[12] Adjaye-Gbewonyo, D. et al. (2023), Long COVID in Adults: United States, 2022, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:132417.
[26] Al-Aly, Z. et al. (2023), Long COVID: long-term health outcomes and implications for policy and research, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-022-00652-2.
[19] Al-Aly, Z. et al. (2024), “Long COVID science, research and policy”, Nature Medicine, Vol. 30/8, pp. 2148-2164, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03173-6.
[9] Ballering, A. et al. (2022), “Persistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study”, The Lancet, Vol. 400/10350, pp. 452-461, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01214-4.
[21] Baz, S. et al. (2023), “‘I don’t know what to do or where to go’. Experiences of accessing healthcare support from the perspectives of people living with Long Covid and healthcare professionals: A qualitative study in Bradford, UK”, Health Expectations, Vol. 26/1, pp. 542-554, https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13687.
[3] Cai, M. et al. (2024), “Three-year outcomes of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19”, Nature Medicine, Vol. 30/6, pp. 1564-1573, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02987-8.
[23] Canas, L. et al. (2023), “Profiling post-COVID-19 condition across different variants of SARS-CoV-2: a prospective longitudinal study in unvaccinated wild-type, unvaccinated alpha-variant, and vaccinated delta-variant populations”, The Lancet Digital Health, Vol. 5/7, pp. e421-e434, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00056-0.
[13] Coste, J. et al. (2023), “Prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition in the French general population after the first epidemic waves”, Infectious Diseases Now, Vol. 53/1, p. 104631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idnow.2022.10.003.
[5] de Boer, D. et al. (2022), “Assessing the outcomes and experiences of care from the perspective of people living with chronic conditions, to support countries in developing people-centred policies and practices: study protocol of the International Survey of People Living with Chronic Conditions (PaRIS survey)”, BMJ Open, Vol. 12/9, p. e061424, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061424.
[25] Deer, R. et al. (2021), “Characterizing Long COVID: Deep Phenotype of a Complex Condition”, eBioMedicine, doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103722, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103722.
[14] Diexer, S. et al. (2024), “Insights into early recovery from Long COVID—results from the German DigiHero Cohort”, Scientific Reports, Vol. 14/1, p. 8569, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59122-3.
[2] Ely, E., L. Brown and H. Fineberg (2024), “Long Covid Defined”, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 391/18, pp. 1746-1753, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmsb2408466.
[1] Espinosa Gonzalez, A. and E. Suzuki (2024), “The impacts of long COVID across OECD countries”, OECD Health Working Papers, No. 167, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/8bd08383-en.
[11] Fang, Z., R. Ahrnsbrak and A. Rekito (2024), “Evidence Mounts That About 7% of US Adults Have Had Long COVID”, JAMA, Vol. 332/1, pp. 5-6, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.11370.
[8] Goldstein, H. and M. Healy (1995), “The Graphical Presentation of a Collection of Means”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, Vol. 158/1, pp. 175-177, https://doi.org/10.2307/2983411.
[15] Hastie, C. et al. (2023), “True prevalence of long-COVID in a nationwide, population cohort study”, Nature Communications, Vol. 14/1, p. 7892, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43661-w.
[24] Kenny, G. et al. (2022), “Identification of Distinct Long COVID Clinical Phenotypes Through Cluster Analysis of Self-Reported Symptoms”, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Vol. 9/4, p. ofac060, https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac060.
[7] OECD (2025), Does Healthcare Deliver?: Results from the Patient-Reported Indicator Surveys (PaRIS), OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c8af05a5-en.
[10] Perlis, R. et al. (2023), “Association of Post–COVID-19 Condition Symptoms and Employment Status”, JAMA Network Open, Vol. 6/2, pp. e2256152-e2256152, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.56152.
[4] Subramanian, A. et al. (2022), “Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults”, Nature Medicine, Vol. 28/8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01909-w.
[22] Turk, F. et al. (2023), “Pathways to care for Long COVID and for long-term conditions from patients’ and clinicians’ perspective”, Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, Vol. 16/4, pp. 435-437, https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12563.
[6] Valderas, J. et al. (2024), “Development of the Patient-Reported Indicator Surveys (PaRIS) conceptual framework to monitor and improve the performance of primary care for people living with chronic conditions”, BMJ Quality & Safety, pp. bmjqs-2024-017301, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2024-017301.
[18] Wang, Y. et al. (2025), “Refinement of post-COVID condition core symptoms, subtypes, determinants, and health impacts: a cohort study integrating real-world data and patient-reported outcomes”, eBioMedicine, doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105493.
[16] Whitaker, M. et al. (2022), “Persistent COVID-19 symptoms in a community study of 606,434 people in England”, Nature Communications, Vol. 13/1, p. 1957, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29521-z.
[20] Widera, E., A. Chang and H. Chen (2010), “Presenteeism: A Public Health Hazard”, Journal of General Internal Medicine, Vol. 25/11, pp. 1244-1247, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1422-x.
[17] Xie, Y., T. Choi and Z. Al-Aly (2024), “Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron Eras”, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 391/6, pp. 515-525, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2403211.