This paper was prepared by the OECD Public Governance Directorate (GOV) under the leadership of Elsa Pilichowski (Director). It was co-ordinated and drafted by Álfrún Tryggvadóttir (Senior Policy Analyst, Lead Performance Budgeting and Spending Reviews) and Indrė Bambalaitė (Policy Analyst) under the supervision of Jón Blöndal (Head of Division), all from GOV’s Public Management and Budgeting Division. The paper was shared with the OECD Working Party on Performance and Results for review. The authors would like to thank all delegates for their insights, and Meral Gedik for her valuable editorial support.