The accelerating loss of biodiversity presents a significant global challenge. In response, governments adopted the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework under the Convention on Biological Diversity. The framework sets out an ambitious mission to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030, supported by 23 action-oriented targets. Among these, Target 18 calls on governments to reduce incentives harmful to biodiversity and to scale up incentives that promote biodiversity’s conservation and sustainable use.
This report, Scaling Up Biodiversity-Positive Incentives: Delivering on Target 18 of the Global Biodiversity Framework, provides practical guidance to support countries in the achievement of Target 18. It examines the opportunities, challenges and good practices for increasing both the scale and effectiveness of biodiversity-positive incentives. The incentives covered are subsidies, payments for ecosystem services, biodiversity-positive taxes, fees and tradable permits, biodiversity offsets, and emerging approaches to biodiversity credits. The report was developed under the guidance of the OECD Environment Policy Committee’s Working Party on Biodiversity, Water and Ecosystems. It draws on, and complements, OECD’s broader body of work on designing and tracking economic policy instruments for biodiversity.