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Job markets remain resilient, with labour force participation reaching record highs in many OECD countries. However, declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy will have a significant impact on economic growth and employment.

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Population ageing is shaping the future of labour markets
Declining fertility and increasing life expectancy imply that the OECD population is becoming older. With the progressive exit of the large baby boomer generation from the labour force, the working-age population in OECD countries (traditionally defined as between 20 to 64 years old) is declining. Also, the old-age dependency ratio – defined as the ratio of individuals aged 65 years and above to the working-age population – has increased dramatically from 19% in 1980 to 31% in 2023 and is projected to rise further to 52% by 2060 on average in the OECD.
Supporting older workers in maintaining and adapting their skills is crucial, and involves shifting to a career model where learning at work takes place throughout life. Stronger action to expand access to career guidance and lifelong learning should be considered, especially for mid-career and older workers.
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Analysis and insights for driving a rapid transition to net-zero while building resilience to physical climate impacts.Learn more
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The OECD designs international standards and guidelines for development co-operation, based on best practices, and monitors their implementation by its members. It works closely with member and partner countries, and other stakeholders (such as the United Nations and other multilateral entities) to help them implement their development commitments. It also invites developing country governments to take an active part in policy dialogue.Learn more
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Despite progress in recent years, more work needs to be done across all OECD countries to secure gender equality, with women and girls still facing inappropriate disadvantages and barriers in most spheres of social and economic life. Gender equality must remain a priority, as a matter of basic human rights and long-term economic wellbeing and prosperity. It drives economic growth, strengthens democracy, enhances social cohesion and increases the well-being of all members of society.Learn more
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17 July 2025
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