[113] ABA (2023), Retail deposits inquiry 2023, https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Australian%20Banking%20Association_0.pdf.
[40] ACCC (2023), Retail deposits inquiry - Final report, https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Retail-deposits-inquiry-final-report.pdf.
[74] AdC (2021), Opinion 21-A-05 of April 29, 2021 on the sector of new technologies applied to payment activities, https://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/sites/default/files/attachments/2021-06/21-a-05_en.pdf.
[44] Agarwal, S., R. Rosen and V. Yao (2016), “Why Do Borrowers Make Mortgage Refinancing Mistakes?”, Vol. 62/12, pp. 3494–3509, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44166537.
[33] Aghion, P. et al. (2005), “Competition and Innovation: an Inverted-U Relationship”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 120/2, pp. 701-728, https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/120.2.701.
[1] Ahrend, R., J. Arnold and F. Murtin (2009), “Prudential Regulation and Competition in Financial Markets”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 735, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/220117664431.
[36] Aliber, R. and C. Kindleberger (2015), Manias, Panics, and Crashes, Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-52574-1.
[68] Amici, F. (2025), How Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) quietly became a credit crisis, https://www.dirittobancario.it/art/how-buy-now-pay-later-bnpl-quietly-became-a-credit-crisis/.
[18] Anginer, D. et al. (2019), Bank Regulation and Supervision Ten Years after the Global Financial Crisis, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/685851571160819618/pdf/Bank-Regulation-and-Supervision-Ten-Years-after-the-Global-Financial-Crisis.pdf.
[28] Anginer, D. and A. Demirguc-Kunt (2014), “Has the global banking system become more fragile over time?”, Journal of Financial Stability, Vol. 13, pp. 202-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2014.02.003.
[27] Anginer, D., A. Demirguc-Kunt and M. Zhu (2014), “How does competition affect bank systemic risk?”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 23/1, pp. 1-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2013.11.001.
[92] Bank of Israel (2025), Strategic measure to strengthen competition in the banking market: Opening the market to new participants, https://boi.org.il/en/communication-and-publications/press-releases/strategic-measure-to-strengthen-competition-in-the-banking-market-opening-the-market-to-new-participants-publication-of-recommendations-of-the-interministerial-team-to-advance-banking-com.
[117] Bank of Spain (2020), Limits and conditions on lending, https://www.bde.es/wbe/en/areas-actuacion/politica-macroprudencial/herramientas-macroprudenciales/limites-condiciones-concesion-prestamos/.
[63] Barakova, I., J. Ehrentraud and L. Leposke (2024), A two-sided affair: banks and tech firms in banking, https://www.bis.org/fsi/publ/insights60.pdf.
[86] Baudino, P., C. Sánchez and R. Walters (2021), Institutional arrangements for bank resolution, https://www.bis.org/fsi/publ/insights32.pdf.
[21] BCA (2023), Advice of the Belgian Competition Authority with respect to retail banking services, https://www.abc-bma.be/sites/default/files/content/download/files/Autorit%C3%A9%20belge%20de%20la%20concurrence%20-%20avis%20relatif%20aux%20services%20bancaires%20de%20d%C3%A9tail%20%28311023%29.pdf.
[83] BCBS (2025), Banks’ interconnections with non-bank financial intermediaries, https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d598.pdf.
[59] BCBS (2025), Risk based capital requirements, https://www.bis.org/basel_framework/chapter/RBC/20.htm?inforce=20230101&published=20201126.
[87] BCBS (2024), Core Principles for effective banking supervision, https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d573.pdf.
[118] BCBS (2024), Principles for the sound management of third-party risk, https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d577.pdf.
[61] BCBS (2019), Proportionality in bank regulation and supervision - a survey on current practices, https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d460.pdf.
[46] Beyer, R. (2024), “Monetary Policy Pass-Through to Interest Rates: Stylized Facts from 30 European Countries”, IMF Working Papers, Vol. 2024/009, p. 1, https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400263613.001.
[132] BIS (2005), Basel II: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: A Revised Framework, https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs118.htm; BIS (2025), Basel Framework, https://www.bis.org/basel_framework/index.htm.
[111] BoE (2023), Securitisation: capital requirements, https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/prudential-regulation/publication/2023/october/securitisation-capital-requirements.
[56] Bogaard, H. et al. (2024), Literature review on financial technology and competition for banking services, https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/wp43.pdf.
[9] Boissay, F. and L. Cappiello (2014), Micro- versus Macro-Prudential Supervision: Potential Differences, Tensions and Complementarities, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/fsr/art/ecb.fsrart201405_03.en.pdf.
[103] Bongaerts, D. (2014), Alternatives for Issuer-Paid Credit Rating Agencies, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1703.pdf.
[20] Boyd, J. and G. De Nicolo (2003), Bank Risk-Taking and Competition Revisited, https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/023/0032/015/article-A003-en.xml#:~:text=Boyd%20and%20De%20Nicol%C3%B3%20point%20out%20that%20changes,profits%20increase%2C%20and%20banks%20intentionally%20seek%20less%20risk.
[7] Brunnermeier, M. et al. (2016), The sovereign-bank diabolic loop and ESBies, https://www.aeaweb.org/aer/index.php.
[137] Bush, C. (2022), “Dealing with the conflicts of interest of credit rating agencies: a balanced cure for the disease”, Capital Markets Law Journal, Vol. 17/3, pp. 334-364, https://doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmac012.
[49] Byrne, D. and R. Kelly (2017), Bank Asset Quality & Monetary Policy Pass-Through, https://www.centralbank.ie/docs/default-source/publications/research-technical-papers/11rt17---bank-asset-quality-and-monetary-policy-pass-through-%28byrne-and-kelly%29.pdf.
[25] Calice, P. and L. Leonida (2018), Concentration in the Banking Sector and Financial Stability, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/953311539698216215/pdf/WPS8615.pdf.
[102] Camanho, N. (2020), “Credit rating and competition”, International Journal of Finance & Economics, Vol. Volume 27/Issue 3, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijfe.2303.
[108] Cannata, F. and L. Serafini (2025), A pragmatic approach to simplification: the case of banking regulation in the EU, https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/qef/2025-0955/index.html?com.dotmarketing.htmlpage.language=1.
[54] Carletti, E. et al. (2020), The Bank Business Model in the Post-Covid-19 World, https://www.iese.edu/media/research/pdfs/ST-0549-E.pdf.
[5] Carletti, E. and P. Hartmann (2002), Competition and Stability: What’s special about banking?, European Central Bank, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp146.pdf.
[43] Carletti, E., A. Leonello and R. Marquez (2024), “Market Power in Banking”, Annual Review of Financial Economics, Vol. 16/1, pp. 233-251, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-082123-105257.
[23] Carletti, E. and X. Vives (2008), Regulation and Competition Policy in the Banking Sector, https://blog.iese.edu/xvives/files/2011/09/Carletti-Vives-prot.pdf.
[60] Castro Carvalho, A. et al. (2017), Proportionality in banking regulation a cross-country comparison, https://www.bis.org/fsi/publ/insights1.pdf.
[105] Central Bank of Argentina (2025), Monetary Policy and Distribution: Insights from Argentina, https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap157_b.pdf.
[100] Central Bank of Argentina (2024), Prudential Regulations, https://www.bcra.gob.ar/Pdfs/SistemasFinancierosYdePagos/marco%20normativo_i.pdf.
[112] CMA (2014), Personal current accounts, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/53c834c640f0b610aa000009/140717_-_PCA_Review_Full_Report.pdf.
[94] CNMC (2018), Market study on the impact on competition of technological innovation in the financial sector (FinTech), https://www.cnmc.es/sites/default/files/2218346_1.pdf.
[136] Coelho, R. and F. Restoy (2024), Capital buffers and the micro-macro nexus, https://www.bis.org/fsi/fsibriefs24.pdf.
[133] Coelho, R., F. Restoy and R. and Zamil (2020), Convergence in the prudential regulation of banks – what is missing?, https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/regulatory-convergence-and-market-confidence.
[15] Cœuré, B. (2025), Financial regulation and competition law & policy: fireside chat with regulators. A conversation with HKMA Deputy Chief Executive Arthur Yuen and Prof. K C Chan, Hong Kong Competition Exchange 2025, https://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/sites/default/files/2025-02/HKCompetitonExchangefev2025FINAL.pdf.
[32] Coeuré, B. et al. (2024), Winners and losers in bank resolution: Recent examples and a modest reform proposal, https://cepr.org/system/files/publication-files/212936-policy_insight_134_winners_and_losers_in_bank_resolution_recent_examples_and_a_modest_reform_proposal.pdf.
[41] ComCom (2024), Personal banking services final competition report, https://comcom.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/362035/Final-report-Personal-banking-services-market-study-20-August-2024-Amended-27-August-2024.pdf.
[142] Cornelli, G. et al. (2023), “Fintech and big tech credit: Drivers of the growth of digital lending”, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 148, p. 106742, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106742.
[75] Crawford, G., T. Valletti and C. Caffarra (2020), ‘How tech rolls’: Potential competition and ‘reverse’ killer acquisitions, https://cepr.org/voxeu/blogs-and-reviews/how-tech-rolls-potential-competition-and-reverse-killer-acquisitions.
[104] Crenshaw, C. (2023), Statement on the Removal of References to Credit Ratings from Regulation, https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/speeches-statements/crenshaw-statement-credit-ratings-060723#:~:text=.
[119] CSA (2023), State of Financial Services in Cloud, https://cloudsecurityalliance.org/artifacts/state-of-financial-services-in-cloud/#.
[76] Cunningham, C. et al. (2021), Killer acquisitions, https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/712506.
[13] de Serres, A. et al. (2006), “Regulation of Financial Systems and Economic Growth”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 506, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/870803826715.
[89] Dell’Ariccia, G. (2001), “Asymmetric information and the structure of the banking industry”, European Economic Review, Vol. 45/10, pp. 1957-1980, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(00)00085-4.
[109] Demirgüç-Kunt, A. and H. Huizinga (1999), Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margins and Profitability: Some International Evidence, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/432491468175436769/pdf/772920JRN019990Box0377302B00PUBLIC0.pdf.
[72] DeYoung, R. and G. Whalen (1999), Banking Industry Consolidation: Efficiency Issues, https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/9906011.html.
[98] Draghi, M. (2024), The Draghi report: In-depth analysis and recommendations (Part B), https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/ec1409c1-d4b4-4882-8bdd-3519f86bbb92_en?filename=The%20future%20of%20European%20competitiveness_%20In-depth%20analysis%20and%20recommendations_0.pdf.
[122] EBA (2025), Guidelines on ICT and security risk management, https://www.eba.europa.eu/activities/single-rulebook/regulatory-activities/internal-governance/guidelines-ict-and-security-risk-management.
[64] EBA (2024), Deposit Guarantee Schemes, https://www.eba.europa.eu/activities/single-rulebook/regulatory-activities/depositor-protection/deposit-guarantee-schemes-data.
[123] EBA (2023), Digital Operational Resilience Act, https://www.eba.europa.eu/activities/direct-supervision-and-oversight/digital-operational-resilience-act.
[57] Ehrentraud, J., D. Garcia and C. Quevedo (2020), Regulating fintech financing: digital banks and fintech platforms, https://www.bis.org/fsi/publ/insights27.pdf.
[53] Ehrentraud, J. et al. (2024), Safeguarding the financial system’s spare tyre: regulating non-bank retail lenders in the digital era, https://www.bis.org/fsi/publ/insights56.pdf.
[126] ESAs (2023), Report on 2023 stocktaking of BigTech direct financial services provision in the EU, https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-02/JC_2024_02_Joint_ESAs_Report_on_2023_stocktaking_of_BigTech_direct_financial_services_provision.pdf.
[120] ESMA (2021), Cloud outsourcing and financial stability risks, https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/trv_2021_2-cloud_outsourcing_and_financial_stability_risks.pdf.
[106] FasterCapital (2025), The Different Interest Rates for Each Loan Type, https://fastercapital.com/content/The-Different-Interest-Rates-for-Each-Loan-Type.html.
[127] FCA (2025), Capital buffers for systemically important institutions, https://www.fma-li.li/en/supervision-regulation/financial-stability-and-macroprudential-supervision/macroprudential-instruments/capital-buffer-for-systemically-important-institutions.
[134] FCA (2024), FCA update on cash savings - September 2024, https://www.fca.org.uk/publications/multi-firm-reviews/fca-update-cash-savings-september-2024.
[42] FCA (2023), Cash Savings Market Review 2023, https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/multi-firm-reviews/cash-savings-market-review-2023.pdf.
[124] FCA (2015), FCA finds current account switching service working for consumers, https://www.fca.org.uk/news/press-releases/fca-finds-current-account-switching-service-working-consumers.
[143] FCA (2013), Applying behavioural economics at the Financial Conduct Authority, https://www.fca.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/occasional-papers/occasional-paper-1.pdf.
[114] Federal Reserve (2025), Federal Reserve Act (FRA), 12 CFR 204, https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-12/chapter-II/subchapter-A/part-204/section-204.2.
[71] Federal Reserve (1999), The consolidation of the financial services industry: causes, consequences, and implications for the future, https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/1998/199846/199846pap.pdf.
[48] Ferrando, A. et al. (2023), Monetary Policy, Market Power and SMEs, https://blog.iese.edu/xvives/files/2023/02/AEAPP-2023.pdf.
[84] Feyen, E. et al. (2021), Fintech and the digital transformation of financial services: implications for market structure and public policy, https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap117.pdf.
[85] FSB (2024), Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions, https://www.fsb.org/2024/04/key-attributes-of-effective-resolution-regimes-for-financial-institutions-revised-version-2024/.
[125] FSB (2011), Consumer Finance Protection with Particular Focus on Credit, https://www.fsb.org/2011/10/r_111026a/.
[65] Gambacorta, L. et al. (2020), Data vs collateral, https://www.bis.org/publ/work881.pdf.
[39] Gandhi, P. et al. (2019), Financial Market Misconduct and Public Enforcement:The Case of Libor Manipulation, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/48760866.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3Af4db753c9c12e8438db87319e57c424f&ab_segments=&initiator=&acceptTC=1.
[12] González, F. (2022), “Macroprudential policies and bank competition: International bank-level evidence”, Journal of Financial Stability, Vol. 58, p. 100967, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2021.100967.
[70] Goulart, R. (2024), The Dark Side Of Buy Now, Pay Later: Personal Debt And Systemic Risks, https://www.gfmreview.com/banking/the-dark-side-of-buy-now-pay-later-personal-debt-and-systemic-risks.
[95] Government of Spain (2020), Ley 7/2020, de 13 de noviembre, para la transformación digital del sistema financiero, https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-14205.
[35] Griffith, R. and J. Van Reenen (2021), Product market competition, creative destruction and innovation, https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1818.pdf.
[130] Grilli, R., G. Tedeschi and M. Gallegati (2014), Bank interlinkages and macroeconomic stability, https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/272089/1-s2.0-S1059056014X00043/1-s2.0-S1059056014000951/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEMb%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDw9FOEshM3E8q%2FpOAwjN32CCLj5nKRaC4M5cRYTLqVpAIhAO1a8SGHQr.
[80] Harada, K. (2008), Did Mergers Help Japanese Mega-Banks Avoid Failure? Analysis of the Distance to Default of Banks, https://www.nber.org/papers/w14518.
[8] Hohl, S. et al. (2018), The Basel framework in 100 jurisdictions: implementation status and proportionality practices, https://www.bis.org/fsi/publ/insights11.pdf.
[22] Inderst, R. (2013), “Prudence as a competitive advantage: On the effects of competition on banks’ risk-taking incentives”, European Economic Review, Vol. 60, pp. 127-143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.10.001.
[19] Kick, T. and E. Prieto (2013), Bank risk taking and competition: evidence from regional banking markets, https://www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/703772/fd77ab43b470fec4b523d8e49a22cee1/472B63F073F071307366337C94F8C870/2013-09-06-dkp-30-data.pdf.
[131] Labonte, M. (2018), Systemically Important or “Too Big to Fail” Financial Institutions, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R42150.pdf#:~:text=There%20are%20a%20number%20of%20policy%20approaches%E2%80%94some%20complementary%2C,special%20resolution%20regime%20for%20failing%20systemically%20important%20firms.
[24] Laeven, L., L. Ratnovski and H. Tong (2014), Bank Size and Systemic Risk, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2014/sdn1404.pdf.
[47] Lagarde, C. (2024), Competition policy in a changing world, Speech by Christine Lagarde, President of the ECB, at an event to mark the 15th anniversary of the Autorité de la concurrence, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2024/html/ecb.sp241105~c488bdbb64.en.html.
[121] LSEG (2025), LSEG Global Cloud Survey: Financial Services Firms Embrace Cloud to Drive Competitiveness, https://www.lseg.com/en/media-centre/press-releases/2025/lseg-global-cloud-survey-financial-services-firms-embrace-cloud-to-drive-competitiveness.
[73] Marty, F. and T. Warin (2020), Visa Acquiring Plaid: A Tartan over a Killer Acquisition? Reflections on the risks of harming competition through the acquisition of startups within digital ecosystems, https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2020s-62.pdf.
[101] Ministry of Justice of Argentina (1977), Información Legislativa y Documental (InfoLEG) (1977): Law No 21.526, February., https://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/15000-19999/16071/norma.htm.
[69] Morgan Stanley (2025), Who Bears the Risk of ’Buy Now, Pay Later’?, https://www.morganstanley.com/insights/articles/buy-now-pay-later-trends-2025#:~:text=Investors%20are%20concerned%20that%20BNPL%20may%20be%20generating,are%20lower%20than%20other%20types%20of%20consumer%20debt.
[96] OECD (2025), “Competition in Mobile Payment Services – Note by Portugal.” Competition Commitee, OECD unclassified document, https://one.oecd.org/document/DAF/COMP/WD(2025)40/en/pdf.
[97] OECD (2025), “Competition in Mobile Payment Services – Note by the United Kingdom.” Competition Commitee, OECD unclassified document, https://one.oecd.org/document/DAF/COMP/WD(2025)19/en/pdf.
[45] OECD (2025), “Competition in mobile payment services”, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 324, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/0ce6b5d3-en.
[139] OECD (2025), “Competition in the provision of cloud computing services”, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 323, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/595859c5-en.
[135] OECD (2025), Council report on the implementation of the OECD Council Recommendation on consumer protection in the field of consumer credit : note by Secretary General, https://one.oecd.org/document/C(2025)25/REV1/en/pdf.
[81] OECD (2024), Competitive Neutrality Toolkit: Promoting a Level Playing Field, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/3247ba44-en.
[34] OECD (2023), “Competition and Innovation: A Theoretical Perspective”, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 294, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/4632227c-en.
[58] OECD (2023), Competition Market Study of Tunisia’s Retail Banking Sector, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ab995fce-en.
[138] OECD (2022), G20/OECD High-Level Principles on Financial Consumer Protection 2022, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/48cc3df0-en.
[31] OECD (2021), “The Role of Competition Policy in Promoting Economic Recovery”, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 264, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/0f9ccd5b-en.
[140] OECD (2020), “Digital Disruption in Banking and its Impact on Competition”, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 243, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/b8d8fcb1-en.
[77] OECD (2020), “Start-ups, Killer Acquisitions and Merger Control”, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 248, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/dac52a99-en.
[91] OECD (2019), Competition Assessment Toolkit: Operational Manual. Version 4.0 (Volume 3), OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/1f253011-en.
[10] OECD (2017), “Addressing Competition Challenges in Financial Markets”, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 201, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/7be1ca2d-en.
[3] OECD (2017), “Ten Years on from the Financial Crisis: Co-operation between Competition Agencies and Regulators in the Financial Sector”, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 207, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/64f9e92c-en.
[2] OECD (2011), Bank Competition and Financial Stability, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264120563-en.
[26] OECD (2011), Competition Issues in the Financial Sector: Key Findings, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/37dd5552-en.
[38] OECD (2011), “Crisis Cartels : Key findings, summary and notes”, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 119, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/39a0d2e8-en.
[79] OECD (2010), “The Failing Firm Defence: Key findings, summary and notes”, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 103, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c90c3d1e-en.
[37] OECD (2008), “Competition and Regulation in Retail Banking : Key findings, summary and notes”, OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Papers, No. 69, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9fe7cc44-en.
[52] Philippon, T. (2017), The FinTech Opportunity, https://www.bis.org/publ/work655.htm.
[116] PRA (2025), Licensing guidelines for authorised deposit-taking institutions, https://www.apra.gov.au/licensing-guidelines-for-authorised-deposit-taking-institutions.
[30] PRA (2021), A strong and simple prudential framework for non-systemic banks and building societies, https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/prudential-regulation/discussion-paper/2021/dp121.pdf?la=en.
[110] Reserve Bank of India (2025), All you wanted to know about NBFCs, https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/english/scripts/FAQs.aspx?Id=1167.
[129] Restoy, F. (2024), “Banks’ liquidity risk: what policy could do”, in Banks’ liquidity risk: what policy could do, Speech by Mr Fernando Restoy, Chair, Financial Stability Institute, at the XXIII Annual Conference on Risks, Club de Gestión de Riesgos España, Madrid, 22 November 2024., https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp241122.htm.
[107] Restoy, F. (2023), Current challenges for the banking industry: the role of public policy, https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp231124.pdf.
[16] SCHAECK, K., M. CIHAK and S. WOLFE (2009), “Are Competitive Banking Systems More Stable?”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 41/4, pp. 711-734, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2009.00228.x.
[78] SCOTUS (1974), United States v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 415 U.S. 486, 507 (1974).
[115] Service Public (2025), Term Account (CAT), https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2372?lang=en.
[17] Shehzad, C. and J. de Haan (2009), Financial Reform and Banking Crises, https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_2870.html.
[29] Siciliani, P. et al. (2023), The links between prudential regulation, competitiveness and growth, https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/events/2023/september/the-links-between-prudential-regulation-competitiveness-and-growth.pdf.
[99] Siroto, J. (2025), Comparing the Different Types of Deposit Accounts, https://www.sofi.com/learn/content/types-of-deposit-accounts/?msockid=3ea070130de5603e14cc651f0c0e61ab.
[6] Stein, J. (2012), Monetary Policy as Financial-Stability Regulation, https://stein.scholars.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum5951/files/stein/files/qje-2012.pdf.
[51] Stenbacka, R. and T. Takalo (2019), “Switching costs and financial stability”, Journal of Financial Stability, Vol. 41, pp. 14-24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2018.12.001.
[82] Synctera (2022), The State of the Union in Bank-FinTech Partnerships, https://synctera.com/post/the-state-of-the-union-in-bank-fintech-partnerships.
[66] Tigges, M. et al. (2024), “Who gets the money? A qualitative analysis of fintech lending and credit scoring through the adoption of AI and alternative data”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 205, p. 123491, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123491.
[88] UK Parliament (2023), Bank Profits: Windfall Tax, https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2023-12-06/debates/9075656B-5A8C-41B3-BB61-04A10988CE60/BankProfitsWindfallTax.
[144] US Treasury (2023), The Financial Services Sector’s Adoption of Cloud Services, https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Treasury-Cloud-Report.pdf.
[55] US Treasury (2022), U.S. Department of the Treasury Report to the White House Competition Council, Assessing the Impact of New Entrant Non-bank Firms on Competition in Consumer Finance Markets, https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Assessing-the-Impact-of-New-Entrant-Nonbank-Firms.pdf.
[141] van Hoenselaar, F. et al. (2021), “Mortgage finance across OECD countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1693, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/f97d7fe0-en.
[50] Van Leuvensteijn, M. et al. (2008), Impact of bank competition on the interest rate pass-through in the Euro area, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp885.pdf.
[90] Vickers, J. (2010), Central banks and competition authorities institutional comparisons and new concerns, https://www.bis.org/events/conf100624/vickerspaper.pdf.
[14] Vives, X. (2025), FinTech Competition in Lending, https://wifpr.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/WIFPR-FinTech-Competition-in-Lending-Vives.pdf.
[67] Vives, X. (2025), The impact of fintech on lending, https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/impact-fintech-lending.
[4] Vives, X. (2016), Competition and Stability in Banking: The role of regulation and competition policy, Princeton University Press.
[11] White, W. (2014), “The Prudential Regulation of Financial Institutions: Why Regulatory Responses to the Crisis Might Not Prove Sufficient”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1108, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5jz6zgzzw8s4-en.
[128] World Bank (2021), Cross-border credit reporting, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099456006092240440/pdf/P16647504067230580bbce0f6da5007397e.pdf.
[93] World Bank (2020), Global Experiences from Regulatory Sandboxes, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/912001605241080935/pdf/Global-Experiences-from-Regulatory-Sandboxes.pdf#:~:text=Multiple%20sandboxes%20are%20most%20prevalent%20where%20there%20are,legal%20and%20regulatory%20environment%20and%20supporting%20fin.
[62] World Bank; BCBS (2021), Proportionality in bank regulation and supervision - a joint global survey, https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d523.pdf.