The Climate Action Monitor 2025

Reader’s guide

This report presents the fifth edition of The Climate Action Monitor, an annual OECD publication prepared under the International Programme for Action on Climate (IPAC). It provides an overview of countries’ climate action building on the IPAC Dashboard of climate-related indicators, as well as other key research from the OECD, International Energy Agency, International Transport Forum, and Nuclear Energy Agency, as well as other organisations and international data sources.

IPAC reviews key trends and assesses progress in countries’ climate policies, presenting key indicators in the IPAC Dashboard. In so doing, it complements and supports climate policy analysis across OECD countries, such as Environmental Performance Reviews and Economic Surveys which form the core of the OECD peer review process, as well as the monitoring frameworks of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement.

IPAC focuses on developing country-level indicators for 52 countries and the EU-27 as a bloc. The countries covered under IPAC are presented below.

 

	38 OECD Member countries	14 OECD partner countries
OECD Member countries	Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, United Kingdom, and the United States
Key Partner economies		Brazil, People’s Republic of China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa
Accession candidate countries		Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Indonesia, Peru, Romania, and Thailand
Others		Saudi Arabia, Malta, and the European Union

Note: While the Russian Federation is not covered by IPAC, the country is included in totals as part of IPAC’s global monitoring effort. Brazil and Indonesia are both OECD Key Partner countries and accession candidate countries.

This report presents data for countries covered under IPAC referred to collectively as OECD and OECD partner countries. Some indicators are not available for all countries or for all years. In such cases, the report highlights these gaps or provides preliminary estimates to ensure comprehensive aggregates. For example, annual greenhouse gas emissions from OECD partner countries were estimated. Details on data availability and methodologies are provided in notes and the Annexes.

The Climate Action Monitor follows the OECD Pressure‑State-Response environmental indicator model (OECD, 2023[1]) and relies on a set of indicators developed with methodologies approved by OECD members and updated annually (Maes et al., 2022[2]) (Maes et al., 2025[3]) (Nachtigall et al., 2022[4]) (Pizarro et al., 2024[5]).

Visuals to present GHG Emission Trends and Targets (GETT) indicators

To support the assessment of targets, this edition includes updated visuals to present the GETT indicators (Pizarro et al., 2024[5]). These visuals aim to make the indicators easier to interpret, without changing their underlying methodology:

• NDC Delivery Gap: This visualisation presents the distance to target indicator (Pizarro et al., 2024[5]) between 2023 and 2030. It estimates the difference in GHG emissions in 2023 compared with the emissions implied by a linear trajectory from 2019 to countries’ 2030 NDC targets. It thus illustrates how far countries are from achieving their NDC targets.

• 2050 Target Consistency Gap: This visualisation presents the distance to target indicator (Pizarro et al., 2024[5]) considering the expected emissions in 2030 and 2050. It compares NDC 2030 targets with the emissions implied by a linear pathway to countries 2050 emission targets (or implied target to that year, since some countries have targets beyond 2050, such as 2060). It highlights the degree of alignment between current NDCs and long-term targets.

Broadened indicators and coverage

• Forward-looking climate-hazard projections (Maes et al., 2025[3]): extends the coverage of climate hazards across key domains up to the year 2100 (relative to 1995-2014), presenting projected impacts across multiple climate scenarios and time horizons, highlighting the scale of future climate risks.

• Expanded climate policy coverage (Nachtigall et al., 2022[4]): the 2025 edition of the Climate Actions and Policies Measurement Framework (CAPMF) broadens its scope from 56 to 87 policies and from 51 to 97 jurisdictions (96 countries plus the EU-27). The new policy scope includes policies related to the waste and agriculture, forestry, and land-use (AFOLU) sectors, climate‑related financial policies as well as new subsidies for low-carbon technologies (e.g. tax credits for renewables), regulatory instruments, information tools and green public procurement policies. The new countries covered are: in the Americas (Grenada, Honduras, Paraguay, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), Middle East and North Africa (Egypt, Iran, Morocco, United Arab Emirates), Asia (Azerbaijan, Brunei, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam), Sub-Saharan Africa (Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, The Gambia, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia).

Structure of the Monitor

To continue tracking key trends, while deepening analysis, from 2025 each edition will rotate content with changing thematic focus alongside the annual indicator set. In 2025, the Monitor features an in-depth review of extreme temperature impacts (Chapter 2) and sectoral or regional climate action (Chapter 3). Over a three-year cycle, this structure allows for a comprehensive analysis of climate hazards and policy areas, while the IPAC Dashboard ensures the continuity of annual reporting.

Looking ahead, IPAC will continue to refine datasets, strengthen methodologies, and adapt indicators to support countries in designing effective climate policies tailored to their specific institutional, economic, and social contexts.

References

[2] Maes, M. et al. (2022), “Monitoring exposure to climate-related hazards: Indicator methodology and key results”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 201, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/da074cb6-en.

[3] Maes, M. et al. (2025), “Monitoring exposure to future climate-related hazards: Forward-looking indicator results and methods using climate scenarios”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 264, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/b9ba6ee0-en.

[4] Nachtigall, D. et al. (2022), “The climate actions and policies measurement framework: A structured and harmonised climate policy database to monitor countries’ mitigation action”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 203, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/2caa60ce-en.

[1] OECD (2023), The Climate Action Monitor 2023: Providing Information to Monitor Progress Towards Net-Zero, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/60e338a2-en.

[5] Pizarro, R. et al. (2024), “GHG Emission Trends and Targets (GETT): Harmonised quantification methodology and indicators”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 230, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/decef216-en.