This paper examines public financial management (PFM) in Egypt, focusing specifically on the core stages of the budget cycle: 1) planning; 2) preparation; 3) execution and control and reporting; and 4 oversight and transparency. Egypt’s PFM system is underpinned by a series of legal, institutional, and technical reforms that have been introduced since 2022. While the country has made meaningful and significant progress in aligning its budgeting practices with OECD standards, implementation challenges remain, and further efforts are necessary to enhance fiscal discipline and policy alignment. This review explores pathways to overcome these hurdles, strengthen existing arrangements and improve the quality of budgetary governance in Egypt.
Budgeting in Egypt
Consolidating reform for better spending
