Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2020

2. Overall trends in agricultural support

OECD Countries

The total support to agriculture (TSE) provided in OECD countries1 represented USD 319 billion (EUR 279 billion) per year on average in 2017-19, of which 72%, or USD 231 billion (EUR 202 billion) was provided as support to producers individually (PSE). Producer support represented 17.6% of gross farm receipts (%PSE) in 2017-19 across the OECD area, a decline from around 29% in 2000-02 and more than 35% in 1986‑88 (Table 2.1).

The way support is delivered to producers has also evolved. In particular, the development in support to agriculture in the OECD area is characterised by the long-term decline of support based on commodity output (including market price support and output payments). OECD work has identified this form of support as having the strongest potential to distort agricultural production and trade, together with the payments based on the unconstrained use of variable inputs, which has slightly increased across OECD countries compared to the beginning of the millennium. These forms of support together represent 8.5% of gross farm receipts and 48% of producer support in 2017-19, down from 19.5% and 68%, respectively, in 2000‑02.

At the other end of the spectrum in the PSE classification, some countries also apply less distorting forms of support, such as payments based on parameters that are not linked to current production or based on non-commodity criteria such as land set aside or payments for specific environmental or animal welfare outcomes. Most notably, payments based on historical entitlements (generally crop area or livestock numbers of a given reference year in the past) have increased significantly in many OECD countries in the last two decades, representing some 3.5% of gross farm receipts and about a fifth of the PSE during 2017-19. Payments based on current crop area and animal numbers have remained largely unchanged compared to 2000-02, and currently represent around 22% of total producer support (Table 2.1).

The expenditures financing general services to the sector (GSSE) increased (in nominal terms) in the OECD area from USD 36 billion per year in 2000-02 to USD 43 billion in 2017-19. Most of these expenditures in 2017-19 go to the financing of infrastructure (USD 18.4 billion), recording a slight increase compared to 2000-02, while the expenditures for agricultural knowledge and innovation (USD 13 billion) have increased by two-thirds. Expenditures for inspection and control services doubled, while spending for marketing and promotion activities and, more substantially, public stockholding declined over the same period, but all of these represented smaller shares of the GSSE expenditure (Table 2.1).

Figure 2.1. OECD: Development of support to agriculture

Note: * Share of potentially most distorting transfers in cumulated gross producer transfers.

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

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Support to producers in the OECD area as a share of gross farm receipts (%PSE) has declined gradually over the long term. In 2017-19, support has been at 17.6% of gross farm receipts. The share of potentially most distorting support has decreased over time mainly due to a reduction in market price support (MPS) (Figure 2.1 and Table 2.1). Effective prices received by producers, on average, were 9% higher than world prices; large differences between commodities persist with domestic prices for rice being more than twice the world price, prices for sunflower 30%, sugar 35%, milk 13% and beef 13% above world prices in 2017‑19. Overall, in the OECD area, Single Commodity Transfers (SCT) represented 51% of the total PSE during 2016-18. Rice, sugar, sunflower, beef and veal, and milk had the highest share of SCT in commodity gross farm receipts, with MPS representing the main component of SCTs for most commodities (Figure 2.2). The relative expenditures for general services (GSSE), mainly on knowledge and infrastructure, have declined steadily as agricultural value added has grown more rapidly. Total support to agriculture as a share of GDP has declined significantly over time. More than 70% of this support is provided to individual producers (PSE).

Figure 2.2. OECD: Transfer to specific commodities (SCT), 2017-19

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

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Table 2.1. OECD: Estimates of support to agriculture (USD)

Million USD

	1986-88	2000-02	2017-19	2017	2018	2019p
Total value of production (at farm gate)	594 108	660 730	1 175 353	1 169 107	1 189 910	1 167 041
of which: share of MPS commodities (%)	71.3	70.0	71.6	71.7	71.7	71.5
Total value of consumption (at farm gate)	557 330	650 661	1 060 814	1 035 114	1 086 864	1 060 463
Producer Support Estimate (PSE)	231 446	217 716	231 046	222 199	239 170	231 769
Support based on commodity output	188 500	138 942	102 561	98 807	111 956	96 920
Market Price Support1	175 904	123 989	96 053	95 212	99 775	93 174
Positive Market Price Support	180 205	124 575	96 272	95 567	99 948	93 300
Negative Market Price Support	-4 302	-585	-218	-355	-174	-126
Payments based on output	12 596	14 953	6 508	3 595	12 181	3 747
Payments based on input use	19 578	19 428	27 283	26 863	28 742	26 243
Based on variable input use	9 153	7 955	9 715	10 014	10 023	9 108
with input constraints	1 146	305	803	1 029	668	713
Based on fixed capital formation	6 882	5 063	9 921	9 053	11 161	9 548
with input constraints	1 638	625	2 608	2 479	2 914	2 431
Based on on-farm services	3 543	6 410	7 647	7 797	7 558	7 588
with input constraints	439	959	1 557	1 497	1 615	1 557
Payments based on current A/An/R/I, production required	19 377	42 516	49 776	44 516	46 443	58 369
Based on Receipts / Income	2 052	3 173	3 725	3 352	4 114	3 708
Based on Area planted / Animal numbers	17 325	39 343	46 051	41 164	42 328	54 662
with input constraints	4 093	18 032	38 431	32 513	34 919	47 860
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production required	533	71	2 274	2 014	2 443	2 364
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production not required	2 080	13 721	45 790	46 202	46 091	45 077
With variable payment rates	181	4 318	3 495	3 640	3 021	3 826
with commodity exceptions	0	4 079	3 346	3 486	2 864	3 689
With fixed payment rates	1 899	9 403	42 295	42 562	43 070	41 251
with commodity exceptions	1 561	6 081	2 539	2 574	2 510	2 532
Payments based on non-commodity criteria	1 078	3 205	2 998	3 451	3 103	2 439
Based on long-term resource retirement	1 076	2 900	1 574	2 178	1 614	929
Based on a specific non-commodity output	2	237	1 355	1 201	1 413	1 450
Based on other non-commodity criteria	0	68	69	71	75	60
Miscellaneous payments	300	-166	365	347	392	356
Percentage PSE (%)	35.6	28.9	17.6	17.1	18.0	17.8
Producer NPC (coeff.)	1.47	1.26	1.09	1.09	1.10	1.09
Producer NAC (coeff.)	1.55	1.41	1.21	1.21	1.22	1.22
General Services Support Estimate (GSSE)	25 568	36 401	42 788	43 354	43 146	41 863
Agricultural knowledge and innovation system	4 846	7 959	13 388	13 051	13 619	13 494
Inspection and control	1 076	1 919	3 998	3 902	4 244	3 847
Development and maintenance of infrastructure	10 223	16 297	18 386	19 461	18 423	17 274
Marketing and promotion	2 156	5 572	4 676	4 555	4 598	4 875
Cost of public stockholding	5 872	2 282	639	687	558	672
Miscellaneous	1 395	2 371	1 701	1 698	1 704	1 701
Percentage GSSE (% of TSE)	9.2	13.1	13.4	13.9	13.1	13.3
Consumer Support Estimate (CSE)	-156 552	-116 803	-72 106	-65 457	-76 023	-74 837
Transfers to producers from consumers	-165 483	-122 248	-92 323	-90 454	-96 498	-90 018
Other transfers from consumers	-22 445	-18 718	-25 724	-23 420	-27 177	-26 576
Transfers to consumers from taxpayers	19 956	23 580	45 001	47 103	46 894	41 006
Excess feed cost	11 420	583	941	1 313	757	751
Percentage CSE (%)	-29.1	-18.6	-7.1	-6.6	-7.3	-7.3
Consumer NPC (coeff.)	1.51	1.28	1.13	1.12	1.13	1.12
Consumer NAC (coeff.)	1.41	1.23	1.08	1.07	1.08	1.08
Total Support Estimate (TSE)	276 970	277 697	318 835	312 657	329 210	314 638
Transfers from consumers	187 928	140 966	118 048	113 874	123 675	116 594
Transfers from taxpayers	111 487	155 449	226 511	222 203	232 712	224 620
Budget revenues	-22 445	-18 718	-25 724	-23 420	-27 177	-26 576
Percentage TSE (% of GDP)	2.0	1.0	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
Total Budgetary Support Estimate (TBSE)	101 066	153 708	222 781	217 445	229 435	221 464
Percentage TBSE (% of GDP)	0.7	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4

Note: p: provisional. NPC: Nominal Protection Coefficient. NAC: Nominal Assistance Coefficient. A/An/R/I: Area planted/Animal numbers/Receipts/Income. The OECD total for 1986-88 includes all countries except Chile, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia, for which data are not available. The OECD total for 2000-02 includes all countries except Latvia and Lithuania. TSE as a share of GDP for 1986-88 for the OECD is an estimate based on available data.

1. Market Price Support (MPS) is net of producer levies and excess feed cost. MPS commodities: see notes to individual country tables.

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

Emerging Economies

The total support to agriculture (TSE) provided in the Emerging Economies2 represented USD 295 billion (EUR 258 billion) per year on average in 2017-19, of which 71% or USD 210 billion (EUR 184 billion) was provided as support to producers (PSE). Expressed as a share of gross farm receipts (%PSE), aggregate support to producers represented 8.5% in 2017-19 on average across the Emerging Economies, up from 4.2% in 2000-02 (Table 2.2). The aggregate %PSE remains one-half that of the OECD area, although this is partly related to the large negative MPS in a few countries, worth USD 89 billion (EUR 78 billion) per year. This means that support to producers and the sector in other countries has been correspondingly higher than suggested by aggregate indicators.

The share of transfers based on output (accounting for both positive and negative MPS and output-based payments) and input use in total producer support has decreased only slightly, still averaging about 83% in 2017-19 compared to 89% in 2000-02. The transfers based on output have been identified as having the strongest potential to distort agricultural production and trade, together with the payments based on the unconstrained use of variable inputs. These transfers combined now represent 7% of gross farm receipts, up from 4% in 2000-02 but below the OECD average.

Among the remaining forms of producer support, the most important are payments based on other input use (mainly fixed capital formation) and payments to areas planted and animal numbers. Across the Emerging Economies, payments based on areas and animal numbers were almost non-existent in 2000-02 but reached close to 13% of aggregate support to producers in 2017-19. In turn, the relative importance of support for investments, often related to irrigation, has declined over time, now representing some 9% of the PSE. All other forms of support to producers remain small (Table 2.2).

The expenditures financing general services to the sector (GSSE) in the Emerging Economies reached an annual average of USD 64 billion (EUR 56 billion) in 2017-19. Most of these expenditures went to the financing of infrastructure projects (USD 26 billion), again often related to irrigation, and public stockholding (USD 20 billion), the remaining expenditures went to finance mainly agricultural knowledge and innovation (USD 13 billion) (Table 2.2).

Figure 2.3. Emerging Economies: Development of support to agriculture

Note: * Share of potentially most distorting transfers in cumulated gross producer transfers.

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

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In contrast to the OECD area, the support to producers in Emerging Economies has increased over the long term. In 2017-19, aggregate producer support has been close to 8.5% of gross farm receipts (GFR), still well below the OECD average, but including both implicit taxes on producers through negative MPS, worth 3.6% of GFR, and transfers to producers worth 12% of GFR. The share of gross producer transfers (whether positive or negative, i.e. expressed in absolute terms) arising from potentially most distorting measures (support based on output and variable input use – without input constraints) has gone down only slightly and stays above 80% on average in 2017-19 (Figure 2.3). Effective prices received by producers, on average, were 5% higher than world prices. This average figure hides large differences across countries and commodities as domestic prices stand below world market levels in a range of markets. Overall, Single Commodity Transfers (SCT) on average represented just over half of the total PSE during 2017-19 – with a falling trend in recent years partly due to more negative SCTs in India and Argentina and the extended direct income scheme in India. Rapeseed, sugar, maize, rice and wheat had the highest share of SCT in commodity gross farm receipts, while SCTs were negative for barley, oilseeds, milk and oats. Aggregate MPS is the main component of the SCTs in most cases (Figure 2.4). On average, the expenditures for general services (GSSE), relative to agricultural value added are lower than those observed for the OECD average. Aggregate total support to agriculture as a share of GDP has barely changed over time, and is mainly driven by producer support, which was about 84% of the total support.

Figure 2.4. Emerging Economies: Transfer to specific commodities (SCT), 2017-19

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

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Table 2.2. Emerging Economies: Estimates of support to agriculture (USD)

Million USD

	2000-02	2017-19	2017	2018	2019p
Total value of production (at farm gate)	535 036	2 369 625	2 309 142	2 343 832	2 455 901
of which: share of MPS commodities (%)	75.3	76.7	76.0	77.4	76.6
Total value of consumption (at farm gate)	529 958	2 233 524	2 175 923	2 197 899	2 326 749
Producer Support Estimate (PSE)	23 415	209 983	239 008	192 224	198 717
Support based on commodity output	4 056	101 944	134 532	84 911	86 390
Market Price Support1	3 640	96 833	129 333	80 320	80 847
Positive Market Price Support	27 276	185 998	200 649	176 991	180 353
Negative Market Price Support	-23 636	-89 164	-71 316	-96 671	-99 506
Payments based on output	416	5 111	5 199	4 591	5 543
Payments based on input use	17 415	64 609	65 007	64 646	64 172
Based on variable input use	11 535	42 074	40 928	42 087	43 206
with input constraints	37	1 002	1 389	935	683
Based on fixed capital formation	4 482	19 520	20 810	19 557	18 193
with input constraints	5	1 464	1 949	1 353	1 089
Based on on-farm services	1 397	3 015	3 269	3 003	2 773
with input constraints	8	21	18	8	36
Payments based on current A/An/R/I, production required	813	26 880	26 811	27 377	26 451
Based on Receipts / Income	813	2 398	2 399	2 397	2 398
Based on Area planted / Animal numbers	0	24 482	24 412	24 980	24 053
with input constraints	0	0	0	0	0
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production required	0	0	0	0	0
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production not required	370	13 197	9 642	11 432	18 518
With variable payment rates	0	0	0	0	0
with commodity exceptions	0	0	0	0	0
With fixed payment rates	370	13 197	9 642	11 432	18 518
with commodity exceptions	0	0	0	0	0
Payments based on non-commodity criteria	459	2 302	2 351	2 326	2 227
Based on long-term resource retirement	459	2 302	2 351	2 326	2 227
Based on a specific non-commodity output	0	0	0	0	0
Based on other non-commodity criteria	1	0	0	0	0
Miscellaneous payments	302	1 052	664	1 532	959
Percentage PSE (%)	4.2	8.5	9.9	7.8	7.7
Producer NPC (coeff.)	1.01	1.05	1.07	1.04	1.04
Producer NAC (coeff.)	1.04	1.09	1.11	1.08	1.08
General Services Support Estimate (GSSE)	18 889	63 567	64 751	63 992	61 958
Agricultural knowledge and innovation system	3 037	12 793	13 357	12 769	12 253
Inspection and control	801	3 552	3 553	3 578	3 526
Development and maintenance of infrastructure	7 057	26 254	25 236	27 478	26 047
Marketing and promotion	29	665	735	629	631
Cost of public stockholding	7 861	19 901	21 627	18 945	19 130
Miscellaneous	104	403	243	594	372
Percentage GSSE (% of TSE)	40.2	21.6	19.8	23.2	22.0
Consumer Support Estimate (CSE)	-3 555	-100 742	-125 151	-82 897	-94 176
Transfers to producers from consumers	-6 271	-108 275	-135 380	-94 901	-94 544
Other transfers from consumers	-3 105	-22 021	-20 285	-17 233	-28 544
Transfers to consumers from taxpayers	4 735	20 951	22 624	19 622	20 607
Excess feed cost	1 086	8 603	7 890	9 615	8 306
Percentage CSE (%)	-0.7	-4.6	-5.8	-3.8	-4.1
Consumer NPC (coeff.)	1.02	1.06	1.08	1.05	1.06
Consumer NAC (coeff.)	1.01	1.05	1.06	1.04	1.04
Total Support Estimate (TSE)	47 040	294 501	326 383	275 839	281 282
Transfers from consumers	9 376	130 296	155 665	112 134	123 089
Transfers from taxpayers	40 769	186 226	191 003	180 938	186 738
Budget revenues	-3 105	-22 021	-20 285	-17 233	-28 544
Percentage TSE (% of GDP)	1.3	1.3	1.5	1.2	1.2
Total Budgetary Support Estimate (TBSE)	43 400	197 668	197 050	195 519	200 435
Percentage TBSE (% of GDP)	1.2	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.9

Note: p: provisional. NPC: Nominal Protection Coefficient. NAC: Nominal Assistance Coefficient. A/An/R/I: Area planted/Animal numbers/Receipts/Income. The Emerging Economies include Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, Russian Federation, South Africa, Ukraine and Viet Nam.

1. Market Price Support (MPS) is net of producer levies and excess feed cost. MPS commodities: see notes to individual country tables.

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

All Countries

The total support to agriculture (TSE) provided in all countries covered in this report represented USD 619 billion (EUR 542 billion) per year on average in 2017-19 of which around 72% or USD 446 billion (EUR 391 billion) were provided as support to producers (PSE). Given the significant negative elements in market price support that are estimated for some of the emerging economies, gross transfers are significantly larger than that: in total, USD 708 billion (EUR 620 billion) were transferred to the sector across the 54 countries covered, while at the same time negative MPS in some countries amounted to USD 89 billion (EUR 78 billion). Expressed as a share of gross farm receipts (%PSE), aggregate support to producers represented 12.5% in 2017-19 on average for all countries covered, a reduction from 18.4% in 2000-02 (Table 2.3).

The changes of the structure of support related to all countries in the report, in the period from 2000-02 to 2017-19, were relatively moderate. The share of the potentially most distorting forms of transfers (including positive or negative MPS, and payments based on output or based on unconstrained use of variable inputs) has declined slightly, but these policies continue to represent around 69% of gross producer transfers across all countries (whether positive or negative, in absolute terms), compared to 73% in 2000-02. They now represent 8% of aggregate gross farm receipts, down from 13% in 2000-02. Transfers based on output are shrinking in relative terms but those based on unconstrained input use have increased.

Among the remaining forms of support to producers, the most important are payments based on areas planted and animal numbers (18% of all producer support), and payments based on historical parameters not requiring production. The importance of these latter payments, which are decoupled from current production and hence much less production and trade distorting, has increased significantly and today represents 14% of all producer support (Table 2.3).

Across all countries covered in this report, the expenditures financing general services to the sector (GSSE) reached an annual average of USD 106 billion (EUR 93 billion) in 2017-19. Most of these expenditures went to the financing of infrastructure projects (USD 45 billion), agricultural knowledge and innovation (USD 26 billion) and public stockholding (USD 21 billion) (Table 2.3).

Figure 2.5. All countries: Development of support to agriculture

Note: * Share of potentially most distorting transfers in cumulated gross producer transfers.

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

Statlink

Support to producers (%PSE), when measured for all countries in the report, has declined between 2000‑02 and 2017-19 and is currently around 12% of gross farm receipts. The share of gross producer transfers (whether positive or negative, i.e. expressed in absolute terms) arising from potentially most distorting measures (support based on output and variable input use – without input constraints) remains almost unchanged and stays around 69% in 2017-19 (Figure 2.5). Effective prices received by producers, on average, were 6% higher than world prices; larger price gaps are recorded for sugar and rice. Overall, Single Commodity Transfers (SCT) represented above 50% of the total PSE during 2017-19. Sugar and rice had the highest share of SCT in commodity gross farm receipts (Figure 2.6). MPS is the main component of the SCTs in most cases. On average, the relative expenditures for general services (GSSE), mainly on infrastructure, knowledge and public stockholding, have declined as agricultural value added has grown more rapidly. Total support to agriculture as a share of GDP has declined slightly over time, mainly driven by the smaller relative size of the sector within the overall economies.

Figure 2.6. All countries: Transfer to specific commodities (SCT), 2017-19

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

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Table 2.3. All countries: Estimates of support to agriculture (USD)

Million USD

	2000-02	2017-19	2017	2018	2019p
Total value of production (at farm gate)	1 195 766	3 571 747	3 503 131	3 561 521	3 650 590
of which: share of MPS commodities (%)	72.4	75.0	74.6	75.5	74.9
Total value of consumption (at farm gate)	1 180 619	3 348 913	3 260 847	3 344 489	3 441 404
Producer Support Estimate (PSE)	241 131	446 424	466 296	437 050	435 925
Support based on commodity output	142 998	205 118	234 050	197 478	183 824
Market Price Support1	127 629	193 372	224 987	180 648	174 481
Positive Market Price Support	151 850	282 785	296 708	277 512	274 136
Negative Market Price Support	-24 221	-89 413	-71 720	-96 864	-99 655
Payments based on output	15 369	11 746	9 063	16 830	9 344
Payments based on input use	36 843	92 425	92 198	94 027	91 051
Based on variable input use	19 491	51 908	50 971	52 276	52 476
with input constraints	342	1 807	2 419	1 604	1 398
Based on fixed capital formation	9 545	29 784	30 101	31 118	28 133
with input constraints	630	4 071	4 428	4 267	3 520
Based on on-farm services	7 807	10 734	11 126	10 634	10 441
with input constraints	967	1 577	1 515	1 623	1 593
Payments based on current A/An/R/I, production required	43 329	78 427	73 017	75 659	86 603
Based on Receipts / Income	3 986	6 126	5 753	6 515	6 109
Based on Area planted / Animal numbers	39 343	72 301	67 264	69 144	80 494
with input constraints	18 032	39 640	33 639	36 180	49 101
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production required	71	2 277	2 017	2 447	2 367
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production not required	14 091	61 418	58 169	60 038	66 048
With variable payment rates	4 318	3 495	3 640	3 021	3 826
with commodity exceptions	4 079	3 346	3 486	2 864	3 689
With fixed payment rates	9 773	57 923	54 529	57 017	62 223
with commodity exceptions	6 081	2 539	2 574	2 510	2 532
Payments based on non-commodity criteria	3 664	5 333	5 826	5 466	4 707
Based on long-term resource retirement	3 358	3 876	4 530	3 940	3 157
Based on a specific non-commodity output	237	1 389	1 225	1 451	1 491
Based on other non-commodity criteria	69	69	71	75	60
Miscellaneous payments	136	1 426	1 019	1 934	1 324
Percentage PSE (%)	18.4	11.7	12.5	11.4	11.1
Producer NPC (coeff.)	1.14	1.06	1.07	1.06	1.06
Producer NAC (coeff.)	1.23	1.13	1.14	1.13	1.13
General Services Support Estimate (GSSE)	55 290	106 416	108 179	107 205	103 865
Agricultural knowledge and innovation system	10 996	26 219	26 437	26 428	25 790
Inspection and control	2 719	7 550	7 455	7 822	7 373
Development and maintenance of infrastructure	23 354	44 681	44 734	45 945	43 364
Marketing and promotion	5 602	5 319	5 285	5 209	5 463
Cost of public stockholding	10 144	20 544	22 326	19 503	19 802
Miscellaneous	2 475	2 104	1 941	2 298	2 073
Percentage GSSE (% of TSE)	17.0	17.2	16.8	17.6	17.3
Consumer Support Estimate (CSE)	-120 358	-173 358	-191 073	-159 485	-169 515
Transfers to producers from consumers	-128 519	-201 147	-226 362	-191 993	-185 084
Other transfers from consumers	-21 823	-47 749	-43 708	-44 413	-55 126
Transfers to consumers from taxpayers	28 315	65 974	69 762	66 532	61 628
Excess feed cost	1 669	9 563	9 234	10 388	9 067
Percentage CSE (%)	-10.4	-5.3	-6.0	-4.9	-5.0
Consumer NPC (coeff.)	1.15	1.08	1.09	1.08	1.08
Consumer NAC (coeff.)	1.12	1.06	1.06	1.05	1.05
Total Support Estimate (TSE)	324 737	618 814	644 237	610 787	601 419
Transfers from consumers	150 342	248 895	270 070	236 406	240 211
Transfers from taxpayers	196 218	417 668	417 876	418 794	416 334
Budget revenues	-21 823	-47 749	-43 708	-44 413	-55 126
Percentage TSE (% of GDP)	1.0	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8
Total Budgetary Support Estimate (TBSE)	197 108	425 442	419 250	430 139	426 938
Percentage TBSE (% of GDP)	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6

Note: p: provisional. NPC: Nominal Protection Coefficient. NAC: Nominal Assistance Coefficient. A/An/R/I: Area planted/Animal numbers/Receipts/Income. The All countries total includes all OECD countries, non-OECD EU Member States, and the Emerging Economies: Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, Russian Federation, South Africa, Ukraine and Viet Nam. The All countries total for 2000-02 includes data for all countries except Latvia and Lithuania, for which data are not available.

1. Market Price Support (MPS) is net of producer levies and excess feed cost. MPS commodities: see notes to individual country tables.

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

Notes

← 1.  The OECD total does not include the non-OECD EU Member States, nor Colombia which joined the OECD in April 2020.

← 2.  The Emerging Economies total includes Argentina, Brazil, People’s Republic of China, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Philippines, Russian Federation, South Africa, Ukraine and Viet Nam, as well as Colombia which joined the OECD in April 2020.