Social Economy in Europe: Romania
Table of contents
Note: The data presented in this table derive from the OECD country fact-sheets and the European Commission DG GROW studies. Variations in scope, methodology and most recent available years may lead to differences in the headline figures across countries and with other sources.
Source: Data for Romania relates to 2021 (CIRIEC; Euricse; European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency (European Commission); Spatial Foresight, 2024[1]) (OECD, 2023[2]), except data on the involvement with any social economy organisation as a volunteer relating to 2020-2025 (European Commission, 2025[3]).
In Romania, the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity largely manages social economy policy while other ministries contribute based on their mandates. The legal framework for the social economy is defined by Law no. 219/2015, which establishes the legal conditions for the functioning of social enterprises and organisations. Other laws also structure the social economy ecosystem, namely the Government Ordinance 26/2000 on associations and foundations, the Law on the Organisation and Functioning of Co-operatives (1/2005) and the Law on Protection of People with Disabilities (448/2006).
Local authorities have no legislative capacity for social economy and there are no evident formal mechanisms in place. However, certain municipalities and city councils demonstrate support for social economy initiatives. These remain limited.
Institutions
The field of social economy is overall managed by the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity, through the Directorate-General for Labour Policies, Employment and Vocational Training. The Directorate-General develops, with the support of social partners and relevant actors, legislation, policies and strategy in the field. Other ministries can contribute to social economy policy, including the Ministry of Investments and European Projects and Ministry of Economy and Digitalisation (European Committee of the Regions, n.d.[4]).
Competence
The Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity holds the primary competence for legislation and regulation in the social economy. The Law on Social Economy no. 219/2015 provides the legal framework for social enterprises. This law defines social economy entities and their operational conditions, including the provision of public services or the reinvestment of profits into social objectives. Although it has partially introduced a new type of enterprise, it does not include incentivising or support measures (Petrescu, Lambru and European Commission, 2019[5]). Other ministries such as Ministry of Investments and European Projects can also implement policies and projects around the social economy.
Additionally, the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity has a role in co-ordinating public funding programs such as the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+), which finances social economy initiatives. For example, the Ministry co-ordinated the Human Capital Operational Programme (POCU), managed by the Ministry of Investments and European Projects. This program establishes investment priorities and specific objectives in the field of human resources, contributing to Romania's goal of reducing economic and social disparities (European Commission, 2023[6]). The Ministry of Investments and European Projects, alongside the National Employment Agency which falls under the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity, signposts European funding and aim to stimulate employment.
Other relevant policies include the National Strategy for Social Inclusion and Poverty Reduction, which integrates social economy into broader social policies. Specific programs like "Social Enterprises for Employment" have been implemented to provide financial support for social enterprises focusing on employment for vulnerable groups.
Institutions
Romania is a unitary state with a centralised public administration structure. Romania is administratively divided into communes (comune), towns (oraşe), and counties (judeţe). Larger towns, known as cities, can be granted the status of municipalities (municipii) by a specific law. Regional development councils, consisting of county council presidents, co-ordinate regional development in the eight development regions (European Committee of the Regions, n.d.[4]).
There are no designated regional frameworks to support social economy. There is some evidence of certain regions, like Iași County and Bucharest-Ilfov, being a part of developing partnerships across private, public and social enterprises. For instance, the public-private partnership for autonomous families carried out in the region of Bucharest-Ilfov is led by Fundatia Dezvoltarea Popoarelor in partnership with the Directorate-General of Social Assistance and Child Protection (DGASPC) and two social enterprises, SC Proiect Mozaic SRL and Asociatia Touched Romania. The project’s main goal is to create a centre of integrated services provided by this public-private consortia addressed to people at risk of social exclusion (EEA and Norway Grants, n.d.[7]).
Institutions
There are no designated local authorities or municipal frameworks for the social economy. Romania is divided into 41 counties (județe) and the municipality of Bucharest, which function as administrative-territorial units but do not have legislative powers. While counties and municipalities have certain delegated responsibilities, the main legislative and regulatory authority lies with the national government (European Committee of the Regions, n.d.[4]).
At county and Bucharest level respectively, the county employment agencies and the Bucharest Employment Agency issue the social enterprise attestation, which recognises the status of social enterprise. Some municipalities, such as Cluj-Napoca and Timișoara, have example initiatives in supporting social innovation and inclusive entrepreneurship through partnerships, incubators, or municipal funding programs. These remain limited.
Competence
Employment agencies, in collaboration with certified social enterprises and local and county public social assistance services, develop a County Socio-Professional Insertion Plan covering a three-year period. These plans are aligned with national strategies and priorities. Each year, employment agencies submit a report to the National Employment Agency, evaluating the implementation of the measures and actions outlined in the plan. Additionally, local public administration authorities offer certain facilities to social insertion enterprises. These facilities are provided upon request, based on a supporting memorandum that justifies the need and timeliness. In some cases, local authorities may allocate specific funds in their budgets to support these facilities.
Certain municipalities have demonstrated competence for strategy setting or support often aligned with EU priorities and partnerships. For example, In Cluj-Napoca, the Urban Innovation Actions project “Cluj Future of Work (CFW)” was conceived to create a socially resilient working ecosystem for current and future jobs in the city, and imagine a technologically-enriched future that is safe, ethical, inclusive and sustainable (Urban Innovative Actions, n.d.[8]). In Timișoara, partnerships between the city council and NGOs, such as Pentru Voi Foundation, aim to support various activities of social inclusion (Timisoara, 2023[9]).
Certain networks exist to support the activities of entities relevant to the social economy such as co-operatives and federations.
Across multiple public authorities and/or levels of government
In 2022, the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity (MMSS), with World Bank support, established the Social Economy Community of Practice (SECoP). This platform brings together public institutions (e.g., MMSS (MMSS, 2025[10]), National Agency for Public Procurement (ANAP, 2022[11])), social economy organisations (e.g. Civitas Foundation for Civil Society (Civitas Foundation, n.d.[12])), and experts to share operational knowledge and address implementation challenges for the labour-market integration of vulnerable groups (OECD, 2023[2]).
With social economy representatives
In addition to SECoP, other umbrella bodies are more clearly active and focus efforts on advocacy for social economy entities. For example, the Romanian Network of Insertion Social Enterprises (RISE) promotes the social, professional, and economic integration of disadvantaged individuals in Romania through the development of social enterprises (RISE, 2025[13]). Additionally, the National Federation of NGOs for Social Services (FONSS) is an umbrella organisation of social service providers aiming for inclusive communities and sustainable, quality services for all. It advocates for the involvement of NGOs in policy development and supports Romanian NGOs in the social services sector.
Note: An OECD survey on institutional arrangements circulated in 2024 with national and regional social economy representatives contributed to the findings of this country note.
Support from the public sector
A coalition of sector organisations successfully proposed a legislative reform to embed social goals in public procurement. The law was amended to require public authorities with procurement budgets above EUR 3 million to reserve at least 0.5% of contracts for certified Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs). The partners also secured government agreement to set a minimum quota for direct procurement from WISEs, and jointly organised training events on socially responsible procurement. These measures are designed to create stable market opportunities for social enterprises and integrate social objectives into mainstream public purchasing (ADV România, 2025[14]).
Support from the private sector
Romania’s social economy is supported by a dynamic private-sector ecosystem, including national networks and consortia that represent social economy entities. For example, Rețeaua Română a Economiei Sociale (RISE Romania) is a national network of work integration social enterprises that advocates for better policies and offers mutual support programmes (Slov-Lex, 2018[15]). The Federation of NGOs for Social Services (FONSS) comprises 44 non-governmental organisations dedicated to providing social services to vulnerable groups and supporting other Romanian non-governmental organisations (FONSS, n.d.[16]). Traditional organisations, such as co-operatives and mutual aids, also have umbrella organisations representing their interests and supporting their activities. Examples include the Romanian National Union of Handicraft and Production Co-operatives Association (UCECOM) and the National Federation of Mutual Aid Houses for Pensioners (CARP Omenia) (CECOP, n.d.[17]) (Federatia Nationala Omenia, n.d.[18]).
New financing initiatives have emerged to address the funding gap for social enterprises. For example, the AFIN – Social Investment Fund project (2024–27), led by ADV Romania with EU backing, aims to establish a dedicated investment fund offering tailored loans and business development services to social economy actors. This EU-funded instrument bridges financing gaps and helps social enterprises to scale and become more sustainable. Complementing this effort, the “Support for the Social Economy” de minimis scheme, approved in September 2024 by the Ministry of Investments and European Projects, provides over EUR 96 million to strengthen the financial capacity of social enterprises and work integration social enterprises (Ministry of Investments and European Projects, 2025[19]). Designed with input from ADV Romania, AFIN and the Social Finance Association, and administered by FNGCIMM, the scheme combines portfolio guarantees and grants to facilitate access to financing of up to EUR 500 000 for investments, working capital, digitalisation, the green transition and social inclusion. In addition, Romanian actors such as Fonduri Structurale – a platform that has supported social enterprises access EU grants and runs accelerators – and the crowdfunding platform consolid8 (Romania’s first reward-based crowdfunding platform dedicated to social entrepreneurs) have introduced alternative financing and ecosystem-building mechanisms for the social economy. Together, these public and private financial instruments represent a new generation of blended support mechanisms that empower Romanian social enterprises to grow, innovate and maximise their social impact.
International organisations are also key drivers of the social economy sector in Romania. For instance, Ashoka Romania and NESst Romania both offer mentoring and seed funding to social entrepreneurs, often running incubation and acceleration programmes, workshops and competitions to build the sector’s capacity (Ashoka, n.d.[20]) (NESsT, n.d.[21]). Another example is the MARC Impact Programme, established in 2024, which is an international accelerator initiative implemented across Central and Eastern Europe. Designed to enhance the financial readiness and social impact of social enterprises, the programme is a collaborative effort of various stakeholders such as the ERSTE Foundation, Erste Social Finance Holding, IFUA Nonprofit Partner, and SIMPACT (MARC, n.d.[22]).
NGOs and foundations also act as intermediaries and support hubs for social economy organisations. The Alături de Voi Foundation (ADV Romania) has become a leader in promoting the social economy by operating its own social enterprise, running an accelerator for social enterprises, and founding the country's first social economy cluster. ADV and its partners provide business consultancies, organise trade fairs and facilitate cross-sectoral collaboration with mainstream companies and universities (ADV Group, n.d.[23]).
Microfinance and social banking services have become more accessible within the Romanian ecosystem for social economy entities. A notable example is Erste Bank, a well-established Austrian bank operating in Central and Eastern Europe, including Romania, which provides micro-loans and financial literacy programmes to support social entrepreneurs. A specialised institution under Banca Comercială Română (BCR), BCR Social Finance IFN, also offers tailored financial solutions to social enterprises, non-governmental organisations, and micro-enterprises, particularly those in disadvantaged communities. They provide business loans, agricultural financing, and factoring services, while also supporting projects that create social impact (BCR Social Finance, n.d.[24]).
Support from the public sector
Romania's regional governments and municipalities have recently increased their support for the social economy. For example, the Regional Chambers of Commerce and Industry facilitates networking opportunities, promotes events, and fosters collaborations between traditional businesses and social enterprises (Voinea, 2024[25]). Chambers such as the Ilfov Chamber of Commerce and Industry carry out activities which, while not exclusively focused on the social economy, help to create an environment conducive to its development, such as advising businesses, promoting trade and industry at the local level, and supporting economic and social development at district level (The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the District Ilfov, n.d.[26]).
Other agencies also promote social economy ecosystem by aligning national strategies with local needs. The County Agencies for Employment (AJOFM), for instance, facilitate employment services by offering matchmaking, training and unemployment benefit services. They establish partnerships with social enterprises and supports them through subsidy programmes for the inclusion of vulnerable people (European Committee of the Regions, n.d.[27]).
European-funded projects at regional level are also key pillars of support for the social economy ecosystem. A noteworthy example is the MicroFuture project (2023-27), operating under the Interreg Europe programme, which emphasises microfinance as a tool to enhance Romania’s social economy and social inclusion by offering innovative solutions and successful examples from across Europe (Interreg Europe, n.d.[28]). Similarly, the Danube4SEecosystem initiative focuses on developing inspiring policies for social enterprises by involving local public authorities. It aims to enhance inclusive employment in the Danube region while supporting the sustainable operation of social enterprises (Interreg Danube Region, n.d.[29]).
Romania is also leveraging EU funding through its Regional Development Agencies (RDAs). RDAs facilitate access to European Cohesion Policy Funds of approximately EUR 1 billion for the 2021-27 period, which are allocated to support regional development, economic convergence, and competitiveness. Although not exclusively focusing on social enterprises, RDAs often play a pivotal role by providing technical assistance and targeted support for these organisations (OECD, 2023[30]).
Support from the private sector
Romania’s regions and cities benefit from private initiatives to bolster the social economy sector. The Civitas Foundation, for instance, is instrumental in fostering social entrepreneurship across various Romanian regions. In 2024, the Foundation launched the Social Business Academy, a comprehensive programme aimed at training future social entrepreneurs in rural areas, co-funded by the European Union. Each selected social enterprise receives EUR 61 000 in non-repayable grants, to accelerate the positive impact of the social economy in Romania's rural areas (Civitas Foundation, n.d.[12]).
Community foundations in various cities have also started programmes to seed local social innovation projects. The Romanian Federation of Community Foundations is an umbrella organisation for community foundations nationwide, conducting knowledge exchange and supporting capacity building to ensure the sustainability of its member foundations (Romanian Federation of Community Foundations, n.d.[31]). One of Romania’s pioneering community foundations is the Cluj Community Foundation (Fundația Comunitară Cluj), which mobilises local resources, knowledge and creativity to support initiatives with social impacts across Cluj-Napoca and its surrounding areas (Cluj Community Foundation, n.d.[32]).
Definition of public interest
Law No. 219/2015 on the Social Economy defines activities of general interest as those in the fields of economy, culture, society, education, science, health, sports, housing, and environmental protection, aimed at achieving objectives such as social and economic cohesion, employment, and development of social services (Republic of Romania, 2015[33]). The public benefit status is granted to associations, foundations, or federations that meet certain legal requirements. This status is awarded by the Romanian Government if the organisation’s activities are aimed at general interest or the interest of a community (Republic of Romania, 2000[34]).
Economic activities
Social enterprises in Romania can engage in various activities such as production of goods, provision of services and execution of works that benefit the community, promoting activities that generate jobs for people from vulnerable groups, development of professional training programmes and design of social services to help vulnerable individuals integrate into the labour market (Republic of Romania, 2015[33]). Associations and foundations can become social enterprises if they engage in economic activities that align with general interest goals. They can undertake economic activities either directly or indirectly by creating a separate company. Economic activities must be ancillary and closely related to their main social or public interest purpose, such as providing services in education, social care, culture, or sports.
Recognised social enterprises have specific transparency and reporting obligations, besides those required for their specific legal form. Social enterprises are recognised with a certificate that signals their social purpose and compliance with social economy principles. Moreover, social enterprises are included in the register of social enterprises, where they must submit their annual social report (Republic of Romania, 2015[33]).
Reporting obligations for non-governmental organisations are similar to those for companies. However, public benefit organisations (PBOs) have more detailed requirements, such as publication of their activity reports and annual balance sheets in the Official Journal of Romania to document their public benefit (Republic of Romania, 2000[34]).
References
[23] ADV Group (n.d.), About us, https://alaturidevoi.ro/en/history-of-adv-romania/ (accessed on March 2025).
[14] ADV România (2025), “Advancing Socially Responsible Public Procurement in Romania”, https://alaturidevoi.ro/en/advancing-socially-responsible-public-procurement-romania.
[11] ANAP (2022), Annual Report, https://anap.gov.ro/web/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Raport-de-activitate-ANAP-2022.pdf.
[20] Ashoka (n.d.), About Ashoka Romania, https://www.ashoka.org/en-ro/country/romania (accessed on March 2025).
[24] BCR Social Finance (n.d.), BCR Social Finance mission, https://www.bcr-socialfinance.ro/ro/cine-suntem (accessed on March 2025).
[17] CECOP (n.d.), UCECOM, https://cecop.coop/members/ucecom (accessed on March 2025).
[1] CIRIEC; Euricse; European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency (European Commission); Spatial Foresight (2024), Benchmarking the socio-economic performance of the EU social economy, https://doi.org/10.2826/880860.
[12] Civitas Foundation (n.d.), Social Business Academy (Urban), https://civitas.ro/en/proiecte/social-business-academy-2/ (accessed on March 2025).
[32] Cluj Community Foundation (n.d.), About us, https://www.fundatiacomunitaracluj.ro/misiune/ (accessed on March 2025).
[7] EEA and Norway Grants (n.d.), Public-private partnership for autonomous families, https://eeagrants.org/archive/2009-2014/projects/RO09-0359.
[3] European Commission (2025), “Social economy in the life of Europeans - România”.
[6] European Commission (2023), Operational Programme Human Capital, https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/in-your-country/programmes/2014-2020/ro/2014ro05m9op001_en#:~:text=The%20Romanian%20Operational%20Programme%20(OP,improve%20their%20education%20and%20skills%2C.
[4] European Committee of the Regions (n.d.), Division of powers - Romania, https://portal.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/Pages/Romania.aspx.
[27] European Committee of the Regions (n.d.), Romania - Employment, https://portal.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/Pages/Romania-Employment.aspx (accessed on March 2025).
[18] Federatia Nationala Omenia (n.d.), About us, https://www.fn-omenia.ro/federatie/despre-noi/ (accessed on March 2025).
[16] FONSS (n.d.), About us, https://fonss.ro/en/despre-noi/ (accessed on March 2025).
[29] Interreg Danube Region (n.d.), Danube4SEecosystem, https://interreg-danube.eu/projects/danube4seecosystem? (accessed on March 2025).
[28] Interreg Europe (n.d.), , https://www.interregeurope.eu/microfuture (accessed on March 2025).
[22] MARC (n.d.), Wht Marc?, https://ro.marc-impactprogramme.net/ (accessed on March 2025).
[19] Ministry of Investments and European Projects (2025), “Support for the Social Economy: Applicant Guide”, https://mfe.gov.ro/consultare-publica-peo-ghidul-solicitantului-sprijin-acordat-sectorului-economiei-sociale-pentru-dezvoltare-inovare-scalare-extindere-de-intreprinderi-sociale-si-intreprinderi-sociale-de-inser/.
[10] MMSS (2025), Strategic Institutional Plan, https://sgg.gov.ro/1/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/PSI-MMSS-2025-2028.pdf.
[21] NESsT (n.d.), Romania & the Balkans, https://www.nesst.org/romania-and-balkans (accessed on March 2025).
[2] OECD (2023), Country Fact Sheet: Romania, https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-sub-issues/social-economy-and-social-innovation/country-fact-sheets/country-fact-sheet-romania.pdf.
[30] OECD (2023), Enhancing Strategic Planning and Innovation Services: Supporting Romanian Regional Development Agencies, OECD Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1787/8d80ef62-en.
[5] Petrescu, C., M. Lambru and European Commission (2019), Social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe - Country report : Romania, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e571ad7d-67fd-11e9-9f05-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.
[38] PwC (2025), Romania. Corporate - Other taxes, https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/romania/corporate/other-taxes.
[37] Republic of Romania (2018), ORDONANȚĂ DE URGENȚĂ nr. 25 din 29 martie 2018 privind modificarea și completarea unor acte normative, precum și pentru aprobarea unor măsuri fiscal-bugetare [EMERGENCY ORDINANCE no. 25 of 29 March 2018], https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/199265.
[33] Republic of Romania (2015), LEGE nr. 219 din 23 iulie 2015 privind economia socială [LAW no. 219 of 23 July 2015 on the social economy], https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/170086.
[35] Republic of Romania (2015), LEGE nr. 227 din 8 septembrie 2015 privind Codul fiscal [ LAW no. 227 of 8 September 2015], https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/171280.
[36] Republic of Romania (2008), LEGE nr. 448 din 6 decembrie 2006 (**republicată**) privind protecția și promovarea drepturilor persoanelor cu handicap [LAW no. 448 of 6 December 2006 (**republished**)on the protection and promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities], https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/77815#:~:text=Legea%20nr.%20448%2F2006%20privind%20protec%C8%9Bia%20%C8%99i%20promovarea%20drepturilor,sprijinul%20integr%C4%83rii%20%C8%99i%20incluziunii%20sociale.%20%28la%2022-09-2010%2C%20Alin.
[34] Republic of Romania (2000), ORDONANȚĂ nr. 26 din 30 ianuarie 2000 cu privire la asociații și fundații [ORDINANCE no. 26 of 30 January 2000 on associations and foundations], https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/20740.
[13] RISE (2025), RISE - Purpose and Objectives, https://riseromania.ro/en/home.
[31] Romanian Federation of Community Foundations (n.d.), About, https://ffcr.ro/despre/ (accessed on March 2025).
[15] Slov-Lex (2018), 112/2018 Coll., https://www.slov-lex.sk/ezbierky/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2018/112/20230701.html (accessed on February 2025).
[26] The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the District Ilfov (n.d.), About, https://ccilfov.ro/en/ (accessed on March 2025).
[9] Timisoara (2023), Pentru Voi Foundation, https://timisoara2023.eu/en/organizers/pentru-voi-foundation/.
[8] Urban Innovative Actions (n.d.), Cluj-Napoca - Jobs and skills in the local economy, https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/uia-cities/clujnapoca.
[25] Voinea, A. (2024), Key takeaways from Romania’s Enterprising for Tomorrow conference, https://www.thenews.coop/key-takeaways-from-romanias-enterprising-for-tomorrow-conference/ (accessed on March 2025).
This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD and the President of the European Commission. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD Member countries or of the European Union.
The names of countries and territories and maps used in this joint publication follow the practice of the OECD.
This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
Note by the Republic of Türkiye
The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiye shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.
Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
@OECD 2025
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Attribution – you must cite the work.
Translations – you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text: In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and the translation, only the text of original work should be considered valid.
Adaptations – you must cite the original work and add the following text: This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.
Third-party material – the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and for any claims of infringement. You must not use the OECD logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD endorses your use of the work.
Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court.
← 1. The fiscal framework does not provide for VAT exemption or reduced rate specific for social economy entities. However, social economy organisations supplying goods in certain fields such as medicine, food and beverages, supply of housing as part of social policy, culture, among others, benefit from a reduced rate. VAT exemption is applied to some financial services and activities related to welfare, healthcare and educations performed by eligible organisations (PwC, 2025[38]).
← 2. The fiscal framework does not provide for reduced social security contributions for social enterprises.