What Works for Inclusive Growth in Cities

Annex A. What works for developing and implementing inclusive growth strategies in cities? Evidence from the OECD/EC survey

Methodology and respondents’ characteristics

The survey aimed to gather a range of perspectives, with a focus on cities in the European Union and OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth. It was conducted in two separate and iterative steps. Step 1 of the OECD/EC survey was carried out between October and December 2024 and focused on mapping the inclusive growth strategic context within and beyond cities in the European Union.

The survey was disseminated through multiple international and European networks, including the OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth initiative, OECD Member state delegates, the Eurocities network, the Urban Agenda Thematic Partnership on Cities of Equality, the finalists of European Union (EU) city awards (European Capitals of Inclusion and Diversity, and Access City Awards), and Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) members and partner cities.

Step 1 survey responses have been analysed to identify key lessons and factors of success from the strategies and initiatives collected. The analysis focuses on two dimensions: what works (policies and initiatives contributing to inclusive growth) and how it works (the processes and mechanisms that lead to successful outcomes). The analysis aims to offer a more nuanced understanding of best practices and their adaptability to diverse contexts. For non-EU respondents, the analysis strives to identify to what extent best practices can be adapted to the EU context.

Step 2 of the survey, carried out between July and October 2025, collected detailed information on specific policy initiatives, pre-identified by the OECD team, which would be further analysed and featured in the report and accompanying online tool of good practices. It was targeted at a subset of cities, national governments and partner organisations identified as having high-quality inclusive growth practices. Invitations were extended based on responses to Step 1 of the survey, contributions to OECD/EC policy workshops and seminars; and complementary desk research. Selected practices were assessed against a common set of criteria, including:

• relevance to the OECD definition of inclusive growth, including impact on addressing inequalities in income, access to services or opportunities across policy pillars and target groups

• stakeholder engagement and cross-sectoral collaboration

• clarity and robustness of policy design and implementation

• evidence of impact or results, including quantitative or qualitative outcomes where available.

Participation in both survey steps was voluntary. An overview of the structure of Step 1 and Step 2 of the survey can be found in Box A A.1 below.

Box A A.1. The OECD/EC Inclusive Growth in Cities Survey – Steps 1 and 2

Step 1: Broad survey of cities on inclusive growth strategies

Step 1 of the survey was divided into two main parts.

• City background and inclusive growth overview: This section collected information on city characteristics and gathered a high-level overview of inclusive growth approaches. (e.g. covering elements including name, timeframe and scope). A distinction was made between strategies and initiatives. Strategies refer to a formalised, dedicated framework designed explicitly to promote inclusive growth. Initiatives cover less-targeted approaches that contribute to inclusive growth, for example broader urban development strategies where inclusive growth is a priority rather than the primary focus.

• Detailed information about inclusive growth strategies: This section requested more detailed information on cities’ inclusive growth activities (e.g. covering specific objectives, stakeholder engagement, monitoring and evaluation).

Step 2: In-depth survey on selected policy practices

Step 2 of the survey collected granular, policy-level information on selected inclusive growth initiatives. It was designed to support comparative analysis and extract practical lessons on “what works” and “how to make it work”.

The survey was structured around four main components:

• Background informational on the policy: Including policy title, timelines, implementation status, budget and funding sources.

• Policy focus and target groups: Information on the policy’s thematic scope across the five inclusive growth pillars as well as the population groups targeted.

• Policy design and implementation: This section explored the rationale and objectives of the policy, including the specific inequalities or challenges it aimed to address. It captured information on governance arrangements as well as key implementation activities. Respondents were asked to share any implementation challenges such as co-ordination issues, funding constraints or limited administrative capacity.

• Monitoring, outcomes and learnings: The final section focused on results and policy learning, including whether and how the policy is monitored and evaluated, the main outcomes achieved to date and any adaptations made since implementation. Respondents were also invited to reflect on key lessons learned from the design and delivery of the policy.

A total of 72 different city administrations participated in Step 1 of the survey. Responses were received from cities across 25 countries on several continents, mainly from Europe (78%), and representing a diverse range of city sizes (Figure A A.1).

Figure A A.1. Participating cities in the OECD survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities, Step 1, 2024

Note: Dark blue circles represent EU cities, light blue circles non-EU cities.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Figure A A.2. Survey responses by city size

Note: This analysis is based on responses from 72 cities. City sizes are categorised according to population and are as follows: large metropolitan area (1 500 000 inhabitants or more), metropolitan area (500 000 to 1 499 999), medium-sized urban area (200 000 to 499 999), small urban area (50 000 to 199 999), below small urban area (fewer than 50 000 inhabitants).

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Main findings from Step 1 of the survey

Over half of the surveyed cities address inclusive growth through dedicated strategies

More than half (58%) of the 72 cities that responded to the survey reported having a dedicated inclusive growth strategy (Figure A A.3, Figure A A.4). Among the cities that have neither implemented nor are developing an inclusive growth strategy, 29% indicated they address inclusive growth through other initiatives, 6% reported initiatives are currently being developed, while 65% stated they have no initiatives targeting inclusive growth (Figure A A.4), a further seven cities that stated they do not have an inclusive growth strategy did not respond to the question.

Figure A A.3. Over half of surveyed cities have a dedicated inclusive growth strategy

Note: There were 72 responses to the question: “Does your city have a dedicated inclusive growth strategy, i.e. a strategy that aims at reducing inequalities, supporting the most vulnerable, fostering equal access to opportunities and services, and promoting equity?”.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Figure A A.4. Of the cities without a dedicated strategy, 29% target inclusive growth through other policy initiatives

Note: There were 17 responses to the question: “Does your city implement targeted inclusive growth policy initiatives through other means (e.g. integrated into a broader urban development strategy)?”.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

The number of cities introducing dedicated inclusive growth strategies or initiatives has steadily increased over time, peaking in 2022. That year saw the highest number of new strategies (12) and initiatives (1) introduced among the cities that responded to the survey Figure A A.5). This peak may reflect the impact of post-Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovery efforts, as cities placed greater emphasis on inclusive growth to support economic and social resilience. Early adopters of inclusive growth strategies include the cities of Krapkowice, Poland (2016) and Barcelona, Spain; Elblag, Poland; and Okayama, Japan (all 2017).

Respondent cities indicate a shift towards the adoption of dedicated strategies (formalised, direct frameworks for inclusive growth) in recent years, rather than inclusive growth initiatives (actions embedded within separate strategies or implemented through ad hoc, individual policies), introduced in earlier years. This trend suggests that cities that responded to the question are taking an increasingly formalised, cross‑cutting approach to inclusive growth. While there is a trend towards more formalised strategies, a variety of approaches still exists. Some cities are adopting a formalised strategy as others adopted individual initiatives, indicating cities are developing their approaches based on their specific contexts and needs. This variety suggests there is no one-size-fits-all approach to inclusive growth in cities.

Figure A A.5. Number of inclusive growth strategies or initiatives in cities by date of introduction

Note: This chart combines responses from 2 groups of cities: those with a dedicated inclusive growth strategy (44 cities) and those targeting inclusive growth through other initiatives (6 cities). With 50 responses, the data reflect answers to the question: “Please provide information about when the strategy/initiative was adopted (or is expected to be adopted if under development)? (i.e. month/year)”.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Cities with dedicated inclusive growth strategies often have specific implementation teams and multiple sources of funding

A majority of the cities (75%) with a dedicated inclusive growth strategy report having specific teams responsible for their design and implementation (Figure A A.6).

Figure A A.6. A majority of cities with a dedicated inclusive growth strategy have a specific team responsible for design and implementation

Note: This chart combines responses from 2 groups of cities: those with a dedicated inclusive growth strategy (48 cities) and those targeting inclusive growth through other initiatives (6 cities). There were 54 responses to the 2 questions. “Dedicated strategy” was answered by 48 cities in response to the question: “Is there one or several specific team(s) responsible for designing and implementing the city’s inclusive growth strategy/initiatives?”.

Source: OECD/2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

The distribution of responsibilities for designing and implementing inclusive growth policies varies among cities. Of the 53 cities that provided free text responses to the question where city department(s) are responsible for inclusive growth, 60% report that a single department is responsible for inclusive growth strategies or initiatives. These are typically either the economic, strategic or social policy department. The other 40% indicated that the responsibility for their inclusive growth strategies or initiatives is shared among several departments such as education, health, housing, university and social services departments (Figure A A.7).

Figure A A.7. Responsibility for the design and implementation of inclusive growth strategies and initiatives is typically owned by a single department

Note: There were 53 responses to this question. Analysis is of responses to the question: “Which city department(s) is/are responsible for designing and implementing the city’s inclusive growth strategy/initiative?”. Responding cities could select only one option.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Many cities rely on multiple sources to fund their inclusive growth strategies or initiatives. More than three‑quarters (77%) of cities that responded to the survey question report receiving funding from multiple levels across local, regional, national or EU sources. Local budgets play an important role, providing a source of funding for 85% of inclusive growth strategies and policy initiatives. Other national funding sources also feature prominently, with 77% of cities receiving funding from national budgets (77%) while 52% benefit from regional funding. Additionally, 48% of surveyed cities reported receiving funding from the European Union, a figure which rises to 63% when considering only EU cities. This diverse mix of financing underscores the importance of multilevel funding in driving inclusive growth (Figure A A.8). Not all cities allocate a specific budget for inclusive growth strategies or initiatives. These cities instead fund inclusive growth through various social policy areas such as health, education and regeneration. Meanwhile, one city reports that inclusive growth is not funded directly, but instead is a mission which guides, influences and shapes funding decisions in other policy areas.

Figure A A.8. Many cities rely on several sources of funding for inclusive growth strategies and policies

Note: There were 48 responses to this question. Responses were to the question: “What is the source of funding for inclusive growth strategies or policy initiatives in your city?”. Responding cities could select all applicable options.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Most cities’ inclusive growth actions are shaped by local community and citizen involvement

A large majority of cities (86%) that responded to the question report that their inclusive growth strategies and initiatives have been developed by involving local communities, including civil society organisations, representatives of marginalised groups, and citizens (Figure A A.9. ). This indicates the critical role of bottom‑up, community-led engagement in designing inclusive growth in the cities that participated in the survey. Among the 49 cities that responded to the question on stakeholder engagement, only 1 city (2%) reported no stakeholder involvement in developing its inclusive growth strategy or initiatives.

After local communities and citizens, regional government and non-governmental organisations are the stakeholders most involved in the design of inclusive growth strategies, in 67% and 65% of respondent cities respectively (Figure A A.9). However, not all countries in cities that responded to this question have regional governments (e.g. Estonia, Iceland and Mauritania). Since 67% is the average across all cities that provided a response to this question, it implies an even higher level of involvement of regional government in countries where they exist. Survey responses to this question also highlight that international organisations have relatively limited involvement, with only 11 cities (22%) reporting their participation in shaping inclusive growth strategies or initiatives.

Figure A A.9. Most inclusive growth strategies and initiatives involve local communities and citizens

Note: There were 49 responses to this question. Responses were to the question: “If you have an inclusive growth strategy or one or several inclusive growth initiatives, or if those are under development, which stakeholders were involved in shaping it/them?”. Responding cities could select all applicable options.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Cities report using a variety of methods to involve stakeholders in inclusive growth strategies and initiatives. The most common method of stakeholder involvement is through consultations, focus groups and interviews (in 82% of the cities that responded) (Figure A A.10). Only 37% of cities report engaging stakeholders via open data and transparency initiatives, making it the least commonly selected form of stakeholder involvement. Respondents that selected “other” highlighted forms of involvement including expert meetings with discussions and public involvement in Sendai, Japan, and voting in the city council in Okayama, Japan.

Figure A A.10. Cities use a variety of methods to involve stakeholders in their inclusive growth strategies and initiatives

Note: There were 49 responses to this question. Responses were to the question: “How are stakeholders involved in your inclusive growth strategy or initiative?”. Responding cities could select all applicable options.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Just over half (57%) of respondent cities collaborate with other cities through national or international city partnerships (Figure A A.11). Of the 28 cities that collaborate either internationally or within their country, 20 have partnerships at both levels. A similar proportion (55%) collaborate through knowledge sharing networks. A slightly less common form of collaboration is partnerships, alliances or coalitions within regions, provinces and states (49%), suggesting that opportunities to collaborate at this level may be less common. Notably, one EU city that does not collaborate with other cities cited a lack of information as the primary reason for not engaging in such partnerships. This points to a potential unmet demand for better information dissemination and support mechanisms to facilitate city-to-city collaboration on inclusive growth strategies and initiatives.

Figure A A.11. Just over half of cities collaborate with other cities on inclusive growth through formal partnerships and knowledge sharing networks

Note: There were 49 responses to this question. Responses were to the question: “How does your city collaborate with other cities on inclusive growth strategy or initiative?”. Responding cities could select all applicable options.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Inclusive education and reducing income inequality are cities’ top inclusive growth priorities

Cities’ inclusive growth strategies and initiatives target a variety of policy objectives, including education, labour market, housing and urban planning, infrastructure and public services, as well as climate transition, as also highlighted by the OECD Inclusive Growth in Cities framework described in Chapter 2. Among policy objectives, improving access to quality and inclusive education for all received the most attention by cities, with 77% giving high attention to this objective (Figure A A.12). For cities, this means a focus on early and primary education in particular, reflecting cities competences. Reducing inequality and fostering inclusion (75%) and increasing accessibility to infrastructure, services and information (67%) are the second and third objectives receiving the most attention by cities. Conversely, strengthening mainstream social services (56%), supporting small businesses and entrepreneurship (48%) and reducing the digital divide (46%) received the lowest level of attention from cities. In the free text responses, cities also mentioned other objectives such as reducing crime, fostering sports and culture activities, or limiting decline in the fertility rate.

Figure A A.12. Improving access to quality and inclusive education is the highest attention priority for cities

Note: There were 48 respondents to this question. Responses were to the question: “What is the level of attention given to each of the following objectives in your city’s inclusive growth strategy or initiative?”. Responding cities could select all applicable options.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Youth and children are the groups most often supported by cities’ inclusive growth strategies and initiatives

Most inclusive growth strategies specifically target vulnerable age groups (children, youth, older people). Youth and children are the most common vulnerable groups targeted by cities’ inclusive growth strategies and initiatives, as reported respectively by 76% and 71% of respondents (Figure A A.13). In contrast, less than half of inclusive growth strategies target small business owners and entrepreneurs (45%), ethnic minorities (39%) and LGBTQ+ communities (31%). Some cities (12%) do not target specific vulnerable groups but rather address challenges faced by the whole population.

Figure A A.13. Youth and children are the most targeted marginalised or vulnerable population groups

Note: There were 48 respondents to this question. Responses were to the question: “Which of the following marginalised or vulnerable population groups are explicitly mentioned or targeted in your inclusive growth strategy or initiative?”. Responding cities could select all applicable options.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1

Cities mostly support marginalised and vulnerable groups through targeted programmes or initiatives (84%), followed by partnerships with local organisations (71%) (Figure A A.14). Only 37% of respondent cities use data and assessment of needs to support marginalised and vulnerable groups (elaborates on the specific tools that cities are implementing to support vulnerable groups and drive inclusive growth.

Figure A A.14. Cities support marginalised and vulnerable groups mostly through targeted programmes and initiatives and partnerships with local organisations

Note: There were 48 respondents to this question. Responses were to the question: “How does your city support marginalised or vulnerable population groups through your inclusive growth strategy or initiative?”. Responding cities could select all applicable options.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Cities face challenges in achieving their inclusive growth objectives

Cities report facing challenges that influence their ability to achieve inclusive growth. Primary among these is demographic shifts, which 71% of cities identified as a significant challenge to achieving their inclusive growth objectives (Figure A A.15). Specifically, cities highlighted demographic issues from ageing populations, declining birth rates and suburbanisation. Demographic changes related to ageing populations may indeed require cities to provide additional services to meet new and evolving needs and, combined with a declining birth rate, can erode the tax base of cities.

Cities also report challenges related to insufficient funding (60%). Several respondents note this has been exacerbated by factors such as high inflation, limited transfers from central government and local government debt facing higher rates of interest than in the past. Regulatory and legal barriers are a concern for just over a third (38%) of respondents. Factors reported by cities in relation to these barriers include overlapping competencies and the recentralisation of city responsibilities, centralised powers restricting the introduction of policies by city governments, and a limited ability of city officials to navigate legal regulations. Data-related challenges are also prevalent in 29% of cities, with respondents citing issues stemming from limited data availability at the city level. The challenges most rarely cited by respondents were “resistance from stakeholders” and “political opposition”, suggesting that inclusive growth does not face widespread opposition.

Figure A A.15. Demographic shifts are the most cited challenge by cities in achieving their inclusive growth objectives

Note: There were 48 responses to this question. Responses were to the question: “What are the primary challenges your city faces in achieving its inclusive growth objectives?”. Responding cities could select all applicable options.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Monitoring and evaluation help cities identify the effectiveness of strategies and highlight opportunities for improvement

Almost all cities (94% of respondents to the question) monitor and evaluate their inclusive growth strategies and initiatives (Figure A A.16), mostly through the use of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms (80%) and regular reporting (73%) (Figure A A.17). Conversely, they rarely use third-party evaluations (23%) to assess the impacts of their strategies and initiatives.

Several cities report using structured evaluation frameworks based on indicators to monitor the implementation of their inclusive growth strategies and indicators. Examples of tracked indicators include unemployment rates, participation in social programmes, air pollution concentration, use of electronic services and access to green areas. Strategies are evaluated at different frequencies, from monthly evaluations for specific aspects (health, public safety) like in Maipu, Chile, to annual or multiyear assessments, like in Lublin, Poland. Some cities have established innovative monitoring and evaluation mechanisms:

• Turin, Italy, partnered with research institutions (universities, think tanks, research organisations) to conduct studies and assessments on the effectiveness of inclusive growth policies.

• Leeds, the United Kingdom, developed an economic dashboard and a Social Progress Index to measure social progress in collaboration with external partners.

• Reykjavik, Iceland, uses standardised data collection based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards to measure the success of inclusive policies.

• Chattanooga, the United States, employs a project management software to track departmental work plans and define metrics for each initiative.

Figure A A.16. Most cities monitor and evaluate their strategies and initiatives on inclusive growth

Note: There were 47 responses to this question. Responses were to the question: “Does your city monitor and evaluate the impact of your inclusive growth strategy or initiatives?”.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Figure A A.17. Cities mostly evaluate their strategies and initiative through monitoring and evaluation mechanisms and regular reporting

Note: There were 44 respondents to this question. Responses were to the question: “By what means do you monitor and evaluate your city's inclusive growth strategy?”. Responding cities could select all applicable options.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Less than half of the cities (43%) that responded to the question have changed or updated their strategy or initiatives since it was first launched (Figure A A.18). Cities mostly make such changes and updates because of persistent social inequalities (70%), related regional, national or international policy frameworks being introduced or updated (55%) and financial constraints or new funding opportunities (50%) (Figure A A.19). Other drivers mentioned by cities include the necessity to adapt strategies and initiatives after global crises and shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s large‑scale war of aggression against Ukraine.

Figure A A.18. Less than half of the cities have changed or updated their strategy or initiatives since they were launched

Note: There were 46 respondents to this question. Responses were to the question: “Has your city made any changes or updates to its inclusive growth strategy or initiative since it was first launched?”.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Figure A A.19. Main drivers leading to changes in inclusive growth strategies or initiatives are social inequalities and policy frameworks

Note: There were 20 respondents to this question. Responses were to the question: “What were the main drivers behind the changes to your inclusive growth strategy or initiative?”. Responding cities could select all applicable options.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Methodology to select inclusive growth best practices and collect information through Step 2 of the survey

In Step 1 of the survey, cities were asked to “list one or several initiatives related to promoting inclusive growth in your city that you would like to put forward as best practices”. In response to this question, 45 cities from 19 countries proposed 110 best practices. Most of these cities are located in EU countries (34 out of 45) (Figure A A.20).

Before proceeding to Step 2 of the survey, all 110 proposed best practices were assessed against established best practice selection criteria. The selection criteria have been developed in collaboration with the European Commission, with the aim of ensuring common quality standards for the best practices. Those that perform well across the criteria are included in the What Works for Inclusive Growth in Cities online tool, providing examples of what works for inclusive growth that other cities can learn from. In Step 2, further details were collected from cities regarding the selected best practices, with the aim of establishing a more detailed understanding of the policy implementation and impact. The final selection highlights initiatives that perform strongly across all aspects of the best practice criteria. The best practice criteria are as follows:

• strategic alignment with inclusive growth frameworks: strategic objectives, policy pillars and target groups

• Impact, effectiveness and sustainability: clear logic of intervention, measurable outcomes, depth and breadth of impact, cost effectiveness and sustainability of solutions

• stakeholder involvement and collaborative approaches: integrated approach, diverse stakeholder involvement and stakeholder roles

• monitoring, evaluation and adaptive innovation: monitoring and evaluation, flexibility and innovation.

In addition to meeting quality standards, best practices were evaluated across several dimensions to ensure they reflect diversity and replicability. These aim to ensure best practices are captured across a range of contexts, so that they can be adapted and implemented in different settings. The dimensions that were considered include:

• Replicability: Attention paid to selecting best practices that offer potential for replicability in other urban contexts.

• Geographic diversity: Select best practices representing a range of different contexts, including different city sizes, geographies, socio-economic and institutional conditions.

• Policy pillars: Include best practices covering a comprehensive range of policies related to education, labour markets, housing, infrastructure, public services and sustainability.

• Diverse population focus: Attention paid to gathering best practices which focus on a range of specific marginalised or vulnerable population groups such as low-income households, youth, older people, people with a migrant background, people with disabilities, women.

• Budgets: Gather best practices implemented using a range of budget sizes and different funding mechanisms.

• Challenges: Highlight a range of best practices that have faced different obstacles to achieving inclusive growth objectives, and how these have been overcome.

The sample of proposed best practices comes from a diverse range of city sizes (Figure A A.21). The cities reporting at least 1 best practice range from fewer than 12 000 inhabitants (Voru, Estonia) to almost 10 000 000 (Seoul, Korea).

Figure A A.20. Distribution of cities reporting at least one best practice by EU membership status

Note: There were 45 respondents to this question.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Figure A A.21. Distribution of cities reporting at least one best practice by size

Note: There are 45 cities listed. The different categories are based on the following population thresholds: large metropolitan area with more than 1.5 million inhabitants, metropolitan area with more than 500 000 inhabitants, medium-sized urban area with more than 200 000 inhabitants, small urban area with more than 50 000 inhabitants, below small urban area with fewer than 50 000 inhabitants.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Reported best practices cover a wide range of policy topics. The most frequently cited topic relates to integrating people into the labour market (19% of best practices), followed by education (14%) and housing (10%) (Figure A A.22). In contrast, food systems and resilience are the least frequently addressed areas, with only two best practices proposed for each category respectively.

Figure A A.22. Best practices by policy topics

Note: There are 110 best practices listed; 136 policies are shown in this graph as different policy pillars can apply to a single best practice.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.

Among the proposed best practices, 19% do not target a specific group, but rather are designed to benefit the whole population. In terms of specific groups, the most commonly prioritised are low-income groups (13%), youth (11%) and people with disabilities (8%) (Figure A A.23). Conversely, women and people experiencing homelessness are the least frequently targeted, with only two best practices proposed for each.

Figure A A.23. Best practices by population group targeted

Note: There were 110 best practices listed and 120 target groups, as 1 best practice can target different groups.

Source: 2024 OECD/EC Survey: Inclusive Growth in Cities Step 1.