The initial draft of this report was prepared by Bénédicte Schmitt and it was further developed, revised and finalised by Laurent Bernat and Bora Kim, under the direction of Molly Lesher, Audrey Plonk and Jerry Sheehan of the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation. Andreia Furtado and Alice Weber provided editorial and communication support. The report was discussed by delegates of the OECD Working Party on Digital Security (WPDS). It also benefited from discussions held at a roundtable in November 2025 on the Future of Cybersecurity Regulations, co-organised by Business at OECD, Sciences Po Paris and the London School of Economics, which brought together regulators, industry, and academic experts to discuss cybersecurity regulatory fragmentation.