Western Balkans Competitiveness Outlook 2024: Serbia

Abbreviations and acronyms

5G	Fifth-generation technology standard for cellular networks
AAS	Agriculture advisory service
ABR	Agency for Business Registers
ACA	Anti-Corruption Agency
ACER	Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
ADR	Alternative dispute resolution
AEOI	Automatic exchange of information
AERS	Energy Agency of the Republic of Serbia
AES	Automated export system
AFOLU	Agriculture, forestry, and other land use
AI	Artificial intelligence
AIFMD	Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive
AIS	Automated import system
ALMPs	Active labour market programmes
AMLD5	Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive
AOFI	Export Credit and Insurance Agency
APC	Agency for Prevention of Corruption
API	Application programming interface
ATONs	Aids to navigation
B2B	Business to business
BAN	Business angel network
BAT-AELs	Best available technique-associated emission levels
BCP	Border control post
BEPS	Base erosion and profit shifting
BRA	Business Registers Agency
CAP	Common Agricultural Policy
CARE	Community Database on Accidents on the Roads in Europe
CBA	Cost-benefit analysis
CBAM	Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
CDMS	Customs decisions Management System
CDT	Centre for Digital Transformation
CEFTA	Central European Free Trade Agreement
CEO	Chief executive officer
CEPEJ-GT-MED	European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Working Group on Mediation
CERT	Computer Emergency Response Team
CfD	Contract for difference
CHP	Combined heat and power
CIT	Corporate income tax
CMO	Common market organisation
CO	Competitiveness Outlook
COP	Conference of the Parties
COSME	Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
COST	European Cooperation in Science and Technology
CSW	Centres for social work
DFC	United States International Development Finance Corporation
DIH	Digital innovation hub
DLT	Distributed ledger technology
DSO	Distribution system operator
EBRD	European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EFTA	European Free Trade Association
eID	Electronic identification
eIDAS	Electronic identification, authentication and trust services
EIGE	European Institute of Gender Equality
EMD2	Second Electronic Money Directive
EMIS	Education management information system
EPO	European Patent Office
EPR	Extended producer responsibility
EPS	Elektroprivreda Srbije (Serbia’s electric utility power company)
EQF	European Qualifications Framework
ERA	European Research Area
ERIC	European Research Infrastructure Consortium
ERTMS	European Railway Traffic Management System
ESCS	Economic, social and cultural status
ESFRI	European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures
ESG	Environment, social and governance
ESJS	European Skills and Jobs Survey
ETC	Electronic toll collection
ETF	European Training Foundation
ETS	Emissions Trading System
EU	European Union
EU NIS	European Union Networks and Information Society
EUR	Euros
EURES	European Network of Employment Services
EVCS	Electric vehicle charging station
FADN	Farm accountancy data network
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FDI	Foreign direct investment
FSA	Financial social assistance
FTAs	Free trade agreements
Gbps	Gigabits per second
GDP	Gross domestic product
GDPR	General Data Protection Regulation
GERD	Gross domestic expenditure on research and development
GHG	Greenhouse gas
GI	Geographical indications
GIZ	Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, German Corporation for International Cooperation
GloBE	Global Anti-Base Erosion Rules
GMO	Genetically modified organism
GO	Guarantees of origin
GovTech	Government and technology
GPA	Grade point average
GRECO	Groupe d'États contre la corruption
GST	Goods and services tax
GSTC	Global Sustainable Tourism Council
GVA	Gross value added
ha	Hectares
HE	Higher education
HEI	Higher education institution
HORES	Business Association of Hotel and Restaurant Industry
IACS	Integrated administration and control system
ICO	Initial Coin Offering
ICT	Information and communication technology
ICJ	International Court of Justice
IEQE	Institute for Education Quality and Evaluation
IFIs	International financial institutions
IFRS	International Financial Reporting Standards
ILO	International Labour Organization
IMF	International Monetary Fund
IP	Intellectual property
IPA	Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance
IPARD	Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance for Rural Development
IPO	Intellectual Property Office
IPPC	Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
IPR	Intellectual property rights
ISCED	International Standard Classification of Education
IT	Information technology
ITE	Initial teacher education
ITE Office	Office for IT and e-Government
ITF	International Transport Forum
ITS	Intelligent transport systems
IWT	Inland waterway transport
JSI	(WTO) Joint Statement Initiative
KfW	Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (Credit Institute for Reconstruction), Germany
KPIs	Key performance indicators
LAG	Local action group
LDS	Local development strategies
LFS	Labour Force Survey
LPC	Law on Prevention of Corruption
LPIS	Land parcel identification system
MAFWM	Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management
Mbps	Megabits per second
MiFID II	Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II
MiFIR	Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation
MIT	Ministry of Information and Telecommunications
MNE	Multinational enterprises
MoE	Ministry of Education
MoESTD	Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development
MoI	Ministry of Interior
MoSTDI	Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation
MRLs	Maximum residue levels
MSCA	Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action
MW	Megawatt
MWh	Megawatt hour
NA	National Assembly
NAP	National Adaptation Plan
NBS	National Bank of Serbia
NCBTF	National Coordination Body for Trade Facilitation
NDCs	Nationally determined contributions
NEAQA	National Entity for Accreditation and Quality Assurance in Higher Education
NECP	National Energy and Climate Plan
NEET	Not in education, employment or training
NEMO	Nominated electricity market operator
NES	National Employment Service
NGO	Non-governmental organisations
NQFS	National Qualifications Framework of Serbia
NREAP	National Renewable Energy Action Plan
ODENQF	Office for Dual Education and the National Qualifications Framework
ODR	Online dispute resolution
OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
ÖREK	Österreichisches Raumentwicklungskonzept (the Austrian Spatial Development Concept)
ÖROK	Österreichische Raumordnungskonferenz (Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning)
OSCE	Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
PBMC	Performance-based maintenance contract
PDO	Protected designation of origin
PDP	Personal data protection
PERS	Public Enterprise "Roads of Serbia"
PES	Public employment service
PGI	Protected geographical indication
Ph.D.	Doctor of Philosophy
PHEVs	Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
PISA	Programme for International Student Assessment
PIT	Personal income tax
POOC	Prosecutor’s Office for Organised Crime
pp	Percentage points
PSD2	Second Payment Services Directive
QDMTT	Qualified domestic minimum top-up tax
R&D	Research and development
R&I	Research and innovation
RAI	Regional Anti-Corruption Initiative
RAMS	Reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety
RAS	Development Agency of Serbia
RATEL	Regulatory Authority for Electronic Communications and Postal Services
RCC	Regional Cooperation Council
RES	Renewable energy sources
RIAMS	Rail infrastructure asset management system
RITTD	Research, innovation, technology transfer and digitalisation
RSD	Serbian Dinar
S3	Smart Specialisation Strategy
SAA	Stabilisation and Association Agreement
SAIGE	Serbia Accelerating Innovation and Growth Entrepreneurship
SCHLC	Section for Combating High-Level Corruption
SCOC	Service for Combating Organised Crime
SDC	Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
SDGs	Sustainable Development Goals
SED	Strategy for Education Development
SEEPEX	South East European Power Exchange
SEPA	Single Euro Payments Area
SEPA	Serbian Environmental Protection Agency
SES II	Single European Sky II
Sida	Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
SLA	Service Level Agreement
SME	Small and medium-sized enterprises
SOE	State-owned enterprise
SORS	Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia
SPC	State Prosecutorial Council
SRB	Serbia
SSC	Social security contributions
STI	Science, technology and innovation
STO	Security Token Offering
STP	Science and Technology Park
TCT	Transport Community Treaty
TEN-T	Trans-European Transport Network
TERM	Transport and Environment Reporting Mechanism
TPP	Third-party payment services providers
TSA	Tourism Satellite Accounts
TSO	Transmission system operator
TTF	Technology Transfer Facility
UCITS	Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directive
UN	United Nations
UNCCD	United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
UNECE	United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNFCCC	United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNCITRAL	United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
UNWTO	United Nations World Tourism Organization
USAID	United States Agency for International Development
UNSCR	United Nations Security Council Resolution
USD	United States Dollar
VAT	Value added tax
VET	Vocational education and training
VTS	Vessel traffic services
WB6	Western Balkan Six
WBL	Work-based learning
WHO	World Health Organization
wiiw	Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies
WIPO	World Intellectual Property Organisation
WTO	World Trade Organization
WWTPs	Wastewater Treatment Plants
YUTA	National Association of Travel Agencies