This policy paper is the product of a collaborative effort between the countries and economies participating in PISA, the national and international experts and institutions working within the framework of the PISA Consortium, and the OECD Secretariat.
This policy paper was drafted by Soumaya Maghnouj, with statistical and analytical support from Gwénaël Jacotin and research assistance from Selin Duran, under the guidance of Miyako Ikeda. It was edited by Clara Young. Andreas Schleicher, Yuri Belfali, Luka Boeskens, Francesca Gottschalk, Claire Shewbridge and Miho Taguma from the OECD Directorate for Education and Skills and members of the PISA Governing Board provided valuable feedback.
Administrative support was provided by Sarah Christofides. Sophie Limoges co-ordinated the production of the report and provided communications support.
The development of the paper was steered by the PISA Governing Board, chaired by Michele Bruniges (Australia), with Manual Palacios (Brazil) and Carmen Tovar Sánchez (Spain) as vice chairs.