| ACMF | ASEAN Capital Market Forum |
| ACRA | Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (Singapore) |
| AFM | Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets |
| AGM | Annual General Shareholder Meeting |
| AI | Artificial Intelligence |
| AoA | Articles of Association |
| ASEAN | Association of Southeast Asian Nations |
| AUM | Assets Under Management |
| BBBEE | Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment |
| CAD | Commercial Affairs Department (Singapore) |
| CCG | Communiqué on Corporate Governance (Türkiye) |
| CDP | Central Depository of SGX |
| CEO | Chief Executive Officer |
| CGAC | Singapore Corporate Governance Advisory Committee |
| CGC | Corporate Governance Code |
| CGI | Chartered Governance Institute (United Kingdom) |
| CGISA | Chartered Governance Institute of Southern Africa |
| CIPC | Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (South Africa) |
| CMB | Capital Markets Board (Türkiye) |
| CML | Capital Markets Law (Türkiye) |
| CMVM | Portuguese Securities Market Commission |
| CME | Communiqué Material Events Disclosure (Türkiye) |
| COBS | Conducts of Business Sourcebook (United Kingdom) |
| CONSOB | Italian Companies and Exchange Commission |
| CPA | Certified Practising Accountant (Australia) |
| CREST | Certificateless Registry for Electronic Share Transfers (United Kingdom) |
| CSIS | Chartered Secretaries Institute of Singapore |
| CTSE | Cape Town Stock Exchange |
| CVM | Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission |
| DAP | Data Analysis Platform (Türkiye) |
| DTR | Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rules (United Kingdom) |
| E-GEM | Electronic General Meetings System (Türkiye) |
| ECB | European Central Bank |
| EU | European Union |
| ESG | Environmental, Social and Governance |
| EUR | Euro |
| FCA | Financial Conduct Authority (United Kingdom) |
| FRC | Financial Reporting Council (United Kingdom) |
| FSCA | Financial Sector Conduct Authority (South Africa) |
| FSDF | Singapore Financial Sector Development Fund |
| FTSE MIB | Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE), Milano Indice di Borsa (MIB) |
| GC100 | General Counsel and Company Secretaries FTSE 100 Group |
| G20 | Group of Twenty |
| I-Ex | Integrated Exchange |
| ICSI | Institute of Company Secretaries of India |
| IMAS | Investment Management Association of Singapore |
| IoDSA | Institute of Directors South Africa |
| IPO | Initial Public Offering |
| IPCG | Portuguese Institute of Corporate Governance |
| ISS | Institutional Shareholder Services |
| JSE | Johannesburg Stock Exchange |
| KAP | Public Disclosure Platform (Türkiye) |
| LDT | Last Day to Trade |
| LSE | London Stock Exchange |
| MAA | Model Articles of Association |
| MAS | Monetary Authority of Singapore |
| MID | Model Internal Directive (Türkiye) |
| MKK | Central Registry Agency (Türkiye) |
| OECD | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| PCC | Portuguese Companies Code |
| PIC | Public Investment Corporation (South Africa) |
| PRR | Prospectus Regulation Rules (United Kingdom) |
| Q&A | Question and answer |
| REGM | Regulation on Electronic General Meetings of Joint Stock Companies (Türkiye) |
| RPP | Regulation on the Procedures and Principles of General Assembly Meetings (Türkiye) |
| SEC | Securities and Exchange Commission (United States) |
| SENS | JSE Stock Exchange News Services |
| SGTI | Singapore Governance and Transparency Index |
| SGX | Singapore Exchange Limited |
| SIAS | Securities Investors Association Singapore |
| SID | Singapore Institute of Directors |
| SSPSC | Singapore Stewardship Principles Steering Committee |
| SRD | Shareholder Rights Directive of EU |
| STI | Straits Times Index |
| SWC | Stewardship Code (United Kingdom) |
| TCC | Turkish Commercial Code |
| TIA | The Investment Association (United Kingdom) |
| TRY | Turkish Lira |
| UK | United Kingdom |
| UKCA | United Kingdom Companies Act of 2006 |
| US | United States |
| VEB | Dutch Investors’ Association |
| WAMCA | Resolution of Mass Damage in Collective Action Act (Netherlands) |
| ZAR | South African Rand |
Shareholder Meetings and Corporate Governance
Trends and Implications
