Risks and Resilience in Global Trade

Annex B. Supplemental figures and tables

Figure A B.1. The alternative route to the Suez Canal avoided large disruptions in Mediterranean ports

Note: Seven-day moving averages, using daily data up to 18 August 2024. The volume of trade going through each chokepoint is estimated by the IMF using AIS data transmitted from vessels and collected by the UN Global Platform. The RoW port category includes all non-Mediterranean ports worldwide.

Source: IMF Portwatch (data extracted 10 September 2024).

Figure A B.2. The Suez Canal disruption did not have a significantly different effect on West or East Mediterranean ports

Note: Seven-day moving averages, using daily data up to 18 August 2024. The volume of trade going through each chokepoint is estimated by the IMF using AIS data transmitted from vessels and collected by the UN Global Platform. West Mediterranean includes ports from Algeria, France, Monaco, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and some ports from Italy. East Mediterranean includes ports from Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Montenegro, Slovenia, Syria, Türkiye and some ports from Italy.

Source: IMF Portwatch (data extracted on 10 September 2024).

Table A B.1. HS codes for passenger car and parts used in the analysis

Type of vehicle	HS code	HS description
EVs	Final vehicles
	870380	Vehicles; with only electric motor for propulsion
	Specific parts and components*
	850760	Electric accumulators, including separators therefore, whether or not rectangular (including square) [8507] Lithium-ion [850760]
	850790	Electric accumulators; parts n.e.c. in heading no. 8507
	850132	Electric motors and generators; DC, of an output exceeding 750W but not exceeding 75kW
	850133	Electric motors and generators; DC, of an output exceeding 75kW but not exceeding 375kW
	850152	Electric motors; AC motors, multi-phase, of an output exceeding 750W but not exceeding 75kW
	850153	Electric motors; AC motors, multi-phase, of an output exceeding 75kW
Hybrids	Final vehicles
	870340	Vehicles; with both spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine and electric motor for propulsion, incapable of being charged by plugging to external source of electric power
	870350	Vehicles; with both compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine (diesel or semi-diesel) and electric motor for propulsion, incapable of being charged by plugging to external source of electric power
	870360	Vehicles; with both spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine and electric motor for propulsion, capable of being charged by plugging to external source of electric power
	870370	Vehicles; with both compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine (diesel or semi-diesel) and electric motor for propulsion, capable of being charged by plugging to external source of electric power
ICEs	Final vehicles
	870321	Vehicles; with only spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacity not over 1000cc
	870322	Vehicles; with only spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacity over 1000 but not over 1500cc
	870323	Vehicles; with only spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacity over 1500 but not over 3000cc
	870324	Vehicles; with only spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacity over 3000cc
	870331	Vehicles; with only compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine (diesel or semi-diesel), cylinder capacity not over 1500cc
	870332	Vehicles; with only compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine (diesel or semi-diesel), cylinder capacity over 1500 but not over 2500cc
	870333	Vehicles; with only compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine (diesel or semi-diesel), cylinder capacity over 2500cc
	Specific parts and components
	870840	Gear boxes and parts thereof
	870892	Vehicle parts; silencers (mufflers) and exhaust pipes; parts thereof
	870893	Vehicle parts; clutches and parts thereof
	840820	Engines; compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines (diesel or semi-diesel engines), of a kind used for the propulsion of vehicles of chapter 87
	840731	Engines; reciprocating piston engines, of a kind used for the propulsion of vehicles of chapter 87, of a cylinder capacity not exceeding 50cc
	840732	Engines; reciprocating piston engines, of a kind used for the propulsion of vehicles of chapter 87, of a cylinder capacity exceeding 50cc but not exceeding 250cc
	840733	Engines; reciprocating piston engines, of a kind used for the propulsion of vehicles of chapter 87, of a cylinder capacity exceeding 250cc but not exceeding 1000cc
	840734	Engines; reciprocating piston engines, of a kind used for the propulsion of vehicles of chapter 87, of a cylinder capacity exceeding 1000cc
	851110	Ignition or starting equipment; spark plugs, of a kind used for spark or compression-ignition internal combustion engines
	851120	Ignition or starting equipment; ignition magnetos, magneto-dynamos and magnetic flywheels, of a kind used for spark or compression-ignition internal combustion engines
	851130	Ignition or starting equipment; distributors and ignition coils of a kind used for spark-ignition or compression-ignition internal combustion engines
	851140	Ignition or starting equipment; starter motors and dual purpose starter-generators, of a kind used for spark or compression-ignition internal combustion engines
	851150	Ignition or starting equipment; generators n.e.s. in heading no. 8511, of a kind used for spark or compression-ignition internal combustion engines
	851180	Ignition or starting equipment; n.e.s. in heading no. 8511, of a kind used for spark or compression-ignition internal combustion engines
	851190	Ignition or starting equipment; parts of the equipment of heading no. 8511, for use in spark-ignition or compression-ignition internal combustion engines
	840991	Engines; parts, suitable for use solely or principally with spark-ignition internal combustion piston engines (for other than aircraft)
	840999	Engines; parts for internal combustion piston engines (excluding spark-ignition)
Any passenger car	Parts and components common to EVs, Hybrids, ICEs
	870600	Chassis; fitted with engines, for the motor vehicles of heading no. 8701 to 8705
	870710	Vehicles; bodies (including cabs) for the motor vehicles of heading no. 8703
	870810	Vehicles; bumpers and parts thereof, for the vehicles of heading no. 8701 to 8705
	870821	Vehicles; parts of bodies, safety seat belts
	870822	Vehicles; parts and accessories, front windscreens (windshields), rear windows and other windows specified in subheading note 1 to this chapter
	870829	Vehicles; parts and accessories, of bodies, other than safety seat belts
	870830	Vehicle parts; brakes, servo-brakes and parts thereof
	870850	Vehicle parts; drive-axles with differential, whether or not provided with other transmission components, and non-driving axles; parts thereof
	870870	Vehicle parts; road wheels and parts and accessories thereof
	870880	Vehicle parts; suspension systems and parts thereof (including shock-absorbers)
	870891	Vehicle parts; radiators and parts thereof
	870894	Vehicle parts; steering wheels, steering columns and steering boxes; parts thereof
	870895	Vehicle parts; safety airbags with inflater system; parts thereof
	870899	Vehicle parts and accessories; n.e.c. in heading no. 8708
	940120	Seats; of a kind used for motor vehicles
	851220	Lighting or visual signalling equipment; electrical, of a kind used on motor vehicles (excluding articles of heading no. 8539)
	851230	Sound signalling equipment; electrical, used on cycles or motor vehicles (excluding articles of heading no. 8539)
	851240	Windscreen wipers, defrosters and demisters; electrical, of kinds used for cycles or motor vehicles
	851290	Lighting or signalling equipment; electrical, (excluding articles of heading no. 8539), windscreen wipers, defrosters and demisters; parts, of those kinds used for cycles or motor vehicles
	850710	Electric accumulators; lead-acid, of a kind used for starting piston engines, including separators, whether or not rectangular (including square)

Note: *CEPII also refers to HS 850760 as battery pack and module. An EV battery, also called a pack, includes several modules. Modules are composed of battery cells. (Mayer, Vicard and Wibaux, 2024[20])

Source: Authors’ compilation based on (Mayer, Vicard and Wibaux, 2024[20]) and (Coffin et al., 2024[21])

Figure A B.3. Change in outward FDI to connect countries between 2018 and 2022

Note: Outward direct investment positions (stocks). Connector countries are those with well-established linkages with the United States, the European Union, and China.

Source: IMF Coordinated Direct Investment Survey.

Figure A B.4. Top countries gaining and losing market share

Note: Countries in the chart are those who were among the top 10 exporters in any passenger car and car parts category between 2000 and 2023. Size of the bubble indicates the size of the change in market share between 2000 and 2023. The colour of the bubble indicates the direction of change. Red indicates countries that lost market share. Blue indicates countries that gained market share.

Source: UN Comtrade supplemented with ITC data for regions reporting 2022 data but missing 2023 in UN Comtrade.

Figure A B.5. Electric vehicles exports are accounting for a larger share of car exports

Share of total export value of each car type

Note: Includes only regions who reported in 2023.

Source: UN Comtrade supplemented with ITC data for regions reporting 2022 data but missing 2023 in UN Comtrade.