Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2020

7. Chile

Support to agriculture

Chile’s level of support to farmers is one of the lowest amongst OECD countries at 2.7% of gross farm receipts (%PSE). Almost no market price support is provided to the sector and budgetary support is mostly targeted to small-scale farmers and mainly based on input use, in particular support to fixed capital formation.

More than half of public expenditures in the sector are allocated to general services, especially, for off-farm irrigation infrastructure, inspection and control, land access and restructuring, and agricultural knowledge and innovation system. This share allocated to general services is among the highest of countries covered in the report.

Main policy changes

In 2019, the government emphasised four strategic areas: 1) Institutional modernisation, 2) Producer associations, 3) Sustainability and water use, and 4) Strengthening rural development. Moreover, in response to the protests during the last trimester of 2019, the Ministry of Agriculture proposed a plan called: “Rural Action for a fairer Chile” based on a participative process called “Listening rural”. The plan has four strategic axes: 1) Emergency management against drought, 2) Quality of rural life, 3) Support for family farming and agricultural SMEs, and 4) Transparency and good commercial practices. In this new context, the Institute for Agricultural Development (INDAP), the agency promoting smallholders’ agriculture, has begun a modernisation plan for three of its major programmes. It has also developed working lines to promote farmer associations and improve market access, in order to increase the number of small-scale farmers participating in high-value domestic markets and export markets.

The Ministry of Agriculture created the national plan “Más Unidos” (“working closely”), launched in August 2019, to encourage farmer associations. The Ministry also created the Agro+ project, an instrument that promotes agricultural and forestry farmer associations through formal and modern models of co-operation and corporate structures. Furthermore, to mitigate territorial inequalities, the Promulgation of the National Rural Development Policy was established in early 2020, with the participation of 12 ministries. This promulgation aims to improve access and quality of public services and connectivity of the poorest regions in the country.

In 2019, the animal and plant health agency, the Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG) developed a web platform called “Portal Productor RPF/Red de Pronóstico Fitosanitario” (Farmers website of phytosanitary forecast) for early alert for pests.

A new Sustainable Agriculture Agreement was signed in 2019 by different public agencies, including ODEPA, INDAP, CORFO, ASCC and FIA. This agreement gives continuity to the work done in the frame of the Sustainable Agriculture Plan.

During 2019, the south-central part of Chile experienced the country’s most severe drought of the last 100 years. Several efforts took place to address the consequences of the drought, including the promotion of water availability (construction of irrigation infrastructure) and water use efficiency, through pressurised irrigation, improvement of distribution systems and construction of dams. The project “Sustainability Program for the Chilean Agro-food Sector” was launched and the tool kit for the development of sustainability standards was finished. Moreover, sustainability standards for the pork, poultry and dairy production sectors were developed. Regarding climate action, Chile promoted the Climate Action Platform for Agriculture of Latin America and the Caribbean (PLACA), which was launched within the frame of COP25 under the Chilean presidency.

Assessment and recommendations

• Agricultural policies in Chile continue to move in a positive direction, with few market distortions and a PSE averaging 2.7% of gross farm receipts in 2017-19. Total support to agriculture imposes a smaller burden on the economy than in most OECD countries, accounting for only 0.3% of GDP in 2019.

• Support to the sector has emphasised the provision of key services to the sector. As a result, general services account for 51% of total public expenditures to the sector, allocated mostly on irrigation infrastructure inspection and control, and agricultural knowledge and innovation systems.

• While payments to farmers are targeted towards small-scale agriculture and indigenous farmers, careful attention should be paid to assessing their effectiveness. Impact assessments should be carried out systematically, as these payments account for about the other half of total public outlays. Direct payments targeted at small-scale agriculture aim to improve productivity, competiveness, recovery of degraded soils, and on-farm irrigation systems.

• As more projects and programmes related to agriculture have been created that are not under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture, the need for co-ordination across ministries and agencies becomes progressively more important, as well as strong systems of programme evaluation, particularly for those that involved large monetary amounts.

• Furthermore, given the increasing number of support programmes created at the regional level by regional governments improved co-ordination, communication and accountability processes are needed between regional and national governments to avoid overlapping efforts and supports, which will contribute to better public governance.

• Chile has committed to a 30% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 (base 2007). Several national plans have been put in place, although these plans do not have specific mitigation targets on agriculture. At the same time, the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan specifies 21 measures for climate change adaptation and mitigation, which mainly focus on water management, research, information and capacity building, risk management and agricultural insurance and forestry management. From December 2019 to 2021, this agricultural plan is being updated, in order to strengthen it and provide a more regional perspective.

Policy responses in relation to the COVID-19 outbreak

Agricultural policies

The Ministry of Agriculture has created a working group formed of relevant stakeholders of key food sectors (beef, poultry, pork, eggs, dairy, seeds, wheat/flour, rice, oats, fruits and vegetables) to monitor the progress of COVID-19.

The Ministry of Agriculture has launched a special website about COVID-191 for the agro-food sector and for smallholders with recommendations and relevant information.

Agro-food supply chain policies

The Ministry of Agriculture established a supply committee, with representatives of the private food sector, to co-ordinate joint actions, centralise information and guarantee the supply of food to the population. This committee meets frequently to co-ordinate its actions

Consumer policies

Agriculture is part of the critical infrastructure and hence exempt from certain restrictions on mobility, and prioritised within the transportation system.

Procedures related to import and export controls were simplified so that digital copies of phytosanitary certificates are accepted and on-site inspections at the borders are reduced. These changes were notified to IPPC, the most relevant trade partners and the SPS Committee of the WTO.

The poorest 60% of the population have received a one-off subsidy of CHL 50 000 (USD 71) per family. In addition, the government is implementing a family emergency income for the poorest 60% of the population with incomes mainly from informal sources. The payment is to be provided for three months depending on both family size and the level of its vulnerability, and decreases monthly. A family of four within the poorest 40% of the population should receive about CHL 260 000 for the first month. This measure should benefit about 4.5 million Chileans.

The Institute of Agricultural Development (INDAP), which focuses on smallholders and family farmers, has implemented two measures for economic support:

• Interest rates for current loans were reduced, benefiting up to 3 369 smallholders. Interest rates were also reduced for new loans benefiting 9 271 smallholders.

• Credit payments and expirations were rescheduled by 120 days, without charges. This measure benefits 29 580 smallholders.

Food baskets were delivered to the poorest families with school children who normally get food in school canteens but are affected by the suspension of classes.

Figure 7.1. Chile: Development of support to agriculture

Note: * Share of potentially most distorting transfers in cumulated gross producer transfers.

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

Statlink

Support to producers as measured by the %PSE declined from 7.3% in 2000-02 to 2.7% in 2017‑19. This support is amongst the lowest in the OECD area and it is delivered largely through direct payments, mainly to smallholders. Chile has reduced the potentially most distorting support – such transfers now represent 21% of all transfers to producers. Most of the support to farmers has been linked to input subsidies, in particular to fixed capital formation. Producer prices are almost fully aligned with world prices (Figure 7.1). Expenditures for general services (GSSE) were equivalent to 4% of the agricultural value added in 2017-19, slightly below the OECD average. Total agricultural support was a low 0.3% of GDP in 2017-19. Support to general services accounted for about half of the total support (TSE) in 2017-19. Support to producers increased slightly in 2019 due to an increase in budgetary allocations, more than offsetting a small decline in MPS (Figure 7.2). Transfers to single commodities are limited to low levels for sugar and maize (Figure 7.3).

Figure 7.2. Chile: Drivers of the change in PSE, 2018 to 2019

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

Statlink

Figure 7.3. Chile: Transfer to specific commodities (SCT), 2017-19

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

Statlink

Table 7.1. Chile: Estimates of support to agriculture

Million USD

	2000-02	2017-19	2017	2018	2019p
Total value of production (at farm gate)	4 806	13 979	13 931	14 714	13 291
of which: share of MPS commodities (%)	72.9	69.4	66.7	69.8	71.7
Total value of consumption (at farm gate)	4 118	10 730	10 685	11 502	10 001
Producer Support Estimate (PSE)	369	390	417	387	365
Support based on commodity output	227	14	22	14	7
Market Price Support1	227	14	22	14	7
Positive Market Price Support	228	14	22	14	7
Negative Market Price Support	-1	0	0	0	0
Payments based on output	0	0	0	0	0
Payments based on input use	140	354	360	364	338
Based on variable input use	21	67	66	68	67
with input constraints	0	0	0	0	0
Based on fixed capital formation	85	195	199	201	183
with input constraints	66	97	103	99	89
Based on on-farm services	35	92	94	95	88
with input constraints	7	37	36	35	40
Payments based on current A/An/R/I, production required	1	21	35	9	21
Based on Receipts / Income	0	0	0	0	0
Based on Area planted / Animal numbers	1	21	35	9	21
with input constraints	1	21	35	9	21
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production required	0	0	0	0	0
Payments based on non-current A/An/R/I, production not required	0	0	0	0	0
With variable payment rates	0	0	0	0	0
with commodity exceptions	0	0	0	0	0
With fixed payment rates	0	0	0	0	0
with commodity exceptions	0	0	0	0	0
Payments based on non-commodity criteria	0	0	0	0	0
Based on long-term resource retirement	0	0	0	0	0
Based on a specific non-commodity output	0	0	0	0	0
Based on other non-commodity criteria	0	0	0	0	0
Miscellaneous payments	0	0	0	0	0
Percentage PSE (%)	7.3	2.7	2.9	2.6	2.7
Producer NPC (coeff.)	1.05	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Producer NAC (coeff.)	1.08	1.03	1.03	1.03	1.03
General Services Support Estimate (GSSE)	103	449	432	464	453
Agricultural knowledge and innovation system	22	84	84	96	73
Inspection and control	3	104	92	101	120
Development and maintenance of infrastructure	67	246	239	251	247
Marketing and promotion	10	15	16	15	13
Cost of public stockholding	0	0	0	0	0
Miscellaneous	1	0	0	0	0
Percentage GSSE (% of TSE)	22.0	53.6	50.9	54.5	55.3
Consumer Support Estimate (CSE)	-317	-35	-47	-31	-25
Transfers to producers from consumers	-226	-14	-22	-14	-7
Other transfers from consumers	-92	-22	-30	-17	-18
Transfers to consumers from taxpayers	0	0	0	0	0
Excess feed cost	1	2	5	0	0
Percentage CSE (%)	-7.5	-0.3	-0.4	-0.3	-0.3
Consumer NPC (coeff.)	1.08	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Consumer NAC (coeff.)	1.08	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Total Support Estimate (TSE)	472	839	849	851	818
Transfers from consumers	318	36	52	31	25
Transfers from taxpayers	245	825	827	837	811
Budget revenues	-92	-22	-30	-17	-18
Percentage TSE (% of GDP)	0.6	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Total Budgetary Support Estimate (TBSE)	244	825	827	837	811
Percentage TBSE (% of GDP)	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
GDP deflator (2000-02=100)	100	224	219	223	229
Exchange rate (national currency per USD)	621.08	664.63	648.68	641.90	703.31

Note: p: provisional. NPC: Nominal Protection Coefficient. NAC: Nominal Assistance Coefficient. A/An/R/I: Area planted/Animal numbers/Receipts/Income.

1. Market Price Support (MPS) is net of producer levies and excess feed cost. MPS commodities for Chile are: wheat, maize, apples, grapes, sugar, tomatoes, milk, beef and veal, pig meat, poultry, eggs, blueberries, cherries and peaches.

2. Time series on value of production, consumption, production, and producer prices of several products changed, as new and more reliable data was obtained by the national government. As a result, estimations may differ from previous years.

Source: OECD (2020), “Producer and Consumer Support Estimates”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/agr-pcse-data-en.

Contextual information

Chile has enjoyed average real GDP growth of around 4% since 2000. This growth has helped the country to become an upper middle income country with a GDP per capita slightly above the average of all countries covered in this report. Agriculture accounted for 4% of GDP and 9.2% of total employment in 2018, reflecting the duality of its structure, where small-scale labour intensive farms co-exist alongside a large-scale commercial farm sector. Chile is a net exporter of agro-food products with a surplus of USD 5 billion (excluding fish and forestry). Agro-food exports are around 16.5% of total exports of the country.

Table 7.2. Chile: Contextual indicators

	Chile		International comparison
	2000*	2018*	2000*	2018*
Economic context			Share in total of all countries
GDP (billion USD in PPPs)	147	464	0.4%	0.4%
Population (million)	15	19	0.4%	0.4%
Land area (thousand km2)	744	744	0.9%	0.9%
Agricultural area (AA) (thousand ha)	15 110	15 747	0.5%	0.5%
			All countries¹
Population density (inhabitants/km2)	21	25	53	62
GDP per capita (USD in PPPs)	9 519	24 709	9 275	21 924
Trade as % of GDP	22	25	12.4	15.3
Agriculture in the economy			All countries¹
Agriculture in GDP (%)	5.9	4.0	3.1	3.6
Agriculture share in employment (%)	14.1	9.2	-	-
Agro-food exports (% of total exports)	17.0	16.5	6.2	7.3
Agro-food imports (% of total imports)	7.7	9.6	5.5	6.3
Characteristics of the agricultural sector			All countries¹
Crop in total agricultural production (%)	68	69	-	-
Livestock in total agricultural production (%)	32	31	-	-
Share of arable land in AA (%)	12	8	32	33

Notes: *or closest available year.

1. Average of all countries covered in this report. EU treated as one.

Sources: OECD statistical databases; UN Comtrade; World Bank, WDI and national data.

Over the past two years, GDP growth has recovered from relatively low levels between 2014 and 2017. Chile’s agricultural and agro-food sector has been successful in adding value to the production of primary commodities, by producing more differentiated products like temperate fruits and processed products such as wine. In 2018, 86% of exports were mostly products for final consumption, both primary and processed, and only 14% were products for further industrial processing. Agro-food imports are mostly processed products, where 53% are for consumption and 27% for further processing in industry.

Figure 7.4. Chile: Main economic indicators, 2000 to 2019

Sources: OECD statistical databases; World Bank, WDI and ILO estimates and projections.

Figure 7.5. Chile: Agro-food trade

Note: Numbers may not add up to 100 due to rounding.

Source: UN Comtrade Database.

The agricultural sector has played a key role in Chile’s economic success, both benefiting from stability and reforms, and making an important contribution via strong output and exports growth. Productivity growth has been central to Chile’s agriculture. With a relatively stable use of primary and intermediate inputs into production, growth in output has been achieved by significant improvements in total factor productivity (TFP), with an average of 1.9% per year over the period 2007 to 2016, slightly higher than the global average.

Figure 7.6. Chile: Composition of agricultural output growth, 2007-16

Note: Primary factors comprise labour, land, livestock and machinery.

Source: USDA Economic Research Service Agricultural Productivity database.

Table 7.3. Chile: Productivity and environmental indicators

	Chile		International comparison
	1991-2000	2007-2016	1991-2000	2007-2016
			World
TFP annual growth rate (%)	2.2%	1.9%	1.6%	1.6%
			OECD average
Environmental indicators	2000*	2018*	2000*	2018*
Nitrogen balance, kg/ha	..	..	33.3	29.1
Phosphorus balance, kg/ha	..	..	3.3	2.3
Agriculture share of total energy use (%)	..	1.4	1.7	2.0
Agriculture share of GHG emissions (%)	18.3	10.6	8.1	8.9
Share of irrigated land in AA (%)	7.0	7.0	-	-
Share of agriculture in water abstractions (%)	..	..	46.0	49.0
Water stress indicator	..	..	9.9	8.9

Note: * or closest available year.

Sources: USDA Economic Research Service, Agricultural Productivity database; OECD statistical databases; FAO database and national data.

Description of policy developments

Main policy instruments

The fundamental orientation of agricultural policy has remained almost unchanged over the past few years. The policy objectives continue to emphasise the development of small-scale agriculture, the improvement of agricultural sustainable productivity and competitiveness and the conservation of natural resources.

Chilean agricultural policies focus mainly on the provision of key services for the sector. About half of total expenditures to the sector are investments in infrastructure mainly on the expansion and improvements of the irrigation systems, while other investments target the restructuring of and access to land, agricultural research and development, sanitary and phyto-sanitary services and inspection services. The other half is provided as payments directed mostly to small-scale farmers, through different types of input subsidies such access to credit at preferential interest rates; subsidies for fixed capital formation, in particular for improving degraded soils; and on on-farm services like producer association programmes for small-scale and indigenous farmers.

An open trade regime has helped Chile to emerge as a globally important producer of agricultural and food products such as fruits, vegetables, dairy products, poultry, pig meat and wine.

Domestic policy developments in 2019-20

In 2019, the government emphasised and developed policies within four strategic areas: 1) Institutional modernisation, 2) Producer associations, 3) Sustainability and water use, and 4) Strengthening rural development. Furthermore, in response to the protests during the last trimester of 2019, the Ministry of Agriculture proposed a plan called: “Rural Action for a fairer Chile” based on a participative process called “Listening rural”. The plan has four strategic axes: 1) Emergency management against drought, 2) Quality of rural life, 3) Support for family farming and agricultural SMEs, and 4) Transparency and good commercial practices.

In this new context, the Institute for Agricultural Development (INDAP), the agency promoting smallholders’ agriculture, has begun a modernisation plan for three emblematic programmes: the Local Development Program (PRODESAL), the Agricultural Program for the Comprehensive Development of Small Farmers of the Coquimbo Region (PADIS), and the Technical Advice Program (SAT). This plan includes a characterisation of INDAP beneficiaries, as well as the definition of the target population and the designing of the new objectives for these three programmes, which will result in new rules for their implementation during 2020. INDAP has also developed working lines to promote farmer associations and improve market access, in order to increase the number of small-scale farmers participating in high-value domestic markets and export markets. In 2019, INDAP and the Ministry of Agriculture carried out a territorial diagnostic to assess the level of development of rural and agricultural tourism, aiming at boosting this sector in rural areas.

In 2018, the Guaranteed Credit Program for indigenous peoples, called CORFO-COBIN (Indigenous Coverage), was created; this programme establishes a line of financing for individual or collective projects that are economically viable and sustainable but have difficulties in being accepted by the financial system because of lack of collateral and relatively small operations that increase transaction costs, among other reasons.

To mitigate territorial inequalities, the Promulgation of the National Rural Development Policy was established in early 2020, with the participation of 12 ministries. This promulgation aims to improve access and quality of public services and connectivity of the poorest regions in the country. In addition, a pilot rural development initiative in the Araucania Region was created, which has several objectives 1) promote the diversification of agricultural production; 2) formalise economic activities such as the agricultural/rural tourism that have hitherto been informal; 3) improve linkages and co-ordination between public institutions that implement rural development programmes. Several other programmes, including from INDAP and other agencies, focus more on rural development in the poorest regions of the country.

The Ministry of Agriculture created the national plan “Más Unidos” (“working closely”), launched in August 2019, to encourage farmers’ associations. The Agro+ is an instrument developed under this national plan that promotes agricultural and forestry farmer associations through formal models of co-operation like modern co-operatives and traditional corporate structures. This new instrument supports groups of small-scale producers willing to create, formalise or strengthen farmer associations by providing technical assistance on marketing capabilities and in other key areas.

In 2019, the animal and plant health agency, the Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG) developed a web platform called “Portal Productor RPF/Red de Pronóstico Fitosanitario” (Farmers website of phytosanitary forecast). This platform contains two Decision Support Systems: 1) the Early Alert System (SAT) for pests, which is used to monitor and allow early control of the fly pest Lobesia botrana; and 2) the Expert Diagnosis System (SED) for detecting pests and diseases in blueberries and raspberries. These systems provide information in advance, so that decision makers can take actions on diagnosis and control in a faster, more focused and more effective manner, and using lower quantities of pesticides. SAG also implemented a technique of releasing sterile specimens of insects to prevent the settling of Ceratitis capitata and to control L. botrana.

Other areas of work using digital technologies have been developed and implemented supporting the inspection process of SAG. The inspection process has been modernised through web and mobile platforms. Additionally, the SAG website now features a platform allowing farmers to consult all documents related to inspections on their farms (National Information Inspection System, SINIF). In the framework of the System of Incentives for the Sustainability of Agricultural Soils (SIRSD-S), SAG plans to use drones to quantify and check the implementation of certain practices, thus saving inspection time.

During 2020, a new census is to be conducted and results should be made available in 2021. This new census aims at collecting economic, social and environmental information on the sector in order to improve decision-making and the targeting of public instruments.

“¿A Cuánto?” (“How much?”) is an application created in the Ministry of Agriculture, through the Office of Agricultural Policies and Studies (ODEPA), which allows to easily and instantly check the prices of more than 50 agricultural products sold in wholesale markets throughout the country.

In July 2019, the Department of Sustainability and Climate Change was created in ODEPA. This new department has four main goals: 1) developing a sustainability strategy for the ministry; 2) promoting public-private partnership regarding sustainable agriculture; 3) co-ordinating the participation of the Ministry of Agriculture in COP 25; and 4) contributing to the country’s image through the communication of the Chilean sustainability achievements in agriculture. Additionally, as part of this new department, a special unit on Climate Change was created. During 2019, the Ministry of Agriculture, through ODEPA, started the development of a Sustainable Agrifood Strategy. This strategy is focused on policy coherence, private-public partnership and concrete actions. A new Sustainable Agriculture Agreement was signed in 2019 by different public agencies, including ODEPA, INDAP, CORFO, ASCC and FIA. This agreement gives continuity to the work done in the frame of the Sustainable Agriculture Plan. The Working Group on Sustainability of the Agro-Food Exporting Council has continued developing public-private projects to improve tools that promote and certify sustainable agriculture.

The project “Sustainability Program for the Chilean Agro-food Sector” was launched in 2019 and the tool kit for the development of sustainability standards was finished. Moreover, the development of the sustainability standards for the pork, poultry and dairy production sectors are being developed. The rules of this project were established in January 2019. Regarding climate action, Chile promoted the Climate Action Platform for Agriculture of Latin America and the Caribbean (PLACA), which was launched in the frame of COP25 under the Chilean presidency.

During 2019, the south-central part of Chile experienced the country’s most severe drought of the last 100 years. Several efforts took place to address the consequences of the drought, including the promotion of water availability (construction of irrigation infrastructure) and water use efficiency, through pressurised irrigation, improvement of distribution systems and the construction of dams. The Large Dams Plan is expected to benefit a population of 40 000 farmers and 400 000 hectares, by increasing the current water storage capacity by 40% or 1 200 million cubic meters. Four Large Dams are under construction: Punilla (Ñuble Region), Valle Hermoso (Coquimbo Region), Chironta (Arica and Parinacota Region) and Las Palmas (Valparaiso Region) with a total investment of CHL 633 billion (USD 900 million).

In terms of water use efficiency, the National Irrigation Commission (CNR), through Act No. 18.450 for private investment in irrigation supports different projects such as efficient irrigation systems, channel improvements, telemetric systems, aquifers recharge, and small dams. The CNR increased its budget to a total of CHL 88 billion (USD 125 million) for 2019. Finally, in order to strengthen the capacities of the Water Users Organization, CNR executed several training programmes to improve administrative competences, operational infrastructure, management systems and base information.

Trade policy developments in 2019-20

In 2019, Free Trade Agreements with Argentina and Indonesia entered into force, bringing the number of Chile’s FTAs in force to 29; the FTAs with Brazil, and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement For Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) are signed but are not yet in force.

In 2019, four rounds have taken place in the negotiation with Ecuador to modernise the commercial agreement, including a new chapter on environmental issues. With the European Union, six rounds have taken place for the modernisation of the association agreement, which includes new chapters on environment, labour and gender, among other issues; and the deepening of some chapters of the current agreement; likewise negotiations with India began. In the context of the Brexit, Chile and the United Kingdom have already signed an agreement that should enter in force on 1 January 2021, when the transition period ends.

Progress was made on the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) agenda in 2019. Access to the market for the People’s Republic of China was granted for pears, hazelnuts (without shell), citrus fruits, honey and bee products; access to the Indian market was granted for blueberries, avocados, nuts with/without shell; and access to Viet Nam was granted for apples. At the Chilean border control, an Import Information System (SIIS) was also implemented by SAG, moving to a paperless registration connected with customs agencies and importers, for all the products under SAG supervision.

Note

← 1.  https://covid19.minagri.gob.cl/.