This chapter examines how Korea leverages artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance government productivity, responsiveness, and accountability. It identifies opportunities for reforms to help Korea meet its goal of being a global leader in public sector AI developments. Particular attention is paid to enablers such as data, digital infrastructure, a skilled workforce, guardrails, and stakeholder engagement.
Digital Government Review of Korea
Harnessing Digital and Data to Transform Government
Abstract
Use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the public sector can enhance the efficiency of internal operations, the effectiveness of policy-making, the responsiveness of public services, and the transparency and accountability of government. However, governments face unique contexts and challenges that can hinder the uptake of AI, including skills shortages, risk aversion, legacy systems, data availability, and difficulty prioritising investments in AI in a fiscally constrained environment.
Korea is a global frontrunner in AI. According to the 2023 OECD Digital Government Index (DGI), Korea scores 0.89 out of 1.00 in government AI-maturity, well above the OECD average of 0.53 (Figure 5.1). Korea ranks first among the 33 OECD countries assessed, followed by France, Estonia, the United Kingdom, and Denmark (OECD, 2022[1]). The government AI-maturity component of the DGI assesses how well central or federal governments are prepared to use AI strategically and responsibly in the public sector. It measures the presence and development of key enablers, such as national public-sector AI strategies, the inclusiveness of their design (such as stakeholder collaboration and public consultation), the existence of certain guardrails such as oversight bodies and monitoring, and the implementation of transparency instruments for algorithm use (OECD, 2025[2]). It also evaluates the extent to which AI is used to improve government operations, policy-making, and public services.
While Korea is off to a strong start, there remain opportunities to refine and advance its approach to AI in the public sector. As AI technologies continue to evolve and their use in government becomes more widespread, ensuring a coherent, transparent, and accountable framework will be critical (OECD, 2025[3])This includes strengthening ethical oversight, expanding transparency mechanisms, and increasing across sectors.
Source: (OECD, 2022[1])
The OECD (2025[3]) has published the flagship report Governing with Artificial Intelligence: The State of Play and Way Forward in Core Government Functions that explores the use of AI in government. Its findings are based on in-depth research of AI in 11 functions of government across 200 use cases. The report looks at governments as developers and users of AI, rather than solely as regulators and funders. Through years of research on the topic and working with governments around the world, the OECD identified three opportunities for government use of AI:
Enhanced government productivity, using AI to support more-efficient internal operations and more-effective policy design, decision-making processes, and service delivery
Improved responsiveness and inclusiveness, using AI to design policies and deliver services that better meet needs of citizens, businesses, and communities and to enhance public-participation mechanisms
Stronger government accountability, using AI to enhance oversight and transparency, and empower independent oversight institutions, such as through real-time monitoring
Based on this analysis, the OECD developed the OECD Framework for Trustworthy AI in Government, with three pillars that governments should seek to put in place, which will support implementation of the OECD AI principles (figure 5.2):
Strengthening enablers to overcome implementation challenges and deliver expected results
Establishing guardrails to anticipate and manage associated risks
Engagement with stakeholders, including the public, to develop AI systems that take the needs of all actors into account
Source: OECD (2025[3]) Governing with Artificial Intelligence: The state of play and way forward in core government functions
Institutions across Korea’s public sector demonstrate strong interest in leveraging AI and offer several examples of AI development and deployment. Among thirteen public-sector institutions surveyed, eight use AI to improve internal operations, and the same proportion apply AI to enhance public service delivery and policy-making (OECD, 2024[4]). However, none reported using AI to support the core government functions of financial management or procurement, or to strengthen government accountability through measures like fraud prevention and internal controls.
Boosting government productivity
Public-sector institutions in Korea increasingly leverage AI to enhance internal processes and boost productivity. These efforts focus on reducing administrative burdens, improving decision-making, and increasing the efficiency of routine tasks across government functions. The AI Support System for Work Supervisors uses generative AI, predictive analytics, and interaction-support tools to assist labour inspectors. The system helps summarise and analyse statements from employers and employees in labour complaints, allowing inspectors to quickly identify important issues. It thus improves the productivity of supervisors, strengthens their accountability, and ensures better protection for vulnerable workers through more-effective enforcement of labour laws (OECD, 2025[2]).
Another initiative is an AI-based patent examination support service. This service, built on large language model (LLM)-based generative AI, helps patent examiners manage growing volumes of applications. It includes an interactive Examination Chatbot that provides legal and procedural guidance, helps identify grounds for rejection, and tracks the entire examination process. It also facilitates the search for prior or similar patents, enabling higher-quality and more-efficient examinations (OECD, 2025[2]).
Increasing the responsiveness and effectiveness of public policies and services
Korea uses AI to make public policies and services more responsive and inclusive, enhancing citizens' safety, access to information, and participation in public administration. The AI-driven Flood Safety Network is a joint initiative between the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT), that won Korea’s Best Government Innovation award in 2024 (The Korea Herald, 2024[5]). The system uses AI to improve flood-prediction and -response capabilities across the country. Real-time analysis of data from over 670 observation stations enables swift detection of flood risks, while integration with navigation apps provide immediate alerts to drivers in flood-prone areas. The system’s coverage expanded from 75 to 223 monitoring points, including smaller streams and tributaries, and now includes urban flood forecasting in cities like Gwangju, Pohang, and Changwon. Developed with support from the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, the system uses LSTM models to predict river levels with greater accuracy, improving the government’s ability to protect vulnerable populations during extreme weather events.
Korea is also advancing AI-powered policy intelligence to design smarter and more-inclusive public policies. Through integration of machine learning, data visualisations, and virtual simulation, the government uses large-scale socioeconomic data to support the proposal and validation of national fiscal and public policies (OECD, 2025[2]). This AI-based framework is recognised internationally, with its data-management interface adopted as a global standard. The project includes collaboration with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) to address global issues like climate change and aging populations, and features the development of a Multi-Agent-Based Modeling (MABM) system that simulates behaviours and interactions in economic and social systems to inform policy decisions.
For AI in service delivery, Korea introduced a Generative-AI-based Co-Pilot Service tailored to architectural law, administration, and civil complaints (OECD, 2025[2]). This LLM-based system improves access to legal and administrative information, especially in specialised domains like military architecture and construction. It includes AI modules for administration (handling permits and approvals), design (providing regulatory information), and public complaints (offering legal interpretations and case access). More examples of AI in public-service design and delivery can be found in Chapter 6.
Strengthening government accountability
While none of the thirteen institutions surveyed reported using AI in fraud detection, oversight or impact evaluation, initiatives are found elsewhere in the Korean public sector. For example, the e-RFP Assistance System applies natural language processing, generative AI, and machine-learning-based error diagnostics to streamline public procurement processes (OECD, 2025[2]). By analysing large volumes of procurement data and learning from accumulated public software procurement information, the system successfully reduced document preparation time by 70% while maintaining 99.9% accuracy in regulatory compliance. Developed as part of a KRW 1.7 billion digital transformation project, this tool demonstrates the productivity gains AI can deliver in public administrative processes and detecting anomalies in procurement processes.
The adoption of AI in Korea’s public administration is enabled by a range of conditions that create the foundation for effective and responsible use. These include institutional arrangements for policy co-ordination and governance, investments in digital infrastructure and data availability, efforts to strengthen public sector skills and capacity, and mechanisms for funding and procurement. They reflect Korea’s strategic approach to integrating AI into government operations while addressing challenges related to data protection, interoperability, and evolving technology.
Policy and governance
The main policy instrument for AI in government in Korea, beyond the Basic AI Act (Box 5.4) and Electronic Government Act, is the National AI Strategy Policy Direction, released in 2024. Its goal is to position Korea among the world’s top-three AI leaders. The strategy is built around four flagship AI projects: a 15‑fold expansion of GPU capacity to exceed 2 exaflops by 2030 through the establishment of a National AI Computing Center; mobilising KRW 65 trillion in private AI investments between 2024 and 2027; enabling an AI‑driven transformation across society and the economy (with target adoption rates of 70 % in industry and 95 % in the public sector by 2030); and reinforcing AI safety, security, and global governance frameworks including the enactment of the AI Basic Act and the launch of a national AI Safety Research Center (National Artificial Intelligence Commission, 2024[6]).
In June 2025, the new government designated AI as the top national priority and adopted the country’s first AI Future Planning Chief in the Presidential Office. Two months after, the government announced a new economic growth strategy that set a target of 3% potential growth by applying AI across all sectors. Fifteen leading projects were identified across four areas: businesses, the public sector, citizens, and infrastructure. In the public sector, three priority projects will focus on using AI to enhance welfare and employment services, tax management, and new drug reviews (Ministry of Strategy and Finance, 2025[7]; Korea.kr, 2025[8]).
The responsibility for governing the use of AI in Korea is shared between the National AI Committee, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety (MOIS), the MSIT, the National Information Society Agency (NIA), the National Intelligence Service (NIS), the Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC), the Korea Information Society Development Institute (KISDI), and the National IT Industry Promotion Agency (NIPA) (OECD, 2025[2]).
The MOIS, based on the Electronic Government Act, oversees government-wide digital transformation efforts, including AI adoption. It does so by designing AI policies for the public sector and promote their implementation by central ministries, agencies and local governments. For example, they are currently revising the Act on the Promotion of Data-Based Administration to enable data use for AI adoption, and leading the rollout of a “Pan-Government AI Common Infrastructure” (OECD, 2025[2]).
Digital infrastructure and data
Korea invests in digital infrastructure to support growing use of AI in government. The National AI Strategy Policy Direction focuses on developing advanced infrastructure and making large-scale computing power available, also for public institutions. This includes support for high-performance computing and hardware accelerators to train large AI models, and the rollout of the Pan-Government AI Common Infrastructure (National Artificial Intelligence Commission, 2024[6]). In the fourth national cloud strategy, the government promotes widespread adoption of cloud technologies in the public sector, and commits to create large-scale, national, AI computing centres (Box 5.1) to expand access to powerful training resources for public institutions (Ministry of Science and ICT, 2025[9]).
Korea’s National Information Resources Service (NIRS) works with MOIS to upgrade hardware, networks, and management tools to modernise Korea’s technology and enable migration to the cloud. A critical part of this is the construction of government data-centres, which can ensure compliance with government requirements, cost-efficiencies through a reduced technology footprint, and job creation and local investment in target areas.
These data centres are available to the government’s main partners in the private sector, which helps ensure that companies holding or handling sensitive data do so in an environment that meets the government’s requirements for security, back-up, and redundancy, among others. With measures around sustainability and renewable energy, the data centres reduce the environmental impact of Korea’s digital government, particularly with greater use of AI solutions.
Source: (OECD, 2024[10])
Korea recognises data recognised as an enabler of AI strategies and plans including the development of national-scale AI data resources that emphasise Korean-language and public domain data. A notable example is the AI Hub website, developed by the MSIT and the NIA, which features an AI Data Finder tool (Figure 5.3). The Hub provides access to AI training data through the Hyper Scale AI Expansion Ecosystem Project, and to datasets held by domestic and international institutions and companies. It includes 14 categories of data, such as Korean language, video and images, healthcare, law, and disaster and safety.
In addition, Korea is strengthening tools to manage and use data for AI. It is improving data-centre capacity and efficiency, supporting the growth of the AI data-centre industry, and building systems to ensure data is interoperable and of high quality. The open-data portal offers a National Data Map to integrate datasets, while version 3.5 of the national AI training-data quality guidelines standardises how to create and manage training data (National Information Society Agency, 2025[12]). The fourth cloud plan for 2025-27, named the “AI Era Cloud Strategy”,” highlights the importance of data interoperability, aiming to make it easier for government services and systems to share and use data (Ministry of Science and ICT, 2025[9]).
To ensure data is used responsibly and in compliance with regulatory requirements when training AI in the public sector, Korea has a policy in place to govern the use of sensitive data by designating “Data Safe Zones.” The Data Industry Act provides the basis for the Minister of Science and ICT (MSIT) and the heads of relevant central administrative agencies to establish criteria for designation based on the "Guidelines for Designation and Operation of Data Safe Zones" and the "Security Measures for Data Safe Zones". A zone that meets these criteria is designated as a secure area for data analysis. Within this designated area, sensitive, non-disclosed data is protected, while allowing the use of data necessary for AI development (Ministry of Science and ICT, 2025[13]).
Moreover, PIPC is developing guidance with the Public-Private Policy Council to direct public institutions on how best to treat personal data in relation to the use of AI systems (OECD, 2025[2]), including on;
Using atypical data, including biometric and image-based data
Using data already available online to train AI models (Box.5.2)
Privacy of data collected from portable imaging devices (e.g., drones, robots, self-driving cars)
Using synthetic data
However, the technology and its governance are evolving rapidly. As such, PIPC plans to take a principles-based approach to the guidance to offer flexibility and ensure that AI use remains fit-for-purpose.
In July 2024, Korea’s Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC) published the Guidelines on Processing Publicly Available Personal Data for AI Development and Services. While not legally binding, the guidelines serve as an authoritative interpretation of Korea’s Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA) in the context of AI.
The guidelines clarify how AI developers and service providers (including the public sector) may lawfully process publicly available personal data – such as that collected via web scraping – to train AI models, particularly large language models (LLMs). Publicly available data is broadly defined to include information disclosed by data subjects and data published by law or included in media and publications.
Korea’s approach hinges on “legitimate interest” under PIPA Article 15(1)(6), permitting processing where the controller’s interests outweigh data-subjects’ rights. The guidelines outline a three-part test:
1. the existence of a legitimate interest, including commercial and societal benefits
2. the necessity and proportionality of processing
3. a rights-balancing assessment that favours the data controller only when data-subject harm is minimal or effectively mitigated
The guidelines emphasise that AI training qualifies as personal-data “processing” under Korean law, and thus triggers compliance obligations. They distinguish between AI training and AI service-delivery phases, the latter carrying greater risk of data-subject harm (e.g., through memorisation, re-identification, or prompt attacks).
To manage risks, the guidelines detail technical and organisational safeguards: data source validation, tokenisation and de-duplication to reduce memorisation, use of differential privacy, prompt/output filtering, and “machine unlearning” techniques. They recommend privacy-focused red-teaming and documentation of data processing. Emphasis is placed on the risks of open-source models and API-based service delivery, with recommendations for licensing, monitoring, and contractual safeguards.
Skills and talent
Korea fosters skills and talent to support the strategic and responsible use of AI in the public sector. In 2023, MOIS published the Civil Servants’ Guide to the Safe Use of ChatGPT (Figure 5.4) to help public servants use the platform in their daily work. The Guide provides an overview of the development history of Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) technology and summarises its benefits and limitations for civil-service use (Ministry of the Interior and Safety, 2023[15]). It offers concrete examples of how civil servants can use the technology, including sample prompts. These cover tasks such as information retrieval, support for drafting and translation, code generation, and the use of software like Excel. Additionally, the Presidential Committee on the Digital Platform Government released guidelines for the use of hyper-scale AI in the public sector, providing procedures and case examples to facilitate the integration of generative AI across government entities (Presidential Committee on the Digital Platform Government, 2025[16]).
To enhance more-practical AI skills among public officials, MOIS and NIA conducted training in 2024 on the introduction and use of AI-based services in the public sector. This equipped public servants with the competencies to implement AI solutions in their domains (OECD, 2025[2]).
Furthermore, the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) launched an integrated AI-training program in 2022 for government-funded research institutes. This program targeted researchers at government-affiliated institutions and those under the MSIT to build a talent pool capable of advancing AI research and applications in the public sector (Electronic Newspaper Internet, 2025[17]). At the same time, public institutions in Korea highlight the need for greater skills and talent to make the most of data and AI in their work, noting that competition with the private sector makes it difficult to build internal capability. This aligns with the findings in Chapter 3 about digital skills.
Investing in and procuring strategic and responsible AI
Public procurement represents an average of 13% of GDP in OECD countries, making government the primary buyer in some sectors (OECD, 2025[18]). Investment and procurement policies are powerful tools to ensure responsible and effective deployment of AI across government because they allow public authorities to set clear requirements for ethical, transparent, and secure AI systems. Public procurement represents an average of 13% of GDP in OECD countries, making government the primary buyer in some sectors (OECD, 2025[18]). By embedding standards such as fairness, explainability, and data protection into procurement processes, governments can shape market incentives, drive innovation in trustworthy AI, and mitigate risks. Strategic investment supports capacity building in the public sector and ensures that AI adoption aligns with policy goals such as inclusion, sustainability, and public trust.
Government agencies in Korea have two primary funding mechanisms for AI projects: general agency budgets and the central Information and Communication Promotion Fund (ICPF). Although the ICPF does not offer dedicated funding for AI, it provides financial support within broader allocations for digital and ICT-related initiatives. ICPF funded the development of 142 types of AI training datasets in 2023. In 2024, three rounds of public calls under the Hyper-scale AI Ecosystem Expansion Program supported the creation of 70 types of datasets in the private sector (Ministry of Science and ICT, 2023[19]). In the same year, financial assistance was extended to the Public Sector AI Service Development Support Program (National Information Society Agency, 2024[20]).
Government investment decisions in AI projects are informed by two considerations. First, feasibility studies and proof-of-concept assessments evaluate the technical and operational viability of proposals. Second, the government’s participatory budgeting system enables agencies to submit project proposals, which if selected, are incorporated into agency budgets for implementation in the following fiscal year. This mechanism supported the development of an AI-enabled mobile counselling application using GPT technology in 2023.
To procure AI, the Korean government established a Digital Service Support System to facilitate rapid and convenient adoption and use of digital and AI services. This system improves the convenience of contracting and service delivery between AI service providers and users. Currently, third-party AI services such as NAVER, CLOVA Studio, iConnect, and KakaoTalk are available through this platform. In addition, the government supports procurement of services that combine intelligent information technology with cloud computing through the Digital Service Specialized Contract System and the Digital Service Marketplace platform. This is facilitated by the Digital Service Review Committee, allowing negotiated contracts, and the catalogue-based procurement mechanism (Ministry of Science and ICT, 2025[21]).
Korea has several non-binding policies to encourage the secure and safe use and management of AI in the public sector, especially generative AI. In 2020, while not specifically addressed to the public sector, MSIT released the National AI Ethics Standards (Box 5.3) to serve as a foundation for evolving sector-specific norms and practices in line with technological and societal change. In 2023, NIA and the Korea Communications Commission published an AI Ethics Guidebook specific to Generative AI (National Information Society Agency, 2023[22]). This guide offers advice on key issues such as copyright, misinformation, and protecting users’ rights.
To manage risks associated with the development and use of AI, the Korean government has adopted a multi-faceted approach, including guidelines, institutional oversight, regulatory frameworks, and certification systems. NIS published Security Guidelines for generative AI tools like ChatGPT, focusing on safe and secure use (OECD, 2025[2]). In 2025, NIS launched an initiative to survey all AI-related projects across central ministries, metropolitan governments, and public institutions over 2023-27 to assess planned and ongoing AI efforts, including local-level R&D, automation, and AI model use (etnews, 2025[23]). The effort is part of a push to strengthen AI security policy amid concerns about data protection and the use of foreign AI models like DeepSeek (The Korea Bizwire, 2025[24]). Findings from the survey will inform updates to national AI security guidelines.
In 2020, Korea introduced national AI Ethics Standards to guide the responsible development and use of AI in all sectors. Aimed at government, industry, and users, the standards promote “AI for Humanity”: ensuring that AI enhances human dignity, public welfare, and ethical technological progress.
The framework is built around three core principles:
Human dignity – AI must respect the inherent value and well-being of individuals
Public interest – AI should serve societal benefit and inclusion, especially for vulnerable groups
Purposefulness – AI should be ethically aligned with and designed for human prosperity
To operationalise these principles, the framework outlines ten requirements, including respect for human rights, privacy, safety, accountability, transparency, and the minimisation of bias and harm.
Rather than imposing binding rules, Korea’s approach fosters voluntary adoption and ongoing multi-stakeholder dialogue. The standards serve as a platform for evolving sector-specific norms and practices in line with technological and societal change.
Outside of NIS, the Board of Audit and Inspection (BAI) runs annual audit plans, including focused assessments on the development of the AI ecosystem, to ensure government AI initiatives meet public-interest standards and risk-management protocols (OECD, 2025[2]). Complementing this, the Basic AI Act (Box 5.4) mandates transparency and accountability, notably through Article 30, which supports testing and certification of AI safety and trustworthiness.
Korea’s Basic AI Act enacted in January 2025 and set to take effect in January 2026 establishes a comprehensive legal and policy framework to ensure the safe, ethical, and innovative use of AI. The Act aims to safeguard human rights, foster public trust, and strengthen Korea’s global competitiveness in AI development.
The Act regulates based on risk, classifying AI systems based on their potential impact, including:
High-impact AI used in sensitive areas such as healthcare, transportation, energy, and public services subject to strict safety and oversight requirements
Generative AI systems that create text, images, or audio, which must clearly disclose AI-generated content to users
High-compute AI models exceeding large-scale computational thresholds and subject to enhanced scrutiny
To promote transparency and accountability, the Act requires developers and operators to:
notify users when they interact with AI
implement risk management and human oversight mechanisms
conduct impact assessments for high-risk applications to safeguard fundamental rights
Source: (Securiti, 2025[26]), (fairnow, 2025[27])
Additionally, Korea has introduced specific technical guidelines and evaluations to address emerging AI risks. The AI Safety Institute (AISI) leads research to foresee AI-related risks and conducts comprehensive safety assessments, while the Korea Information Society Development Institute (KISDI) conducts annual AI Ethics Impact Assessments (AIEIA) to identify and evaluate the ethical impacts of AI services. In 2024, KISDI conducted an AIEIA targeting AI-based video synthesis services (Korea Information Society Development Institute, 2024[28]). On top of this, the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Evaluation and Planning (KISTEP) performs annual technology-impact assessments (TIA) to evaluate how emerging science and technology affect the economy, society, culture, and the environment, where, in 2024, the TIA focused on safe and trustworthy AI technologies (Korea Institute of Science and Technology Evaluation and Planning, 2024[29]). On the policy side, Korea’s Digital Order Implementation Plan includes measures such as mandatory watermarking of AI-generated content to counter misinformation and deepfakes (OECD, 2025[2]).
Korea demonstrates a strong commitment to ensuring safe and secure AI, particularly through comprehensive monitoring and risk assessment measures. Yet in contrast to some OECD countries such as the United States, Korea does not keep an exhaustive, up-to-date, publicly available, repository of public sector AI projects and initiatives. While the AI Hub includes use cases, it is not mandatory for public agencies to record and publish theirs. Public registries of AI systems are increasingly common, serving as centralised repositories that consolidate information about AI systems being used in government (OECD, 2025[3]). Examples include the:
United Kingdom’s Algorithmic Transparency Records
United States government’s AI use-case inventory, which must be updated at least annually
national government public algorithm inventories in Chile, France, and the Netherlands (Box 5.5).
To enhance transparency and trust in the use of algorithms by public institutions, the Government of the Netherlands launched the Algorithm Register (Algoritmeregister) in 2021. Developed by the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, and maintained by the City of Amsterdam, the Register serves as a central, publicly accessible repository of algorithmic systems used in the public sector.
The Register provides structured information on each algorithmic system, including:
purpose and functional description
data sources and types of data used
decision-making impact, such as whether the algorithm is advisory or automated
risk assessments, including human oversight measures
responsible authority and contact details
Participation in the Register is voluntary, but the Dutch government is working to expand its use across national, regional, and municipal levels. By making algorithm-use visible and comprehensible to the public, the Register supports democratic accountability, encourages responsible innovation, and facilitates risk management.
Source: (Overheid.nl, 2025[30])
The Korean government involves a range of public institutions in shaping national AI policies. More than 20 ministries and agencies such as the MSIT, MOIS, and the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MOEF) collaborated to design and implement cross-sector AI strategies. These efforts include policy frameworks such as the Implementation Plan for AI in Everyday Life for All Citizens and the AI-Semiconductor Initiative, which define strategic priorities and reflect the input of civil servants and public sector experts through inter-ministerial co-ordination (OECD, 2025[2]).
Beyond the public sector, Korea has platforms to engage a broad ecosystem of stakeholders including service users, civil society, and the private sector. The AI Strategy Summits – regular, high-level forums hosted by major AI companies in co-operation with the government – bring together experts from academia, research, and industry to explore policy directions for hyper-scale AI and digital innovation (Ministry of Science and ICT, 2023[31]). Furthermore, the AI Legal and Regulatory Reform Task Force co-ordinated by MSIT serves as a mechanism for inclusive dialogue, engaging stakeholders such as large corporations, SMEs, startups, and civil-society organisations in the design and refinement of AI regulations (OECD, 2025[2]). These initiatives complement public consultations and outreach activities, including the collection of citizen feedback via national forums.
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