Transforming Catalonia’s Mobility System for Net Zero

Annex D. Literature review of system dynamics

Table A D.1. Induced Car Demand

Feedback behavior (Figure 3.12 in Chapter 3)	Causal link	References
B1: More roads for private cars	When congestion increases, governments respond with public investment in roads for cars to increase road capacity for cars	(Transportation for America, 2020[3])
B2: Traffic volume adapts	When road capacity for cars increases, car use goes up, which increases traffic volume	(Hansen and Huang, 1997[4]; Goodwin, 1996[5]; Noland, 2001[6]; Cervero, 2002[7]; Downs, 1962[8]; Duranton and Turner, 2011[9]; Goodwin, 1996[10]; Goodwin and Noland, 2003[11]; Noland and Lem, 2002[12]; Wood, 1994[13])
	When road capacity for cars increases, car ownership goes up, which increases traffic volume	(Næss, Mogridge and Sandberg, 2001[14]; Yang et al., 2017[15]; Cervero, 2002[7]; Noland and Lem, 2002[12])

Source: Adapted from (Pokharel, Miller and Chapple, 2023[16]).

Table A D.2. Urban Sprawl

Feedback behavior (Figure 3.15 in Chapter 3)	Causal link	References
R1: Suburbs become more accessible	An increase in road capacity for cars increases the catchment area	(Cervero, 2003[17]; Handy, 2005[18]; Newman and Kenworthy, 1998[19])
	When the catchment area increases, traffic volume increases through increased car use and car ownership	(Bhat and Guo, 2007[20]; Ding et al., 2018[21]; Newman, Kosonen and Kenworthy, 2016[22]; Van Acker and Witlox, 2010[23]; Hamidi and Ewing, 2014[24]; Zhao, 2010[25]; Gössling et al., 2016[26]).

Source: Adapted from (Pokharel, Miller and Chapple, 2023[16]).

Table A D.3. Spatial inequality of sustainable modes

Feedback behavior (Figure 3.17 in Chapter 3)	Causal link	References
R2: Lack of proximity widens attractiveness gap	Increased catchment area leads to reduced attractiveness of sustainable modes. Reduced attractiveness of sustainable modes increases the attractiveness of car use.	(Sterman, 2000[27]; Kitamura, 1989[28])
R3: Lack of space widens attractiveness gap	Increasing road capacity for cars reduces space for sustainable modes and reduced space for sustainable modes leads to lower attractiveness of sustainable modes	(Héran, 2008[29])

Source: Adapted from (Pokharel, Miller and Chapple, 2023[16]).