This paper was prepared and drafted by Charles McIvor under the supervision of Philippe Larrue from the Science and Technology Policy (STP) Division, within the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (DSTI). The work was carried out under the aegis of the OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) during the 2025–2026 biennium.
Acknowledgement is extended to Juanita Beltran Bayona (Junior Policy Analyst, STI/STP) for her valuable contributions to the project.
Appreciation is also expressed to all those who participated in interviews, provided written input (see Annex A), and took part in the workshop, all of which informed this work.