Business Dynamics Review of Egypt

Annex B. Additional figures

Figure B.1. Percentage of workers and value-added covered by the Economic Census 2022/2023 compared to National Accounts (=100)

Notes: The figure shows the percentage of workers and value added covered in the Economic Census over the one reported in the National Accounts. A value of 100% indicates that the Census has full coverage in sector j of the value reported in the same sector in the National Accounts. The source of National Accounts is the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development (MPED) for value added at current prices by economic activity, while for workers it is annual statistics on employment of CAPMAS. Industries are reported in the x-axis with ISIC Rev.4. sections.

Source: OECD calculations based on CAPMAS (n.d.[1]), Annual statistical of Employment, wages and working hours (database), https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/720/study-description; CAPMAS (n.d.[2]), Economic Census 2022/2023 (database), https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/Metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/Economic_Census; and MPED (n.d.[3]), National Accounts Data (database), https://mped.gov.eg/Analytics?id=61&lang=en&National-Accounts-Data.

Figure B.2. Sectoral contribution to employment, Egypt and OECD, 2022

Notes: The graph shows the percentage of employment’s (person engaged) contribution to each sector in the Egyptian economy versus the average of the OECD countries. OECD is a simple average across OECD countries. Year relates to the 2022 calendar year.

Source: OECD calculations based on CAPMAS (n.d.[4]), Annual Statistics of Employment, wages and working hours (database), https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/720/study-description; and OECD (n.d.[5]), Structural Analysis (database), https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/structural-analysis-database.html.

Figure B.3. Employment distribution by age group and formality status, 2022/23

Notes: The graph plots the share of employment accounted for by each age category, by formal and informal firms. All units for manufacturing and non-financial market services are included. Sampling weights are applied.

Source: OECD calculation based on CAPMAS (n.d.[2]), Economic Census 2022/2023 (database), https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/Metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/Economic_Census.

Figure B.4. Percentage of informal establishments by age group, Egypt, 2022/23

Note: The graph plots the shares of informal businesses by industry and age group. Statistics apply sampling weights. Industries like Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations [CF]; Computer, electronic and optical products [CI]; Legal and accounting activities [MA]; Scientific research and development [MB]; Publishing, audiovisual and broadcasting activities [JA]; and IT and other information services [JC] are excluded because they contain only formally registered businesses. Coke and refined petroleum products [CD] is also excluded.

Source: OECD calculation based on CAPMAS (n.d.[2]), Economic Census 2022/2023 (database), https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/Metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/Economic_Census.

Figure B.5. Employment distribution by size class and formality status, 2022/23

Notes: The graph plots the share of employment over total employment in the macro-sector by size class (x-axis), distinguishing between the contribution of formal and informal firms. Statistics account for sampling weights. Macro-sector is classified as manufacturing [C] or non-financial market services [G-N excluding K].

Source: OECD calculation based on CAPMAS (n.d.[2]), Economic Census 2022/2023 (database), https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/Metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/Economic_Census.

Figure B.6. Distribution of firms and employment by industry, Egypt and OECD, 2022/23

Notes: Egypt refers to the Economic Census 2022/2023 while for OECD countries the percentages are unweighted mean over three or five years depending on data availability (see Annex D). OECD countries include Austria, Belgium, Canada, Costa Rica, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, Latvia, New Zealand, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and Türkiye. Non-financial market services include industry A38 from G to N excluding K.In addition, real estate [L] and transportation activities [H] and coke [CD] are excluded to improve cross-country comparability. Units with 0-1 employees are also excluded for the same reason. See Annex C for the methodology of the DynEmp analysis.

Source: OECD calculation based on OECD (n.d.[6]), DynEmp XS, V3_3 (database), https://www.oecd.org/en/about/projects/measuring-job-creation-by-start-ups-and-young-firms.html.

Table B.1.  Business constraints by firm size, World Bank Enterprise Survey Egypt - 2013, 2016, 2020

Business constraints	Firm size
	Micro (<10)			Small (10-49)			Medium (50-249)			Large (250 and over)
	2013	2016	2020	2013	2016	2020	2013	2016	2020	2013	2016	2020
Access to finance	12.7	11.8	8.6	9.2	13.7	7.2	8.2	14.4	15.1	11.4	17.5	6.9
Business licensing and permits	5.1	8.3	4.9	5.5	8.2	5.9	2.6	4.4	10.3	7.4	19.9	8.2
Customs and trade regulations	0.1	1.7	3.6	1.0	7.1	5.7	1.3	4.3	5.7	0.8	3.7	0.9
Practices of the informal sector	7.0	4.0	7.9	2.5	2.9	9.5	4.4	0.7	8.4	6.0	5.2	4.7
Tax administration	1.3	2.1	8.4	1.3	2.2	5.5	1.0	0.4	0.8	0.1	0.9	1.3
Tax rates	5.0	8.0	24.1	3.7	8.5	27.4	2.6	13.7	11.4	1.0	1.8	6.5

Notes: The table reports the share of firms in Egypt that identify such constraints to be the major one for their operations. The World Bank Enterprise Survey excludes informal units, state-owned enterprises and firms with less than five employees.

Source: OECD elaboration based on World Bank (n.d.[7]), Enterprise Survey (database), https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/enterprisesurveys.

Figure B.7. Share of female-owned firms by A38 industry, 2022/23

Note: The graph reports the share of female-owned firms (>50% of the owners of a given firm are female) in each STAN 38 industry. Statistics account for sampling weights. Coke and refined petroleum (ISIC Rev.4, Code 19) is excluded.

Source: OECD calculation based on CAPMAS (n.d.[2]), Economic Census 2022/23 (database), https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/Metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/Economic_Census.

Figure B.8. Percentage of female employment over total employment by sector, Egypt and OECD, 2022/23

Notes: The graph plots the aggregate share of female workers over total employment in Egypt and the OECD by manufacturing and non-financial services. For Egypt, the share is calculated summing all female workers by macro-sector using sampling weights and dividing this by total workers. For Egypt all units are considered, including informal firms and firms with one worker so as to be as comparable as possible with the OECD. For OECD countries, an average level for 2022/23 has been considered, using OECD country aggregate statistics provided by the Trade in Employment by characteristics OECD database that sums workers for all OECD countries.

Source: OECD calculations based on CAPMAS (n.d.[2]), Economic Census 2022/2023 (database), https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/Metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/Economic_Census; and OECD (n.d.[8]), Trade in Employment by characteristics (database), https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/trade-in-employment.html.

References

[4] CAPMAS (n.d.), Annual statistical of Employment, wages and working hours (database), CAPMAS, Cairo, https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/720/study-description.

[1] CAPMAS (n.d.), Arab Republic of Egypt - Annual statistical of Employment, wages and working hours (database), Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Cairo, https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/720/study-description.

[2] CAPMAS (n.d.), Economic Census (database), Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Cairo, https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/Metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/Economic_Census.

[3] MPED (n.d.), National Accounts Data (database), Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Cairo, https://mped.gov.eg/Analytics?id=61&lang=en&National-Accounts-Data.

[6] OECD (n.d.), DynEmp (database), OECD, Paris, https://www.oecd.org/en/about/projects/measuring-job-creation-by-start-ups-and-young-firms.html.

[5] OECD (n.d.), Structural Analysis (database), OECD, Paris, https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/structural-analysis-database.html.

[8] OECD (n.d.), Trade in Employment by characteristics (database), OECD, Paris, https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/trade-in-employment.html.

[7] World Bank (n.d.), Enterprise Surveys (database), World Bank, Washington D.C., https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/enterprisesurveys.