Education at a Glance 2025

Annex 2. Reference statistics

Annex 2 Tables

Table X2.1	Basic reference statistics in current prices (reference period: calendar year, 2015, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)
Table X2.2	Basic reference statistics (reference period: calendar year, 2015, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)
Table X2.3	Pre-primary and primary teachers' statutory salaries, in national currencies, based on the most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers (2024)
Table X2.4	Secondary teachers' statutory salaries, in national currencies, based on the most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers (2024)
Table X2.5	Trends in teachers' statutory starting salaries, in national currencies (2000 and 2005 to 2024)
Table X2.6	Trends in teachers' statutory salaries after 15 years of experience, in national currencies (2000 and 2005 to 2024)
Table X2.7	Trends in teachers' average actual salaries, in national currencies (2000, 2005 and 2010 to 2024)
Table X2.8	Reference statistics used in calculating salaries of teachers and school heads (2000 and 2005 to 2024)
Table X2.9	Distribution of teachers, by minimum or most prevalent qualifications and level of education (2024)
Table X2.10	Distribution of teachers aged 25-64, by educational attainment and level of education (2024)
Table X2.11	Distribution of school heads aged 25-64, by educational attainment and level of education (2024)

Statlink

Data Download

To download the data for the figures and tables in this chapter, click StatLink above.

To access further data and/or other education indicators, please visit the OECD Data Explorer: https://data-explorer.oecd.org/.

Data cut-off for the print publication 13 June 2025. Please note that the Data Explorer contains the most recent data..

Notes for Tables

Table X2.1. Basic reference statistics in current prices (reference period: calendar year, 2015, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)

Note: For countries where GDP is not reported for the same reference period as data on educational finance, GDP is estimated as: wt-1 (GDPt - 1) + wt (GDPt), where wt and wt-1 are the weights for the respective portions of the two reference periods for GDP which fall within the educational financial year. Adjustments were made in Part C for Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States.

1. The GDP mainland market value is used for Norway.

Source: OECD (2025), OECD Data Explorer, "Annual GDP and components - expenditure approach" and "Annual government non-financial accounts and key indicators (Expenditure)" (https://data-explorer.oecd.org).

Table X2.2. Basic reference statistics (reference period: calendar year, 2015, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)

1. GDP deflator mainland figures are used for Norway.

Source: OECD (2025), OECD Data Explorer, "Annual Purchasing Power Parities and exchange rates", "Annual population and employment, national concept", and "Annual GDP and components - expenditure approach" (https://data-explorer.oecd.org).

Table X2.3. Pre-primary and primary teachers' statutory salaries, in national currencies, based on the most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers (2024)

Note: The definition of teachers' most prevalent qualifications is based on a broad concept, including the typical ISCED level of attainment and other criteria. The most prevalent qualification is defined for each of the four career stages included in this table. In many cases, the minimum qualification is the same as the most prevalent qualification. The minimum and the most prevalent qualifications are described in Table D.D3.3 in Education at a Glance 2025 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (https://doi.org/10.1787/fcfaf2d1-en).

1. Year of reference: 2023 (calendar year for Sweden).

2. Data on teachers in pre-primary programmes include the data for teachers in early childhood education and care.

3. Data exclude the social security contributions and pension scheme contributions paid by the employees.

4. Actual salaries (including teachers of general subjects within vocational programmes in Sweden, and excluding bonuses and allowances in the United States).

Table X2.4. Secondary teachers' statutory salaries, in national currencies, based on the most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers (2024)

Note: The definition of teachers' most prevalent qualifications is based on a broad concept, including the typical ISCED level of attainment and other criteria. The most prevalent qualification is defined for each of the four career stages included in this table. In many cases, the minimum qualification is the same as the most prevalent qualification. The minimum and the most prevalent qualifications are described in Table D.D3.3 in Education at a Glance 2025 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (https://doi.org/10.1787/fcfaf2d1-en).

1. Year of reference: 2023 (calendar year for Sweden).

2. Data include the average of fixed bonuses for overtime hours.

3. Data exclude the social security contributions and pension scheme contributions paid by the employees.

4. Actual salaries (including teachers of general subjects within vocational programmes in Sweden, and excluding bonuses and allowances in the United States).

Table X2.5. Trends in teachers' statutory starting salaries, in national currencies (2000 and 2005 to 2024)

Note: Data on salaries for countries now in the euro area are shown in euros. Years 2006 to 2009, 2011 to 2014, 2016 to 2019 and 2021 to 2023 (i.e. Columns 3 to 6, 8 to 11, 13 to 16, 18 to 20, 24 to 27, 29 to 32, 34 to 37, 39 to 41, 45 to 48, 50 to 53, 55 to 58, 60 to 62, 66 to 69, 71 to 74, 76 to 79 and 81 to 83) are available for consultation on line (see StatLink). The definition of teachers' most prevalent qualifications is based on a broad concept, including the typical ISCED level of attainment and other criteria. The most prevalent qualification is defined for the career stage included in this table. In many cases, the minimum qualification is the same as the most prevalent qualification. The minimum and the most prevalent qualifications are described in Table D.D3.3 in Education at a Glance 2025 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (https://doi.org/10.1787/fcfaf2d1-en).

1. Actual salaries (including teachers of general subjects within vocational programmes in Sweden, and excluding bonuses and allowances in the United States).

2. The most prevalent qualification for pre-primary and primary teachers in 2000 was a bachelor's degree or equivalent (ISCED 6), and a master's degree or equivalent (ISCED 7) in subsequent years.

Table X2.6. Trends in teachers' statutory salaries after 15 years of experience, in national currencies (2000 and 2005 to 2024)

Note: Data on salaries for countries now in the euro area are shown in euros. Years 2006 to 2009, 2011 to 2014, 2016 to 2019 and 2021 to 2023 (i.e. Columns 3 to 6, 8 to 11, 13 to 16, 18 to 20, 24 to 27, 29 to 32, 34 to 37, 39 to 41, 45 to 48, 50 to 53, 55 to 58, 60 to 62, 66 to 69, 71 to 74, 76 to 79 and 81 to 83) are available for consultation on line (see StatLink). The definition of teachers' most prevalent qualifications is based on a broad concept, including the typical ISCED level of attainment and other criteria. The most prevalent qualification is defined for the career stage included in this table. In many cases, the minimum qualification is the same as the most prevalent qualification. The minimum and the most prevalent qualifications are described in Table D.D3.3 in Education at a Glance 2025 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (https://doi.org/10.1787/fcfaf2d1-en).

1. Figures for the pre-primary level refer to primary teachers (in primary schools only) teaching pre-primary classes.

2. Actual salaries (including teachers of general subjects within vocational programmes in Sweden, and excluding bonuses and allowances in the United States).

3. The most prevalent qualification for pre-primary and primary teachers in 2000 was a bachelor's degree or equivalent (ISCED 6), and a master's degree or equivalent (ISCED 7) in subsequent years.

Table X2.7. Trends in teachers' average actual salaries, in national currencies (2000, 2005 and 2010 to 2024)¹

Note: Years 2011 to 2014, 2016 to 2019 and 2021 to 2023 (i.e. Columns 4 to 7, 9 to 12, 14 to 16, 21 to 24, 26 to 29, 31 to 33, 38 to 41, 43 to 46, 48 to 50, 55 to 58, 60 to 63 and 65 to 67) are available for consultation on line (see StatLink). See explanations on the break in the time series in Table D.D3.12 in Education at a Glance 2025 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (https://doi.org/10.1787/fcfaf2d1-en).

1. Data on salaries for countries now in the euro area are shown in euros.

2. Data on teachers in pre-primary education include the data for teachers in early childhood education and care.

Table X2.8. Reference statistics used in calculating salaries of teachers and school heads (2000 and 2005 to 2024)

Note: Values for PPPs and deflators were extracted from the OECD Data Explorer on national accounts on 02 April 2025. As 2024 PPPs were not available on this date, values for 2023 have been used for 2024. Deflators for the years 2006 to 2009, 2011 to 2014, 2016 to 2019 and 2021 (i.e. Columns 8 to 11, 13 to 16, 18 to 21 and 23) are available for consultation on line (see StatLink).

1. Data on PPPs for countries now in the euro area are shown in euros

2. Data on PPPs and deflators refer to the whole country: Belgium for the Flemish and the French Community of Belgium, and the United Kingdom for England and Scotland.

Table X2.9. Distribution of teachers, by minimum or most prevalent qualifications and level of education (2024)

Note: See Definitions and Methodology sections of Chapter D3 for more information.

1. Year of reference: 2023 (calendar year for Sweden).

2. Government-dependent private institutions included.

Table X2.10. Distribution of teachers aged 25-64, by educational attainment and level of education (2024)

1. Reference year differs from 2024: 2023 for Czechia, Slovenia and Sweden (calendar year); and 2022 for Chile and France (calendar year).

Table X2.11. Distribution of school heads aged 25-64, by educational attainment and level of education (2024)

1. Reference year differs from 2024: 2023 for Chile, Czechia, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden (calendar year); and 2022 for France (calendar year).

Control codes

a – category not applicable; b – break in series; d – contains data from another column; m – missing data; x – contained in another column (indicated in brackets). For further control codes, see the Reader’s Guide.

For further methodological information, see Education at a Glance 2025: Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (https://doi.org/10.1787/fcfaf2d1-en)].

Table X2.1. Basic reference statistics in current prices (reference period: calendar year, 2015, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)

Note: For notes on this table and a link to download the data, see Notes for Tables section above.

Table X2.2. Basic reference statistics (reference period: calendar year, 2015, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023)

Note: For notes on this table and a link to download the data, see Notes for Tables section above.

Table X2.3. Pre-primary and primary teachers' statutory salaries, in national currencies, based on the most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers (2024)

Annual salaries of full-time teachers in public institutions, by level of education

Note: For notes on this table and a link to download the data, see Notes for Tables section above.

Table X2.4. Secondary teachers' statutory salaries, in national currencies, based on the most prevalent qualifications at different points in teachers' careers (2024)

Annual salaries of full-time teachers in public institutions, by level of education

Note: For notes on this table and a link to download the data, see Notes for Tables section above.

Table X2.5. Trends in teachers' statutory starting salaries, in national currencies (2000 and 2005 to 2024)

Annual statutory starting teachers' salaries in public institutions for teachers with the most prevalent qualifications, by level of education

 

Note: For notes on this table and a link to download the data, see Notes for Tables section above.

Table X2.6. Trends in teachers' statutory salaries after 15 years of experience, in national currencies (2000 and 2005 to 2024)

Annual statutory teachers' salaries in public institutions for teachers with 15 years of experience and the most prevalent qualifications, by level of education

 

Note: For notes on this table and a link to download the data, see Notes for Tables section above.

Table X2.7. Trends in teachers' average actual salaries, in national currencies (2000, 2005 and 2010 to 2024)¹

Annual average salaries (including bonuses and allowances) of teachers aged 25-64, by level of education

 

Note: For notes on this table and a link to download the data, see Notes for Tables section above.

Table X2.8. Reference statistics used in calculating salaries of teachers and school heads (2000 and 2005 to 2024)

Note: For notes on this table and a link to download the data, see Notes for Tables section above.

Table X2.9. Distribution of teachers, by minimum or most prevalent qualifications and level of education (2024)

Teachers who have either the minimum or a higher than minimum (and most prevalent) qualification, in public institutions

Note: For notes on this table and a link to download the data, see Notes for Tables section above.

Table X2.10. Distribution of teachers aged 25-64, by educational attainment and level of education (2024)

Percentage of teachers

Note: For notes on this table and a link to download the data, see Notes for Tables section above.

Table X2.11. Distribution of school heads aged 25-64, by educational attainment and level of education (2024)

Percentage of school heads

Note: For notes on this table and a link to download the data, see Notes for Tables section above.