321	2 321	4 069	5 040	a	m	1 321	2 321	4 069	5 040	a	m
Lithuania	m	m	m	6 220	13 158	27 049	m	m	m	9 031	16 727	27 049
Luxembourg	m	62 139	93 182	106 536	98 391	119 086	m	62 139	93 182	106 536	98 391	119 086
Mexico	110 833	159 128	208 871	272 901	364 137	511 572	110 833	159 128	208 871	272 901	364 137	501 685
Netherlands	m	m	m	49 002	60 939	79 588	m	m	m	49 002	60 939	79 588
New Zealand	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	69 099	83 000	97 920
Norway	m	287 000	353 700	419 500	500 000	578 600	m	327 500	386 000	460 850	536 800	638 400
	Pre-primary						Primary
	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025
	(1)	(2)	(7)	(12)	(17)	(22)	(23)	(24)	(29)	(34)	(39)	(44)
Poland	m	31 216	40 120	47 645	58 441	94 012	m	31 216	40 120	47 645	58 441	94 012
Portugal	m	24 759	27 038	26 321	28 857	31 874	m	24 759	27 038	26 321	28 857	31 874
Slovak Republic	m	m	6 136	7 160	10 036	13 152	m	m	7 492	9 794	12 258	16 050
Slovenia	m	m	26 635	24 607	28 275	38 746	14 123	21 465	27 164	25 550	29 333	40 146
Spain	m	28 122	33 889	32 389	35 339	40 633	m	28 122	33 889	32 389	35 339	40 633
Sweden2	m	261 000	m	354 600	420 144	m	m	283 200	m	379 200	463 200	m
Switzerland	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Türkiye	4 560	16 464	27 701	42 367	77 517	703 084	4 560	16 464	27 701	42 367	77 517	703 084
United States2, 3	36 758	41 500	m	m	62 193	77 629	38 046	51 413	52 742	60 705	62 102	74 639
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)	29 586	35 417	40 042	43 842	46 673	58 394	29 586	35 417	40 042	43 842	46 673	58 394
French Comm. (Belgium)	28 485	33 428	38 610	42 425	45 056	55 201	28 485	33 428	38 610	42 425	45 056	55 201
England (UK)	30 018	33 978	35 929	38 584	41 687	50 464	30 018	33 978	35 929	38 584	41 687	50 464
Scotland (UK)	14 022	29 827	33 666	34 887	40 206	50 589	22 743	29 827	33 666	34 887	40 206	50 589
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	m	m	m	m	m	13 745 340	m	m	m	m	m	13 603 338
Brazil	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Bulgaria	m	m	m	m	m	14 007	m	m	m	m	m	14 007
China	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Croatia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	24 989
India	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Peru	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Romania	m	m	m	m	m	100 536	m	m	m	m	m	100 536
Saudi Arabia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
South Africa	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Thailand	m	m	m	m	m	438 000	m	m	m	m	m	438 000

 

Lower secondary, general programmes							Upper secondary, general programmes
	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025
	(45)	(46)	(51)	(56)	(61)	(66)	(67)	(68)	(73)	(78)	(83)	(88)
OECD Countries
Australia	m	62 384	75 382	91 903	96 709	121 331	m	62 384	75 382	91 903	102 467		121 331
Austria1	26 916	33 635	38 451	41 334	48 325	60 465	29 728	34 265	41 382	44 500	52 635		65 501
Canada	m	m	m	87 202	93 640	104 441	m	m	m	87 202	93 640		104 441
Chile	m	m	9 154 829	11 449 961	17 528 510	23 339 054	m	m	9 700 782	11 694 832	18 137 514		24 151 330
Colombia	m	m	m	41 239 431	63 276 168	101 802 483	m	m	m	41 239 431	63 276 168		101 802 483
Costa Rica	m	m	m	m	12 272 960	12 272 960	m	m	m	m	12 272 960		12 272 960
Czechia	m	m	m	272 200	400 800	456 000	m	m	m	272 200	400 800		456 000
Denmark	m	m	m	m	469 723	544 831	m	m	m	m	496 731		567 565
Estonia	3 068	4 379	7 728	m	a	a	3 068	4 379	7 728	m	a		a
Finland	28 293	34 677	40 791	42 951	44 090	48 568	31 115	36 550	43 168	46 363	47 584		52 406
France	28 249	29 433	30 803	32 231	35 121	39 273	28 249	29 433	30 803	32 231	35 121		39 273
Germany	m	46 842	52 784	61 058	69 508	78 436	m	53 096	57 150	64 767	71 880		81 121
Greece	16 292	21 237	25 001	17 592	17 352	18 342	16 292	21 237	25 001	17 592	17 352		18 342
Hungary	897 168	1 944 576	1 916 568	2 884 041	3 178 980	7 653 264	1 128 996	2 432 388	2 262 636	3 171 916	3 532 200		7 653 264
Iceland	m	3 100 440	4 264 973	m	6 630 444	9 438 904	m	3 198 000	4 104 000	m	7 187 328		10 213 362
Ireland	33 729	48 725	57 981	57 981	62 663	67 942	33 729	48 725	57 981	57 981	62 663		67 942
Israel	76 995	83 744	104 947	143 219	153 229	174 162	75 873	81 353	95 187	119 107	149 269		195 468
Italy	22 836	27 487	30 121	30 340	31 707	32 892	23 518	28 259	30 966	31 189	32 588		33 806
Japan	m	m	5 774 000	5 699 000	5 841 000	6 130 000	m	m	5 774 000	5 699 000	5 841 000		6 135 000
Korea	m	39 616 000	41 907 257	50 482 920	57 639 740	64 832 760	m	39 616 000	41 907 257	49 762 920	56 919 740		63 015 160
Latvia	1 321	2 321	4 069	5 040	a	m	1 321	2 321	4 069	5 040	a		m
Lithuania	m	m	m	9 031	16 727	27 049	m	m	m	9 031	16 727		27 049
Luxembourg	m	81 258	99 782	111 118	106 005	127 514	m	81 258	99 782	111 118	106 005		127 514
Mexico	141 093	203 399	268 456	350 283	465 340	647 900	m	m	m	514 509	692 596		859 244
Netherlands	m	m	m	61 556	69 554	85 499	m	m	m	61 556	69 554		85 499
New Zealand	m	m	m	71 780	83 000	97 920	m	m	m	74 460	83 000		103 086
Norway	m	327 500	386 000	460 850	536 800	638 400	m	364 000	434 700	524 400	588 100		695 000
Poland	m	31 216	40 120	47 645	58 441	94 012	m	31 216	40 120	47 645	58 441		94 012
Portugal	m	24 759	27 038	26 321	28 857	31 874	m	24 759	27 038	26 321	28 857		31 874
Slovak Republic	m	m	7 492	9 794	12 258	16 050	m	m	7 492	9 794	12 258		16 050

 

Lower secondary, general programmes							Upper secondary, general programmes
	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025		2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025
	(45)	(46)	(51)	(56)	(61)	(66)		(67)	(68)	(73)	(78)	(83)	(88)
Slovenia	14 123	21 465	27 164	25 550	29 333	40 146		14 123	21 465	27 164	25 550	29 333	40 146
Spain	m	32 293	38 613	36 153	39 440	45 572		m	32 293	38 613	36 153	39 440	45 572
Sweden2	m	290 400	m	387 018	476 886	m		m	313 600	m	401 400	478 800	m
Switzerland	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m	m
Türkiye	4 813	17 402	28 883	43 762	80 027	703 084		4 813	17 402	28 883	43 762	80 027	703 084
United States2, 3	43 834	47 215	55 919	62 369	66 105	78 231		43 918	49 467	55 724	61 327	65 248	78 458
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)	31 191	35 417	40 042	43 842	46 673	58 394		39 886	45 301	51 454	56 311	59 946	74 865
French Comm. (Belgium)	30 327	33 802	38 610	42 425	45 056	55 201		39 040	43 519	49 764	54 499	57 869	70 835
England (UK)	30 018	33 978	35 929	38 584	41 687	50 464		30 018	33 978	35 929	38 584	41 687	50 464
Scotland (UK)	22 743	29 827	33 666	34 887	40 206	50 589		22 743	29 827	33 666	34 887	40 206	50 589
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	m	m	m	m	m	10 376 803		m	m	m	m	m	10 376 803
Brazil	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m	m
Bulgaria	m	m	m	m	m	14 007		m	m	m	m	m	14 007
China	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m	m
Croatia	m	m	m	m	m	24 989		m	m	m	m	m	24 989
India	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m	m
Peru	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m	m
Romania	m	m	m	m	m	100 536		m	m	m	m	m	100 536
Saudi Arabia	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m	m
South Africa	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m	m
Thailand	m	m	m	m	m	438 000		m	m	m	m	m	438 000

Note: Data on salaries for countries now in the euro area are shown in euros. Years 2006 to 2009, 2011 to 2014, 2016 to 2019 and 2021 to 2024 (i.e. Columns 3 to 6, 8 to 11, 13 to 16, 18 to 21, 25 to 28, 30 to 33, 35 to 38, 40 to 43, 47 to 50, 52 to 55, 57 to 60, 62 to 65, 69 to 72, 74 to 77, 79 to 82 and 84 to 87) are available for consultation online. The definition of teachers' most prevalent qualifications is based on a broad concept, including the typical ISCED level of attainment and other criteria. The most prevalent qualification is defined for the career stage included in this table. In many cases, the minimum qualification is the same as the most prevalent qualification. The minimum and the most prevalent qualifications are described in Table D.D3.3 in Education at a Glance 2026 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (https://doi.org/10.1787/dcf64a14-en).

1. Figures for the pre-primary level refer to primary teachers (in primary schools only) teaching pre-primary classes.

2. Actual salaries (including teachers of general subjects within vocational programmes in Sweden, and excluding bonuses and allowances in the United States).

3. The most prevalent qualification for pre-primary and primary teachers in 2000 was a bachelor's degree or equivalent (ISCED 6), and a master's degree or equivalent (ISCED 7) in subsequent years

The data for this table can be accessed via https://stat.link/z2esdn.

Table X2.7. Trends in teachers' average actual salaries, in national currencies (2000, 2005 and 2010 to 2025

Annual average salaries (including bonuses and allowances) of teachers aged 25-64, by level of education

	Pre-primary							Primary
	2000	2005	2010	2015	2020	2025	2000		2005	2010	2015	2020	2025
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(8)	(13)	(18)	(19)		(20)	(21)	(26)	(31)	(36)
OECD Countries
Australia	m	m	77 641	m	101 104	119 546	m		m	78 352	81 730	93 686	110 585
Austria	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	47 416b	51 860	65 851
Canada	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Chile	m	m	m	11 494 412	m	m	m		m	m	11 258 028	m	m
Colombia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Costa Rica	m	m	m	m	14 012 470	14652 558	m		m	m	m	14 691 156	15 053 641
Czechia	m	m	228 603	277 809	415 700	m	m		m	290 682	325 614	515 600	m
Denmark	m	m	m	m	393 200	465 990	m		m	m	m	477 308	552 932
Estonia	m	m	m	8 807	14 814	21 616	m		m	m	13 254	19 387	28 529
Finland2	m	m	29 759	32 637	34 406	41 608	28 723		35 654	40 458	44 085	45 301	52 272
France	m	m	31 467	33 835	38 202	m	m		m	30 881	32 978	37 111	m
Germany	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	53 610	60 792	69 453
Greece	m	m	m	16 085	17 328	18 746	m		m	m	16 085	17 328	18 746
Hungary	m	m	2 217 300	3 238 584	3 939 026	8836 398	m		m	2 473 800	3 373 500	4 111 792	9 220 606
Iceland2	m	m	m	5 261 000	6 772 000	10269 000	m		m	m	5 966 000	7 450 000	10 669 000
Ireland	a	a	a	a	a	a	m		m	m	m	58 975	69 747
Israel	m	m	110 959	161 247	169 452	209 127	m		m	123 151	162 049	175 071	207 097
Italy	m	m	25 774	28 672	29 157	32 100	m		m	25 774	28 672	29 157	32 100
Japan	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Korea	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Latvia	m	m	m	7 435	11 913	18 124	m		m	m	9 981	15 278	20 516
Lithuania	m	m	m	9 732	18 576	34 148	m		m	m	9 732	18 576	34 148
Luxembourg	m	m	88 315	93 705	m	m	m		m	88 315	93 705	m	m
Mexico	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Netherlands	m	m	43 374	45 126	56 127	73 378	m		m	43 374	45 126	56 127	73 378
New Zealand	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	68 833	82 876	101 071
Norway	m	289 548	368 580	448 797	518 890	625 785	m		348 877	422 930	505 878	572 804	696 623
Poland	m	m	40 626	49 856	m	103 137	m		m	46 862	57 738	m	120 281
Portugal	m	m	m	31 234	33 805	38 373	m		m	m	28 561	30 502	36 011
Slovak Republic	m	m	m	8 986	13 144	18 466	m		m	m	12 185	17 089	22 936
Slovenia2	m	m	m	17 349	22 298	m	m		m	m	24 069	27 426	m
Spain	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Sweden	204 516	252 268	296 997	343 285	403 158	m	239 887		288 154	323 621	378 684	457 892	m
Switzerland	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Türkiye	m	m	m	m	m	836 661	m		m	m	m	m	836 661
United States	38 028	40 268	48 103	50 946	54 934	68 074	38 746		41 059	49 133	52 516	55 980	69 950
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)	m	m	41 046	44 357	47 024	60 218	m		m	41 543	44 848	46 582	59 105
French Comm. (Belgium)	m	m	m	42 741	45 634	57 045	m		m	m	42 468	44 623	55 689
England (UK)	22 968	29 418	33 680	33 011	35 748	43 462	22 968		29 418	33 680	33 011	35 748	43 462
Scotland (UK)	m	m	31 884	33 166	37 492	49 367	m		m	31 884	33 166	37 492	49 367
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Brazil	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Bulgaria	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
China	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Croatia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
India	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Peru	m	m	m	m	m	56 540	m		m	m	m	m	56 073
Romania	m	m	m	m	m	101 352	m		m	m	m	m	104 909
Saudi Arabia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
South Africa	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m
Thailand	m	m	m	m	m	m	m		m	m	m	m	m

 

Lower secondary, general programmes

Upper secondary, general programmes

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

(37)

(38)

(39)

(44)

(49)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

(62)

(67)

(72)

OECD Countries

Australia

m

m

78 221

82 516

95 270

110 742

m

m

78 225

82 542

93 298

110 776

Austria

m

m

m

55 799b

58 483

71 656

m

m

m

60 152b

66 081

77 443

Canada

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Chile

m

m

m

11 325 494

m

m

m

m

m

12 365 587

m

m

Colombia

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Costa Rica

m

m

m

m

17 669 394

19 860 790

m

m

m

m

17 669 394

19 860 790

Czechia

m

m

289 771

325 034

512 000

m

m

m

313 534

338 662

537 100

m

Denmark

m

m

m

m

480 476

556 260

m

m

m

m

566 438

641 847

Estonia

m

m

m

13 254

19 387

28 529

m

m

m

13 254

19 387

28 529

Finland2

32 919

39 519

44 421

48 497

50 398

57 338

37 728

44 051

49 808

54 378

56 929

64 872

France

m

m

37 232

38 508

41 442

m

m

m

41 794

43 338

45 887

m

Germany

m

m

m

59 153

67 007

76 496

m

m

m

62 760

70 913

80 163

Greece

m

m

m

17 103

18 522

20 347

m

m

m

17 103

18 522

20 347

Hungary

m

m

2 473 800

3 373 500

4 111 792

9 220 606

m

m

2 814 100

3 588 180

4 471 546

9 597 830

Iceland2

m

m

m

5 966 000

7 450 000

10 669 000

m

m

5 172 300

7 931 000

9 988 000

13 589 000

Ireland

m

m

m

m

61 414

73 053

m

m

m

m

61 414

73 053

Israel

m

m

126 309

176 907

186 766

215 797

m

m

133 790

160 763

199 084

231 929

Italy

m

m

27 170

28 581

31 269

33 753

m

m

28 986

30 991

33 261

35 901

Japan

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Korea

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Latvia

m

m

m

9 320

15 069

20 516

m

m

m

10 430

16 499

20 556

Lithuania

m

m

m

9 732

18 576

34 148

m

m

m

9 732

18 576

34 148

Luxembourg

m

m

101 471

106 650

m

m

m

m

101 471

106 650

m

m

Mexico

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Netherlands

m

m

52 831

56 796

65 212

79 618

m

m

52 831

56 796

65 212

79 618

New Zealand

m

m

m

70 223

82 965

101 273

m

m

m

74 624

89 382

106 127

Norway

m

348 877

422 930

505 878

572 804

696 623

m

372 694

449 704

555 315

621 412

755 575

Poland

m

m

47 410

58 907

m

125 508

m

m

46 147

57 837

m

125 145

Portugal

m

m

m

27 903

29 686

35 752

m

m

m

30 431

32 093

38 197

Slovak Republic

m

m

m

12 185

17 089

22 936

m

m

m

12 176

17 737

24 465

Slovenia2

m

m

m

24 504

27 918

m

m

m

m

25 989

29 409

m

Spain

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Sweden

247 793

290 058

324 639

389 624

476 260

m

265 488

315 592

347 967

405 662

484 829

m

Switzerland

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Türkiye

m

m

m

m

m

789 437

m

m

m

m

m

789 437

United States

39 500

41 873

50 158

53 548

58 625

72 439

41 124

43 588

52 188

55 328

61 162

74 850

Other economies

Flemish Comm. (Belgium)

m

m

41 277

43 718

46 590

59 602

m

m

54 381

56 594

55 965

71 631

French Comm. (Belgium)

m

m

m

41 586

43 463

54 609

m

m

m

53 006

55 100

67 781

England (UK)

25 347

32 355

36 173

36 650

39 860

51 778

25 347

32 355

36 173

36 650

39 860

51 778

Scotland (UK)

m

m

31 884

33 166

37 492

49 367

m

m

31 884

33 166

37 492

49 367

Partner and/or accession countries

Argentina

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Brazil

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Bulgaria

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

China

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Croatia

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

India

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Indonesia

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Peru

m

m

m

m

m

54 245

m

m

m

m

m

54 245

Romania

m

m

m

m

m

105 831

m

m

m

m

m

107 757

Saudi Arabia

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

South Africa

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Thailand

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

Note: Years 2011 to 2014, 2016 to 2019 and 2021 to 2024 (i.e. Columns 4 to 7, 9 to 12, 14 to 17, 22 to 25, 27 to 30, 32 to 35, 40 to 43, 45 to 48, 50 to 53, 58 to 61, 63 to 66 and 68 to 71) are available for consultation online. See explanations on the break in the time series in Table D.D3.12 in Education at a Glance 2026 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (https://doi.org/10.1787/dcf64a14-en)

1. Data on salaries for countries now in the euro area are shown in euros.

2. Data on teachers in pre-primary education include the data for teachers in early childhood education and care.

The data for this table can be accessed via https://stat.link/z2esdn.

Table X2.8. Distribution of school heads aged 25-64, by educational attainment and level of education (2025)

	Purchasing power parity (PPP) for private consumption¹					Deflators for private consumption (2015 = 100)								Reference year for statutory salary data	Reference year for actual salary data
	2023	2024	2025	Jan 2024	Jan 2025	Jan 2000	Jan 2005	Jan 2010	Jan 2015	Jan 2020	Jan 2023	Jan 2024	Jan 2025
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)= ((1)+(2))/2	(5)= ((2)+(3))/2	(6)	(7)	(12)	(17)	(22)	(25)	(26)	(26)	(26)	(0)
OECD Countries
Australia	1.40	1.43	1.43	1.41	1.43	68	78	91	100	107	119	125	129	2025	2025
Austria	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72	75	82	90	100	109	124	131	135	2024/2025	2024/2025
Canada	1.23	1.24	1.24	1.23	1.24	80	87	93	100	106	118	122	125	2024/2025	m
Chile	472.40	464.88	464.88	468.64	464.88	58	68	83	100	116	143	152	159	2025	2023
Colombia	1 520.22	1 542.19	1 542.19	1 531.21	1 542.19	48	66	83	100	123	156	166	174	2025	m
Costa Rica	339.93	328.05	328.05	333.99	328.05	28	52	83	100	110	126	126	125	2025	2025
Czechia	14.19	14.33	14.33	14.26	14.33	75	83	94	100	112	141	149	154	2024/2025	2023/2024
Denmark	6.80	6.76	6.76	6.78	6.76	77	84	93	100	103	114	117	120	2024/2025	2024/2025
Estonia	0.64	0.65	0.65	0.64	0.65	57	68	86	100	113	143	152	157	2024/2025	2024/2025
Finland	0.80	0.79	0.79	0.79	0.79	76	82	90	100	104	116	119	120	2024/2025	2024/2025
France	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72	82	89	96	100	104	115	120	122	2024/2025	2023
Germany	0.70	0.70	0.70	0.70	0.70	81	87	93	100	106	121	127	130	2024/2025	2024/2025
Greece	0.55	0.56	0.56	0.56	0.56	78	86	99	100	98	107	110	113	2024/2025	2024/2025
Hungary	182.53	189.31	189.31	185.92	189.31	51	70	88	100	115	151	167	178	2024/2025	2024/2025
Iceland	151.20	156.03	156.03	153.61	156.03	44	55	83	100	115	134	142	149	2024/2025	2024/2025
Ireland	0.89	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.88	83	97	95	100	106	122	130	134	2024/2025	2024/2025
Israel	3.56	3.61	3.61	3.58	3.61	76	82	92	100	100	109	114	116	2024/2025	2024/2025
Italy	0.63	0.63	0.63	0.63	0.63	74	84	93	100	104	116	120	122	2024/2025	2024/2025
Japan	99.19	99.38	99.38	99.29	99.38	107	103	100	100	102	107	110	112	2024/2025	m
Korea	883.11	872.47	872.47	877.79	872.47	67	79	90	100	107	117	120	122	2025	m
Latvia	0.53	0.53	0.53	0.53	0.53	53	66	94	100	110	134	141	146	2024/2025	2024/2025
Lithuania	0.53	0.53	0.53	0.53	0.53	70	70	92	100	110	143	150	153	2024/2025	2024/2025
Luxembourg	0.85	0.85	0.85	0.85	0.85	75	84	92	100	107	118	123	126	2024/2025	m
Mexico	10.50	10.80	10.80	10.65	10.80	47	62	83	100	123	146	151	158	2024/2025	m
Netherlands	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.74	0.74	75	86	93	100	108	127	133	136	2024/2025	2024/2025
New Zealand	1.48	1.50	1.50	1.49	1.50	77	83	94	100	106	120	125	128	2025	2025
Norway	9.38	9.54	9.54	9.46	9.54	76	83	92	100	112	127	134	137	2024/2025	2024/2025
Poland	1.99	2.01	2.01	2.00	2.01	67	81	92	100	107	137	145	151	2024/2025	2024/2025
Portugal	0.56	0.56	0.56	0.56	0.56	72	85	94	100	106	119	123	127	2024/2025	2024/2025
Slovak Republic	0.54	0.55	0.55	0.54	0.55	61	80	92	100	106	130	138	143	2024/2025	2024/2025
Slovenia	0.58	0.58	0.58	0.58	0.58	63	82	94	100	104	122	128	131	2024/2025	2023/2024
Spain	0.58	0.59	0.59	0.59	0.59	71	83	94	100	104	117	121	125	2024/2025	m
Sweden	8.52	8.58	8.58	8.55	8.58	82	88	96	100	108	123	128	132	2024/2025	2024/2025
Switzerland	1.16	1.11	1.11	1.13	1.11	95	98	103	100	100	104	105	106	2024/2025	m
Türkiye	7.70	12.55	12.55	10.12	12.55	13	48	70	100	171	522	835	1 228	2024/2025	2024/2025
United States	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	75	83	92	100	107	122	126	129	2024/2025	2024/2025
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)1	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75	75	83	92	100	108	127	132	135	2024/2025	2024/2025
French Comm. (Belgium)1	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75	75	83	92	100	108	127	132	135	2024/2025	2024/2025
England (UK)1	0.67	0.68	0.68	0.68	0.68	77	82	91	100	107	123	129	134	2024/2025	2024/2025
Scotland (UK)1	0.67	0.68	0.68	0.68	0.68	77	82	91	100	107	123	129	134	2024/2025	2024/2025
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	139.81	419.90	419.90	279.85	419.90	10	16	31	100	519	2 561	7 446	13 548	2025	m
Brazil	2.49	2.52	2.52	2.51	2.52	33	51	68	100	130	168	175	184	2025	m
Bulgaria	0.38	0.39	0.39	0.39	0.39	62	74	92	100	112	143	152	157	2024/2025	m
China	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Croatia	0.48	0.49	0.49	0.49	0.49	67	78	93	100	102	122	129	134	2024/2025	m
India	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Peru	1.97	1.95	1.95	1.96	1.95	m	m	87	100	112	133	138	141	2025	2025
Romania	1.97	2.06	2.06	2.01	2.06	24	61	86	100	115	145	156	166	2024/2025	2024/2025
Saudi Arabia	1.91	1.88	1.88	1.89	1.88	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
South Africa	7.60	7.70	7.70	7.65	7.70	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Thailand2	10.65	10.49	10.49	10.57	10.49	66	74	89	100	103	110	112	112	2024/2025	m

Note: Values for PPPs and deflators were extracted from the OECD Data Explorer on national accounts on 02 April 2026. As 2025 PPPs were not available on this date, values for 2024 have been used for 2025. Deflators for the years 2006 to 2009, 2011 to 2014, 2016 to 2019 and 2021 to 2022 (i.e. Columns 8 to 11, 13 to 16, 18 to 21 and 23 to 24) are available for consultation online.

1. Data on PPPs and deflators refer to the whole country: Belgium for the Flemish and the French Community of Belgium, and the United Kingdom for England and Scotland.

2. Data on PPPs refer to the corresponding indicator recorded in the World Development Indicator database by the World Bank Group. The data for this table can be accessed via https://stat.link/z2esdn.

Table X2.9. Distribution of teachers, by minimum or most prevalent qualifications and level of education (2025)

Teachers who have either the minimum or a higher than minimum (and most prevalent) qualification, in public institutions

	Pre-primary			Primary
	Is there a difference between "minimum" and "most prevalent" qualifications?	Percentage of teachers in a salary range based on the minimum qualification for teachers to enter the teaching profession in 2025	Percentage of teachers in a salary range based on a higher than minimum (and most prevalent) qualification to enter the teaching profession in 2025	Is there a difference between "minimum" and "most prevalent" qualifications?	Percentage of teachers in a salary range based on the minimum qualification for teachers to enter the teaching profession in 2025	Percentage of teachers in a salary range based on a higher than minimum (and most prevalent) qualification to enter the teaching profession in 2025
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
OECD Countries
Australia	No	100	a	No	100	a
Austria	m	m	m	Yes	40	m
Canada	a	a	a	No	m	a
Chile	No	m	a	No	m	a
Colombia	Yes	10	59	Yes	14	50
Costa Rica	Yes	6	94	Yes	12	79
Czechia	No	100	a	No	100	a
Denmark	No	100	a	No	100	a
Estonia	m	a	a	No	m	a
Finland	No	100	a	No	57	a
France	No	98	a	No	98	a
Germany	m	a	a	No	100	a
Greece	No	100	a	No	100	a
Hungary	No	93	a	No	87	a
Iceland	No	m	a	No	m	a
Ireland	a	a	a	No	34	a
Israel	No	57	a	No	47	a
Italy	No	100	a	No	100	a
Japan	m	a	a	No	m	a
Korea	Yes	m	m	No	m	a
Latvia	No	100	a	No	100	a
Lithuania	No	m	a	No	m	a
Luxembourg	No	70	a	No	84	a
Mexico	m	m	m	m	m	m
Netherlands	No	100	a	No	100	a
New Zealand	a	a	a	No	m	a
Norway	No	100	a	No	11	a
Poland	No	93	a	No	97	a
Portugal	No	100	a	No	100	a
Slovak Republic	No	m	a	No	m	a
Slovenia	No	100	a	No	100	a
Spain	No	100	a	No	100	a
Sweden1	No	100	a	No	100	a
Switzerland	No	100	a	No	100	a
Türkiye	No	m	a	No	m	a
United States	No	46	a	Yes	41	50
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)2	No	100	a	No	100	a
French Comm. (Belgium)	No	98	a	No	81	a
England (UK)	No	100	a	No	100	a
Scotland (UK)	No	100	a	No	100	a
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	No	m	a	No	m	a
Brazil	No	m	a	No	m	a
Bulgaria	No	m	a	No	m	a
China	m	m	m	m	m	m
Croatia	a	a	a	No	100	a
India	m	m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia	m	m	m	m	m	m
Peru	No	m	a	No	m	a
Romania	Yes	2	98	Yes	2	98
Saudi Arabia	m	m	m	m	m	m
South Africa	m	m	m	m	m	m
Thailand	Yes	100	100	Yes	100	100

 

	Lower secondary, general programmes			Upper secondary, general programmes
	Is there a difference between "minimum" and "most prevalent" qualifications?	Percentage of teachers in a salary range based on the minimum qualification for teachers to enter the teaching profession in 2025	Percentage of teachers in a salary range based on a higher than minimum (and most prevalent) qualification to enter the teaching profession in 2025	Is there a difference between "minimum" and "most prevalent" qualifications?	Percentage of teachers in a salary range based on the minimum qualification for teachers to enter the teaching profession in 2025	Percentage of teachers in a salary range based on a higher than minimum (and most prevalent) qualification to enter the teaching profession in 2025
	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
OECD Countries
Australia	No	100	a	No	100	a
Austria	Yes	38	m	Yes	24	m
Canada	No	m	a	No	m	a
Chile	No	m	a	No	m	a
Colombia	No	53	a	No	x(8)	a
Costa Rica	Yes	9	69	Yes	9	69
Czechia	No	100	a	No	100	a
Denmark	No	100	a	No	100	a
Estonia	No	m	a	No	m	a
Finland	No	90	a	No	97	a
France	No	81	a	No	63	a
Germany	No	100	a	No	100	a
Greece	No	100	a	No	100	a
Hungary	No	50	a	No	93	a
Iceland	No	m	a	No	m	a
Ireland	No	33	a	No	33	a
Israel	Yes	37	m	Yes	40	m
Italy	No	100	a	No	100	a
Japan	No	m	a	No	m	a
Korea	Yes	m	m	Yes	m	m
Latvia	No	100	a	No	100	a
Lithuania	No	m	a	No	m	a
Luxembourg	No	64	a	No	75	a
Mexico	m	m	m	m	m	m
Netherlands	No	100	a	No	100	a
New Zealand	No	m	a	m	m	m
Norway	No	x(5)	a	Yes	6	56
Poland	No	97	a	No	99	a
Portugal	No	100	a	No	100	a
Slovak Republic	No	m	a	No	m	a
Slovenia	No	100	a	No	100	a
Spain	No	100	a	No	100	a
Sweden1	No	100	a	No	100	a
Switzerland	No	100	a	No	100	a
Türkiye	No	m	a	No	m	a
United States	Yes	38	51	Yes	32	55
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)2	No	94	a	Yes	23	77
French Comm. (Belgium)	No	79	a	Yes	5	79
England (UK)	No	98	a	No	98	a
Scotland (UK)	No	100	a	No	100	a
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	No	m	a	No	m	a
Brazil	No	m	a	No	m	a
Bulgaria	No	m	a	No	m	a
China	m	m	m	m	m	m
Croatia	No	100	a	No	100	a
India	m	m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia	m	m	m	m	m	m
Peru	No	m	a	No	m	a
Romania	No	100	a	No	100	a
Saudi Arabia	m	m	m	m	m	m
South Africa	m	m	m	m	m	m
Thailand	Yes	100	100	Yes	100	100

Note: See Definitions and Methodology sections of Chapter D3 for more information.

1. Year of reference: 2024 (calendar year for Sweden).

2. Government-dependent private institutions included. The data for this table can be accessed via https://stat.link/z2esdn.

Table X2.10. Distribution of teachers aged 25-64, by educational attainment and level of education (2025)

Percentage of teachers

	Pre-primary			Primary			Lower secondary, general programmes			Upper secondary, general programmes
	Short-cycle tertiary or below	Bachelor's or equivalent	Master's or doctoral or equivalent	Short-cycle tertiary or below	Bachelor's or equivalent	Master's or doctoral or equivalent	Short-cycle tertiary or below	Bachelor's or equivalent	Master's or doctoral or equivalent	Short-cycle tertiary or below	Bachelor's or equivalent	Master's or doctoral or equivalent
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
OECD Countries
Australia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Austria	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Canada	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Chile1	1	99d	x(2)	1	99d	x(5)	1	99d	x(8)	3	97d	x(11)
Colombia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Costa Rica	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Czechia1	65	24	11	8	6	87	6	7	87	2	4	94
Denmark	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	0	0	100
Estonia	22	52	26	10	28	62	7	22	71	4	16	80
Finland	10	81	9	2	1	97	2	1	97	0	0	100
France1	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	9d	58d	33d	x(10)	x(11)	x(12)	6d	55d	42d
Germany	m	m	m	m	m	100	m	m	100	m	m	100
Greece	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	0d	75d	25d	x(10)	x(11)	x(12)	0d	64d	36d
Hungary	5	91	4	1d	71d	28d	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	0	8	92
Iceland	21	52	28	10d	53d	36d	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	16	31	53
Ireland	a	a	a	a	m	m	a	m	m	m	m	m
Israel	1	57	42	2	47	51	1	37	62	4	40	56
Italy	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Japan	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Korea	16	61	24	0	71	29	0	69	31	0	65	35
Latvia	27	50	24	x(7)	x(8)	x(9)	4d	42d	54d	5	31	65
Lithuania	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Luxembourg	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Mexico	20	68	13	10	75	15	13	69	18	m	m	m
Netherlands	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	0d	81d	19d	x(10)	x(11)	x(12)	0d	64d	36d
New Zealand	m	m	m	5	89	6	4	87	9	1	82	17
Norway	5	94	1	5d	74d	21d	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	2	45	53
Poland	0	7	93	0	3	97	0	3	97	0	1	99
Portugal	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Slovak Republic	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Slovenia1	7	73	21	11	9	81	13	5	82	2	5	94
Spain	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Sweden1	21	74	5	3	57	40	2	25	73	1	12	87
Switzerland	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Türkiye	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
United States	0	45	55	0	40	60	1	37	62	2	31	67
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)	1	99	1	1	96	3	4	86	10	1	24	75
French Comm. (Belgium)	1	97	2	2	90	8	2	71	27	1	14	85
England (UK)	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	0d	42d	58d	x(10)	x(11)	x(12)	0d	21d	78d
Scotland (UK)	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Brazil	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Bulgaria	3	39	58	1	32	67	1	35	64	1	24	74
China	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Croatia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
India	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Peru	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Romania	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Saudi Arabia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
South Africa	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Thailand	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m

1. Reference year differs from 2025: 2024 for Czechia, Slovenia and Sweden (calendar year); and 2023 for Chile and France (calendar year).

The data for this table can be accessed via https://stat.link/z2esdn.

Table X2.11. Distribution of school heads aged 25-64, by educational attainment and level of education (2025)

Percentage of school heads

	Pre-primary			Primary			Lower secondary, general programmes			Upper secondary, general programmes
	Short-cycle tertiary or below	Bachelor's or equivalent	Master's or doctoral or equivalent	Short-cycle tertiary or below	Bachelor's or equivalent	Master's or doctoral or equivalent	Short-cycle tertiary or below	Bachelor's or equivalent	Master's or doctoral or equivalent	Short-cycle tertiary or below	Bachelor's or equivalent	Master's or doctoral or equivalent
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
OECD Countries
Australia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Austria	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Canada	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Chile1	0	100d	x(2)	0	100d	x(5)	0	100d	x(8)	0	100d	x(11)
Colombia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Costa Rica	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Czechia1	51	28	21	2	2	96	2	2	96	2	2	96
Denmark	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	0	0	100
Estonia	0	21	79	1	7	92	1	6	93	1	1	98
Finland	13	60	27	0	0	100	0	1	99	0	0	100
France1	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	d	d	d	m	m	m	m	m	m
Germany	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Greece	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	0d	55d	46d	x(10)	x(11)	x(12)	0d	23d	77d
Hungary	2	92	6	0d	67d	33d	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	0	43	57
Iceland	19	47	34	3	46	51	3	46	51	9	30	61
Ireland	a	a	a	a	m	m	a	m	m	m	m	m
Israel	a	a	a	0	4	96	0	1	99	1	19	80
Italy	a	a	a	a	a	100d	a	a	x(6)	a	a	x(6)
Japan	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Korea	1	6	93	0	10	90	0	9	91	0	8	92
Latvia	x(10)	x(11)	x(12)	x(10)	x(11)	x(12)	x(10)	x(11)	x(12)	0d	19d	81d
Lithuania	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Luxembourg	a	a	a	a	a	a	m	m	m	m	m	m
Mexico	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Netherlands	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	0d	62d	38d	x(10)	x(11)	x(12)	0d	48d	52d
New Zealand	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Norway	5	94	2	2d	84d	13d	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	2	48	51
Poland1	0	1	99	0d	0d	100d	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	0	0	100
Portugal	a	6	94	d	d	d	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	a	xc:1	xc:1
Slovak Republic	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Slovenia1	0	47	53	0d	1d	99d	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	0	3	97
Spain	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Sweden1	32	58	10	8d	46d	46d	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	9	22	69
Switzerland	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Türkiye	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
United States	0	2	98	0	2	98	0	2	98	0	2	98
Other economies
Flemish Comm. (Belgium)	1	94	6	1	94	6	0	61	39	0	11	89
French Comm. (Belgium)	0	94	6	0	92	8	0	66	34	0	27	73
England (UK)	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	0d	47d	53d	x(10)	x(11)	x(12)	0d	15d	85d
Scotland (UK)	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Partner and/or accession countries
Argentina	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Brazil	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Bulgaria	0	12	88	0d	5d	95d	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)	x(4)	x(5)	x(6)
China	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Croatia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
India	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Indonesia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Peru	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	78	18	4
Romania	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Saudi Arabia	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
South Africa	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m
Thailand	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m

1. Reference year differs from 2025: 2024 for Chile, Czechia, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden (calendar year); and 2023 for France (calendar year).

The data for this table can be accessed via https://stat.link/z2esdn.