The Arab Republic of Egypt is a unitary country. It gained its independence in 1922 and it was declared a Republic in 1953. The chief of state is the President, who is elected by absolute majority popular vote for a term of six years, renewable. Administratively, Egypt’s local government is organised in three levels: governorates, regions and districts. The country has 27 governorates and their governors are appointed by the President.
Production Transformation Policy Review of Egypt
Embracing Change, Achieving Prosperity
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Copy link to Country profileTable 1. Main economic indicators of Egypt 1970-2019
Copy link to Table 1. Main economic indicators of Egypt 1970-2019|
1970 |
1980 |
1990 |
2000 |
2010 |
2019 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Population |
||||||
|
Population, total (millions) |
34.5 |
40.6 |
51.9 |
64 |
78.7 |
98.9 |
|
Labour force, total (millions) (national estimate) |
... |
... |
15.5 |
20 |
26.2 |
28.3 |
|
Unemployment, total (% of total labour force) (national estimate) |
2.4 |
5.2 |
8.4 |
9 |
9 |
7.9 |
|
Employment-to-population ratio (15+, total%, modelled ILO estimate) |
... |
... |
42.3a |
42 |
44.8 |
40.5 |
|
Aggregate economy |
||||||
|
GDP, million USD (constant prices & PPPs, 2017) |
... |
… |
341 673 |
533 080 |
855 757 |
1 180 890 |
|
GDP, million USD current |
8 042 |
21 670 |
42 979 |
99 839 |
218 984 |
303 092 |
|
GDP per capita, USD current |
233 |
500.4 |
765.6 |
1 450.5 |
2 646 |
3 020 |
|
GDP per capita USD (constant prices & PPPs, 2017) |
… |
… |
6 086.7 |
7 744.7 |
10 340 |
11 763.3 |
|
GDP growth (average previous 10 years) |
5.1 |
6.7 |
6.3 |
4.6 |
4.9 |
3.7b |
|
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) |
11 |
24.6 |
27.3 |
19 |
19.2 |
17.3 |
|
Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) |
3.8 |
20.8 |
16.8 |
2.8 |
11.3 |
9.2 |
|
External sector |
||||||
|
Trade (% of GDP) |
30.7 |
73.4 |
52.9 |
39 |
47.9 |
43.3 |
|
Exports of goods and services (million USD constant 2010 prices) |
1 959 |
5 921.9 |
10 395 |
15 751 |
46 751 |
87 565 |
|
Imports of goods and services (million USD constant 2010 prices) |
7 795.2 |
13 910.3 |
17 506.5 |
24 762.6 |
58 221 |
106 790.4 |
|
High-technology exports (% of total exports, Lall classification) |
... |
... |
... |
1.6 |
1.5 |
3 |
|
(% of manufactured exports, Lall classification) |
... |
... |
... |
4.7 |
3.6 |
6.8 |
|
Economic activities |
||||||
|
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added, million USD constant 2015 prices (% of gross value added) |
9 038 (30.4) |
11 687.9 (18) |
16 056 (13.5) |
22 042.4 (12.3) |
31 315.2 (11.2) |
40 970.3 (10.9) |
|
Industry (including construction) value added, million USD constant 2015 prices (% of gross value added) |
11 001.9 (37) |
27 342.7 (42.3) |
46 769.5 (39.2) |
67 650.1 (37.8) |
109 416 (39.3) |
130 359 (35) |
|
Of which manufacturing (% of gross value added) |
5 648.9 (19) |
8 156 (12.6) |
16 645.5 (14) |
30 646.7 (17.1) |
48 153.8 (17.3) |
58 928.8 (15.8) |
|
Services value added, constant 2015 USD (% of gross value added) |
9 512.8 (32) |
25 545.1 (39.5) |
56 483.7 (47.3) |
89 273.8 (49.9) |
138 203 (49.6) |
201 018.8 (53.8) |
|
Total natural resources rents (% of GDP) |
1.9 |
33.3 |
18.3 |
7.7 |
9 |
5 |
|
Energy |
||||||
|
Renewable electricity output (% of total electricity output) |
… |
… |
23.5 |
17.7 |
10 |
8.3c |
|
Of which electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total) |
63d |
51.8 |
23.5 |
17.5 |
8.9 |
7.38c |
|
Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption) |
… |
… |
8.5 |
8.1 |
5.7 |
5.7c |
|
GDP per unit of energy use (constant 2017 PPP$ per kg pf oil equivalent |
10.26 |
13.1 |
11.8 |
12.5c |
||
|
Science and technology indicators |
||||||
|
GERD, % of GDP |
... |
... |
... |
0.19 |
0.43 |
0.72e |
|
GERD, % financed by business |
3.9 e |
|||||
|
Researchers in R&D (per million people) |
492.4 |
687e |
||||
|
Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) |
... |
... |
... |
0.07f |
1.8 |
7.6 |
|
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) |
... |
... |
... |
2 |
85 |
95 |
Note: a1991 bfrom 2011 to 2019, c2015, d1971, e2018, f2002. GERD: gross expenditure on research & development. R&D: research and development.
Source: OECD National Accounts, IEA Statistics, International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report and database, United Nations Comtrade database, ILOSTAT database, International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics, World Bank Statistics and Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS).