Strategic Joint Evaluation of the Collective International Development and Humanitarian Assistance Response to the COVID‑19 Pandemic

Annex C. Additional data and charts

Support by region

In 2016, the regions receiving the most assistance were Asia (USD 99.7 billion) and Africa (USD 86.2 billion). Funding not tagged to a specific region (USD 50.3 billion) was also significant. These three categories accounted for 81.2% of the total official development assistance (ODA). This trend continued during the pandemic; however, by 2022, the share of assistance to Africa and Asia had dropped slightly, as funding to Europe and regional areas rose. Within the assistance allocated to COVID-19 specifically, the regions receiving the highest levels of ODA were, again, Africa and Asia, with a large amount of regional and unspecified funding.

While all regions saw an increase in per capita assistance in the first year of the pandemic, by 2022, per capita funding had declined for the Americas, Asia, and Oceania. Regional and unspecified assistance (which makes up a small share) rose slightly in 2020 and 2021 and then increased significantly in 2022 mainly driven by vaccine rollouts and the Ukraine response.

Prior to the pandemic, Europe and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) received the highest amounts of assistance per capita, a trend that continued into 2020. Both groups typically exceed USD 100 of assistance per capita. Towards the end of the pandemic, the start of Russia’s full-scale war of aggression against Ukraine resulted in an even more significant jump in funding, with a three-fold increase in assistance to Europe from 2020-2022 (OECD, 2024[1]). In contrast, assistance to Africa, Asia and Oceania remained relatively constant.

Figure ‎C.1. Official development finance to Africa, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.2. Official development finance to Americas, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.3. Official development finance to Asia, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.4. Official development finance to Europe, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Support by income group

Albeit with large levels of variation within countries, there are some discernible trends in funding strategies by sector within different income groups during the pandemic. Notably, health funding to least developed countries rose significantly in 2020-2021 (before reverting to near pre-pandemic levels in 2022). Both the total proportion of health funding and the increase are less marked in middle-income countries. Likewise for “other sectors”, which captures budget support and other similar types of broad support.

Figure ‎C.5. Official development finance to least developed countries, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.6. Official development finance to lower-middle-income countries, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.7. Official development finance to upper-middle-income countries, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Provider funding by sector

The sectoral focus of select providers (including all case studies that report to the OECD) remained stable in most cases, though nearly all increased health sector funding in 2020. Several also show increases in multi-sector funding, including budget support or other types of cross-cutting support, and others increased social sector funding.

Figure ‎C.8. Official development finance from France, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, and water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. For providers, “other sectors” includes general budget support and debt actions, as well as in-donor refugee costs, administration costs, and other programmes, making it the largest category.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.9. Official development finance from Germany, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, and water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. For providers, “other sectors” includes general budget support and debt actions, as well as in-donor refugee costs, administration costs, and other programmes, making it the largest category.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.10. Official development finance from the Netherlands, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, and water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. For providers, “other sectors” includes general budget support and debt actions, as well as in-donor refugee costs, administration costs, and other programmes, making it the largest category.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.11. Official development finance from New Zealand, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, and water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. For providers, “other sectors” includes general budget support and debt actions, as well as in-donor refugee costs, administration costs, and other programmes, making it the largest category.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.12. Official development finance from Saudi Arabia, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, and water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. For providers, “other sectors” includes general budget support and debt actions, as well as in-donor refugee costs, administration costs, and other programmes, making it the largest category.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.13. Official development finance from Spain, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, and water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. For providers, “other sectors” includes general budget support and debt actions, as well as in-donor refugee costs, administration costs, and other programmes, making it the largest category.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.14. Official development finance from the United States, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, constant 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, and water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. For providers, “other sectors” includes general budget support and debt actions, as well as in-donor refugee costs, administration costs, and other programmes, making it the largest category.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Support to recipient countries by sector

Comparison of in-coming development finance shows wide variation across countries, both in the overall sectoral split, and the changes related to the pandemic crisis, or other factors such as natural disasters or humanitarian crises.

Figure ‎C.15. Official development finance to Bangladesh, by sector, 2016-2023

USD billion commitments, 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.16. Official development finance to Burkina Faso, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.17. Official development finance to Cabo Verde, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.18. Official development finance to Cambodia, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.19. Official development finance to Georgia, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.20. Official development finance to Kenya, by sector, 2016-2023

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.21. Volume of official development finance to Lebanon, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), hhttp://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

Figure ‎C.22. Official development finance to Nicaragua, by sector, 2016-2023

USD million commitments, 2023 prices

Note: Includes DAC, non-DAC, multilateral and foundations financing. “Social infrastructure and services” includes education, population policies, governance, water and sanitation. “Economic infrastructure” includes transport, energy, communications, banking and financial services, and business. “Other sectors” includes general budget support as well as debt rescheduling.

Source: OECD (2025[2]), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52.

References

[2] OECD (2025), OECD Data Explorer, Creditor Reporting System (flows) (Database), http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/52 (accessed on 8 August 2025).

[1] OECD (2024), OECD CRS Data, https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-DE.html.