Peru’s agricultural innovation system has progressed in recent years, but stronger policy efforts and investment are needed for innovation to respond effectively to the country’s diverse regional needs and support productivity and sustainability. While research efforts have produced improved crop varieties, limited resources and management constraints have hindered their adoption. This chapter examines the functioning of Peru’s Agriculture Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS), through an analysis of its institutions, governance arrangements, and funding sources. It reviews and assesses research and development investments, extension services and agricultural education, highlighting the potential role of agricultural experimental stations and of public‑private partnerships to help farmers access innovation.
Policies for the Future of Farming and Food in Peru
Abstract
Key messages
Peru’s Agriculture Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS) has progressed, but policy efforts and investments are needed for agricultural innovation to better respond to regional differences and effectively facilitate improved agricultural productivity and sustainability.
Peru’s public agricultural research system is led by the National Institute of Agricultural Innovation (INIA), complemented by various national and regional institutions; however, co‑ordination across these entities remains insufficient. Moreover, significant regional disparities remain in access to innovation, infrastructure and technical assistance.
Successful investments in research and development (R&D) include the generation of improved crop varieties of potatoes, beans, wheat, rice, quinoa, maize, roots and pasture plants, that increased crop yields and improved pest resilience. Low resources and management problems have hindered the expanded adoption of these varieties.
The temporary National Agricultural Innovation Programme (PNIA) enhanced INIA’s research capabilities through training of researchers, scholarships and funded innovation projects. This programme helped strengthen the AKIS through a combination of competitive R&D and innovation funding, capacity-building initiatives, and institutional reforms.
Extension services in Peru are significantly underdeveloped and have long suffered from insufficient investment, leaving them unable to meet the sector’s growing demands. As a result, despite some progress in Internet connectivity in some parts of rural areas, farm advisory services in Peru remain limited, particularly for smallholders.
Agricultural education should be strengthened, with an emphasis on the promotion of applied research focused on local realities, and the government should facilitate the institutionalisation of impact evaluation mechanisms. Robust extension systems should also incorporate both locally developed and appropriately adapted foreign technologies to ensure relevance and effectiveness.
The role of Agricultural Experimental Stations (EEAs) would also benefit from additional financing and by broadening their functions so they can reach a large number of farmers. Furthermore, enhancing public-private partnerships to invest in projects carried out by EEAs and INIA more generally could boost innovation.
4.1.1. Performance of the Peruvian innovation system
According to the Global Innovation Index (GII), Peru ranked 75th out of 133 economies globally in 2024 and 7th out of 20 economies in the region (WIPO, 2024[1]).This reflects a slight improvement over its previous position, although it still trails behind Latin American leaders such as Brazil, Chile and Mexico.
Peru faces critical hurdles in education and research, development and innovation (R&D&I) expenditures. In 2022, Peru invested 0.16% of its gross domestic product (GDP) in national R&D&I, significantly lower than the UNESCO minimum recommendation of 1% for fostering an innovation-driven economy. This ranked Peru 92nd among 133 economies globally (WIPO, 2024[1]). The innovation landscape in Peru presents marked regional heterogeneity, reflected in the diversity of the national territory. This diversity responds to the country’s different geographical, climatic and ecological conditions. It is also influenced by the unequal distribution of educational resources, institutional capacities and economic activities across regions. Progress is primarily concentrated in the Costa region, particularly in Lima and northern Peru, where there is more infrastructure, stronger linkages between universities and industry, and higher levels of public and private investment in R&D&I (CONCYTEC, 2022[2]; PCM, 2021[3]).
In Peru, the National System of Science, Technology and Innovation (SINACTI) co‑ordinates Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) activities across various sectors, with the National Council for Science, Technology and Technological Innovation (CONCYTEC) serving as its governing body. Although there are strategic objectives to further develop STI in Peru, there are few incentives. This is primarily due to insufficient funds, a lack of promotional instruments for absorption, limited technological transfers and diffusion of financing sources, and limited adaptation of technological entrepreneurship (CONCYTEC, 2016[4]).
One challenge of Peru’s innovation system is the fact that results and technological development do not align with the country’s societal, economic or environmental necessities (CONCYTEC, 2016[4]) (CONCYTEC, 2024[5]). This issue begins within universities, as the training and research conducted by students do not fully align with the needs in Peru. For instance, in 2024, the country ranked 75th out of 133 countries in the World Intellectual Property Organisation’s Global Innovation Index. Its weakest area in the index was university-industry R&D collaboration, where it ranked 112th out of 133 countries, a situation that affects all sectors, including agricultural research (WIPO, 2024[1]).
Furthermore, higher technological institutes have weak co-operation links with private companies. Consequently, private and public entities seek STI services from external actors instead of using internal stakeholders. Another issue is that research and technological development centres are limited in infrastructure and human resources. This can be attributed to the centres’ lack of technical capability and their limited economic resources. Moreover, the produced research and the ongoing projects tend to have low levels of practical application and implementation; hence, the business sector has limited demand for such research services (INIA, 2020[6]).
The quality of research centres in Peru has improved in recent years, although challenges persist, primarily due to a lack of infrastructure and equipment, limited training, a lack of interaction and connections between different research centres, restrictions on the incorporation of new researchers, and an inadequate geographical distribution of research skills and abilities (CONCYTEC, 2016[4]; CONCYTEC, 2024[5]). In addition to these challenges, Peru’s innovation system faces significant limitations in intellectual property rights (IPRs). The number of applications (particularly for patents) remains low, largely due to underdeveloped regulatory frameworks and a lack of standardisation in related processes (CONCYTEC, 2016[4]; CONCYTEC, 2024[5]), although significant progress has been made in recent years.
Education in rural areas of Peru faces profound inequalities that affect a large percentage of students in the most remote regions of the country. This reality directly impacts the training of future farmers, which makes it essential to adapt agricultural extension methodologies to the specific needs of these contexts (MINEDU, 2024[7]).
Innovation in Peru is also challenged by the emigration of qualified individuals. For instance, in 2024, the country’s Brain Drain Index1 was 5.7, which suggests that the country lacks an adequate system to retain talent, especially those working in the scientific field (FSI, 2024[8]) (CONCYTEC, 2016[4]). On the one hand, there is a limited number of training programmes, innovative businesses and research centres in which professionals with high levels of training and education can integrate themselves into the labour market. On the other hand, the centres that do exist have limited prestige and offer limited salaries and financial allocations, which pose a challenge to attract and retain new talent.
4.1.2. Policy approach and framework: National and regional strategies
Peru’s national policies on the development of science, technology and innovation STI are established within Law No. 31250 of July 2021. Chapter III of this law highlights the institutions responsible for R&D&I. These institutions work under SINACTI to promote science and technology (El Peruano, 2021[9]). SINACTI co‑ordinates STI activities across various sectors. These institutions are organised into three levels under SINACTI to promote science and technology: the strategic planning level, the implementation level and the execution level. Annex 4.A describes the main institutions and their different roles at different stages of policy design.
CONCYTEC is the governing body of SINACTI leads the development of STI through a specialised organisational structure that supervises, co‑ordinates and evaluates SINACTI’s policies and programmes. CONCYTEC ensures alignment with national objectives and promotes regulatory and operational efficiency in various sectors of the system. CONCYTEC has 6 specific strategic objectives with 18 strategic guidelines validated by the actors of SINACTI for the development of STI for the period 2024-28 (CONCYTEC, 2024[5]) (Annex 4.A).
Agricultural innovation system strategy
While there is no specific strategy for agricultural innovation, the general framework is laid out of the Peruvian innovation system is driven by the national strategy of SINACTI and the National Agricultural Innovation System (SNIA). The conjunction of both entities reflects the interaction of various public and private actors responsible for the governance of STI, as well as the development and execution of agricultural research and extension actions.
The 2008 Legislative Decree No. 1060 designated the National Institute of Agricultural Innovation (INIA) as the lead institution responsible for shaping and implementing the strategic goals of SNIA. INIA is responsible for research, technology transfer, technical assistance, conservation of genetic resources, and production of seeds, seedlings, and breeding stock of high genetic value. It is also responsible for establishing national policy guidelines for agricultural extension services, in co‑ordination with the agencies that provide agricultural extension services within the framework of sectoral policies (Romero, 2024[10]).
SNIA functions as a co‑ordinated framework of organisations, policies, and procedures designed to advance agricultural research, technological progress, innovation, and the dissemination of new technologies. The three core policy objectives are: 1) technology transfer and extension services; 2) knowledge generation; and 3) the adoption of new technologies (El Peruano, 2008[11]). Additionally, SNIA is interconnected with broader national and regional strategies concerning education, commerce, and rural development within the agricultural sector (Romero, 2024[10]).
4.2.1. Main actors of the AKIS and their role in agricultural innovation
Figure 4.1 illustrates the AKIS network of linkages and institutional interactions of public and private institutions. Key entities include MIDAGRI, as the governing body for agriculture, and INIA, responsible for agricultural research, innovation and technology transfer within the framework of the SNIA. These are complemented by institutions from the STI system, such as CONCYTEC. The implementation level co‑ordinates intersectoral, intergovernmental and territorial actions to operationalise policy instruments, strengthen executing entities and allocate resources. This level includes platforms such as PROCIENCIA (STI fund) and PROINNOVATE, as well as institutions like the National Institute of Quality, INACAL and INDECOPI, which promote intellectual property rights. All these cross-sectoral and multi-actor collaborations aim to create a sustainable and competitive agriculture (INIA, 2018[12]; Lizárraga et al., 2025[13]).
CONCYTEC’s main roles in agriculture are: 1) supporting research and innovation projects aimed at improving the productivity and sustainability of agriculture; 2) co-ordinating between SINACTI actors to promote technology transfer; 3) participating in the design of national science and technology policies and plans applied to agriculture; 4) developing training programmes for researchers, technicians and rural extension workers; 5) promoting open science, access to data and dissemination of results through digital platforms such as Dina and Alicia. INDECOPI, on the other hand, encourages the publication of articles by specialists and increases incentives to find new crop varieties. Furthermore, peasant and Indigenous Communities are essential to preserving and disseminating the country’s traditional, cultural and folkloric knowledge (INDECOPI, 2010[14]; PCM, 2021[3]; CONCYTEC, 2024[5]).
Note: INACAL: National Quality Institute; INDECOPI: National Institute for the Defence of Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property; INIA: National Institute of Agricultural Innovation; DRGB: Directorate for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology; DSEA: Directorate of Agricultural Extension; DIDT: Directorate of Technological Research and Development; DGIA: Directorate for Agricultural Innovation Management; SNIA: National Agricultural Innovation System; NGO: non-governmental organisation; MIDAGRI: Ministry of Agricultural Development and Irrigation; SENASA: National Agricultural Health Service.
Source: Lizárraga et al. (2025[13]), Relacionamiento interinstitucional en el Sistema Nacional de Innovación Agraria (SNIA), https://www.gob.pe/104546-instituto-nacional-de-innovacion-agraria-sistema-nacional-de-innovacion-agraria.
INIA is responsible for designing and executing the national agricultural innovation plan, as well as for consolidating the objectives, activities and functioning of the SNIA. INIA also oversees the National Agricultural Innovation Policy within the framework of the SNIA (INIA, 2021[15]). INIA is the central governing entity responsible for creating, co‑ordinating and promoting R&D&I and technology transfer, as well as the co‑ordination of the agricultural experimental stations EEAs. While in its role as R&D&I generator and technology transfer provider, INIA promotes the development of research, technology and innovation in the agricultural sector to improve its competitiveness (INIA, 2021[15]).
INIA also carries out actions for the conservation of genetic material and the management of agricultural innovation through specialised directorates (INIA, 2025[16]).
The Directorate of Research and Technological Development (DDTA), is responsible for implementing activities and projects that generate knowledge, research, and technological development in agriculture, focusing on key products and emerging issues. It is also responsible for managing the technological services of laboratories within its jurisdiction, in addition to directing the production of seeds, reproducers, and seedlings of high genetic value. (INIA, 2025[16]).
The Directorate of Agricultural Innovation Management (DGIA) formulates plans and related regulations on agricultural innovation and facilitates links between the different actors of the SNIA. It also oversees the intellectual property of the research products, exercises administrative and registration authority in the different matters under INIA’s jurisdiction.
The Directorate of Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (DRGB) oversees the management and conservation of cultivated or domesticated species, as well as the microorganisms associated with them. It also manages the use and promotion of cell and molecular biology, biochemistry, and conventional used for innovative biotechnological techniques under biosafety standards.
The Directorate of Agricultural Extensions (DSEA) is in charge of conducting agricultural extension activities, which include technological transfer, technical assistance and technology adoption to make available innovations that generate a high impact on the agricultural development of the country, as well as its supervision and the impact of the technology adoption on farmers.
The regional-level research is carried out by the EEAs co‑ordinated by INIA. There are currently 24 EEAs across various regions of Peru (INIA, 2024[17]). Their primary objective is to conduct region-specific research, develop new crop varieties and enhance agricultural practices tailored to local conditions (INIA, 2018[12]; Cruz Luis et al., 2023[18]). This decentralised approach aimed to bring research closer to the farmers, thus enhancing the relevance and applicability of the innovations developed.
The regional technical commission for agricultural innovation (CTRIA), promotes territorial co-ordination, and INIA’s technical directorates, such as the DGIA and DSEA, are responsible for implementing innovation, research and extension services (Lizárraga et al., 2025[13]). The CTRIA functions as a platform for dialogue and co-ordination at the regional level. It brings together a broad range of stakeholders from the agricultural sector, including regional authorities, researchers, farmers, universities, private companies and NGOs, to collectively identify and propose agricultural innovation priorities (INIA, 2024[19]).
The National Commission for Innovation and Training in Agriculture (CONICA) serves as a strategic platform linking government, academia, producer organisations, and the private sector to ensure that the research agenda reflects the real technological needs of agricultural value chains (El Peruano, 2019[20]).
MIDAGRI and its attached agencies (e.g. SENASA, the National Water Authority (ANA), the National Forestry and Wildlife Service (SERFOR), AGROMERCADO) are also important actors. Major agricultural innovation projects are implemented either directly or in co-ordination with MIDAGRI. The ministry outlines specific policies following the guidelines on agricultural innovation set by CONCYTEC and implements them through various attached public agencies, programmes, executing units and mostly through INIA (INIA, 2024[19]).
Other important actors include farmers’ organisations, universities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), public organisations and private enterprises. Farmers and farmers’ associations play an important role in AKIS. Peru’s geographic diversity and varied productive structures require tailored public policies on innovation. The private sector, especially companies working within commercialisation, is also important to Peru’s AKIS, as they conduct research, develop new products for the market and share information with farmers during the production process (El Peruano, 2008[11]).
Research centres outside the scope of INIA are mostly affiliated with universities. They generate knowledge, applied research and training. The National Agrarian University La Molina (UNALM), Peru’s leading public institution in agricultural education and research, has made sustained contributions to the sector through academic training, basic and applied research, technical assistance, and collaboration with farmers, public agencies and other AKIS stakeholders (INIA, 2024[19]).
Technical institutes and rural education centres also play an important role in practical training and in developing mid-level technical capacities. Graduates from these institutions constitute a valuable human resource for rural development. A significant number of these technicians specialise in intensive crop production, with links to agro-export markets. Others contribute to programmes related to rural development and food security, and are often recruited by public institutions, special projects, NGOs and local governments (Lizárraga et al., 2025[13]).
A multi-level fragmented AKIS system
The fragmented nature of Peru’s AKIS is marked by several knowledge networks that operate in parallel. These networks are often uncoordinated and operate independently, and sometimes even compete rather than co-operate. This fragmentation is partly due to the devolution of agricultural responsibilities to regional governments, which can implement region-specific policies within the broader national framework (INIA, 2024[19]). Local governments are responsible for promoting the co-ordination and construction of strategic alliances to further support research within agriculture. However, the local government actions are highly diverse and largely depend on the management capacity and development vision of rural mayors (INIA, 2024[19]).
The limited co-ordination among organisations and actors within Peru’s AKIS, despite the co‑ordinating roles of some of its important entities, reflects the structural complexity of the national agrarian system. The Peruvian Government, through MIDAGRI and INIA, has made ongoing efforts to gradually improve the quality and effectiveness of this co-ordination. In this regard, building a functional and efficient AKIS requires not only adequate investment and legal frameworks, but also deep changes in governance dynamics, co-ordination mechanisms and institutional learning processes (World Bank, 2021[21]).
4.2.2. EEAs are fundamental to the structure and functionality of the Peruvian AKIS
EEAs serve as key centres for training and technology dissemination. They provide services such as field days, workshops and direct training sessions, facilitating the rapid adoption of new technologies and practices developed through their research. The efficacy of some EEAs in producing tangible results is evident in the increases in crop yields and the development of specialised agricultural techniques.
EEAs operate in collaboration with regional governments to ensure that the research agenda and the innovations developed are well-aligned with regional agricultural policies and priorities. EEAs are strategically established across Peru’s diverse ecological zones. They differ significantly in terms of infrastructure, human resources and operational competencies, which affects their ability to contribute uniformly to regional research and innovation agendas. Moreover, the role of EEAs remains constrained by limited funding and narrow functions, which in turn restrict their capacity to conduct comprehensive regional research and to extend their outreach to a broad base of farmers.
Farmers access EEAs through both direct and indirect means. Direct access involves physical visits to the EEAs, where farmers can participate in training programmes, consult with researchers and observe demonstration projects. This face-to-face interaction is crucial for effective knowledge transfer, especially in regions where digital literacy and Internet access may be limited. Indirect access is through extension services provided by EEAs, which include the distribution of informational brochures, technical assistance, and the provision of improved seeds and livestock breeds.
The co-ordination between INIA and its EEAs involves strategic planning and resource allocation at the national level, while the EEAs focus on the implementation of research programmes and technology transfer at the regional level. More generally, decision making within this framework operates at multiple levels. INIA leads a decentralised and participatory process for formulating the National Agricultural Innovation Agenda, based on regional agendas developed across Peru’s 25 regions. These agendas are co-ordinated by the CTRIA under the leadership of the EEAs and reflect local and sectoral priorities (PNIA, 2021[22]; INIA, 2024[19]; 2020[23]).
4.2.3. Farm advisory services
The agricultural extension system in Peru comprises a range of institutional actors with specific functions and varying levels of co-ordination. At the national level, MIDAGRI sets technical guidelines and finances programmes while INIA leads the generation and transfer of agricultural technologies and proposes extension methodologies. Both institutions, however, face constraints related to territorial coverage, intergovernmental co-ordination and resource availability (El Peruano, 2021[24]).
Regional governments are responsible for implementing the regional agricultural extension plans (PREA) and adapting national policies to local contexts. However, their effectiveness is limited by technical, regulatory and financial challenges. At the local level, municipal governments participate through co‑financing and territorial co-ordination, albeit with weak institutional capacity (El Peruano, 2021[24]; MIDAGRI, 2021[25]). The main providers of technical assistance or extension services agencies attached to MIDAGRI, including INIA and its EEAs network, as well as the SENASA, the National Water Authority and SERFOR, in co-ordination with local governments.
The share of farmers receiving extension services has remained modest for certain services. According to the 2022 National Agricultural Survey (ENA), only 3.8% of the more than 2 million farmers in the country accessed some type of agricultural extension service (INEI, 2023[26]). In 2024, only 6.5% of farmers received training, with a decreasing trend over the past decade (Figure 4.2). Agricultural training addresses topics such as soil analysis, good irrigation practices, organic production, installation and management of pastures, and proper animal feeding practices (INEI, 2023[26]).
The same trend is seen for farmers receiving technical assistance, which decreased from 9.2% in 2014 to 3.1% in 2024. On the other hand, significant improvements have been observed in access to agricultural information, which increased from 27.2% in 2014 to 81.6% in 2024, an increase of over 50 percentage points in 8 years. This situation can be explained by the use of mobile phones and apps related to market and climate conditions.
Note: No data for 2020.
Source: INEI (2023[26]), Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria 2022 - Principales Resultados: Pequeñas y Medianas Unidades Agropecuarias 2014-2019 y 2021-2022, https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1912/libro.pdf; INEI (2025[27]), Productores Agropecuarios – Principales Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria (ENA), 2018-2019 y 2022-2024, https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/8237929/6879473-productores-agropecuarios-principales-resultados-de-la-encuesta-nacional-agropecuaria-ena-2018-2019-y-2022-2024%282%29.pdf?v=1750438114.
These limitations result from a series of structural, institutional and operational challenges for extension services. Coverage remains low, especially among small-scale farmers. Multiple factors can explain this gap: the high cost of services, the geographical dispersion of production units, limited infrastructure in rural areas, and poor co‑ordination among system actors (Manzo, Rodríguez and Triveño, 2020[28]).
Additionally, the ongoing training of extension personnel is scarce, impacting service quality. In many regions, the promoted technologies are not adapted to the local context, nor do they incorporate traditional knowledge (Manzo, Rodríguez and Triveño, 2020[28]). Furthermore, the persistent digital divide restricts the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for training and assistance. Lastly, the lack of solid monitoring and evaluation mechanisms limits the ability to provide feedback and improve public policies (MIDAGRI, 2021[29]).
Despite these constraints, significant progress has been made. A key milestone was the enactment of Law No. 31368 – Law Regulating the Agricultural Extension Service in 2021, which recognises agricultural extension as a public, permanent and decentralised service, understood as an educational process that systematically supports farmers. This law seeks to increase the productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural sector by strengthening farmers’ capacities through technical assistance, technology transfer and training. Its objectives include expanding service coverage, promoting sustainable technologies, improving co-ordination within the SNIA and strengthening institutional capacities. Moreover, the country is strengthening agricultural extension services to improve the delivery of specialised, field-based technical assistance and broaden the participation of qualified service providers, particularly for smallholders. One example is the recently created SECIGRA Agrarian Program, which deploys students and recent graduates to rural areas, expanding technical assistance coverage and increasing the availability of skilled labour in the sector (SECIGRA, 2026[30]).
Law No. 31368 complements and builds upon the provisions of Legislative Decree No. 1060 of 2008 by regulating a fundamental operational component of the SNIA agricultural extension and by strengthening the co-ordination among its actors. Both laws are coherent and complementary within the legal framework governing agricultural innovation in Peru (El Peruano, 2008[31]). Within this regulatory framework, the National Registry of Agricultural Extension Service Providers (RNPSEA) was created. Managed by INIA, the registry provides updated information on service offerings, their quality and coverage, and enhances transparency in contracting and actor co-ordination within the SNIA (El Peruano, 2021[24]). In 2025, Decree 015-2025 establishes new regulations for extension services (MIDAGRI, 2025[32]).
Furthermore, there has been a successful collaboration with the private sector and NGOs in specific regions, demonstrating the potential of inter-institutional alliances to expand coverage and improve service relevance (MIDAGRI, 2021[29]; INIA, 2020[33]). INIA’s institutional capacities need to be strengthened to scale up and systematise successful collaboration experiences with public-private partnerships and civil society organisations in the provision of agricultural extension services (PNIA, 2021[22]; INIA, 2020[23]).
4.2.4. The role of the private sector in knowledge generation and transfer
In Peru, the private sector actively participates in the generation of agricultural knowledge, although in a sporadic and fragmented manner. Agribusiness companies, input suppliers and private research centres develop proprietary technologies – such as genetic improvements, specialised agronomic practices or production management models – mainly oriented toward their commercial interests. While they also promote good agricultural practices among their suppliers and strategic partners, this knowledge production remains largely disconnected from the SNIA, limiting its scalability and systemic integration (Manzo, Rodríguez and Triveño, 2020[28]).
Within the SNIA framework, some progress has been made, with the private sector being more involved in technology transfer. Through direct technical assistance, it is particularly active in agro-export chains such as coffee, cocoa, fruits and vegetables. It also collaborates in publicly co-financed projects like AGROIDEAS and Procompite, where it implements agricultural extension activities through contracted extension agents.
Public extension services show low coverage and operational capacity. From 2022-23, only 6.6‑7.2% of farmers accessed any type of technical training (including both public and private services), and just 3.8% received technical assistance (INEI, 2023[26]). Similarly, only 10.3% of farmers accessed training and/or technical assistance (MIDAGRI, 2021[29]). Although these data do not differentiate the origin of the service (public or private), they highlight the low overall coverage and reveal a strategic opportunity to expand private sector involvement, especially in areas where the state lacks an effective presence (Manzo, Rodríguez and Triveño, 2020[28]; PNIA, 2021[22]).
In response to this gap, various private actors, agribusiness companies, technical consultants, NGOs, farmers’ organisations and input suppliers have taken an active role in providing extension services, primarily within specific value chains. This involves offering training, technical assistance, advisory services and support for commercialisation as part of their productivity enhancement strategies. Key examples include the COCLA co‑operative (Cusco) for coffee and cocoa, COCEPU (Ucayali) for oil palm and COOPAIN (Puno) for quinoa. A notable example can be found in the coffee and cocoa sector of the Selva region, such as the Association of Coffee Producers of the Central Jungle (APROSELVA) and the Central Coffee and Cocoa Cooperative, where exporting companies provide training in agronomic management, certification and quality improvement as part of their commercial relationships with small-scale farmers (PNIA, 2021[22]; INIA, 2021[34]; 2022[35]).
NGOs and civil society organisations complement these efforts through participatory, externally funded projects, while universities contribute by training human resources and generating knowledge, despite limited territorial engagement. Lastly, farmers contribute valuable local knowledge, but their weak collective organisation and limited participation constrain their influence on policy design (Manzo, Rodríguez and Triveño, 2020[28]).
The PNIA promoted these experiences through competency-based training programmes, which helped to strengthen the technical and organisational capacities of producer organisations and develop sustainable, market-oriented extension services (INIA, 2022[35]; PNIA, 2021[22]). The private sector also played its part by promoting market-driven technologies such as improved seeds, drip irrigation systems or sustainable practices, adapting knowledge to productive contexts with greater efficiency than the public apparatus (PNIA, 2021[22]). Additionally, some of these companies participate in territorial governance spaces, such as technical roundtables and workshops promoted by INIA or regional governments, consolidating an emerging modality of public-private collaboration. These experiences illustrate the potential of building territorial innovation systems by scaling up partnerships with farmers’ organisations to improve service relevance and reach rural areas (PNIA, 2021[22]; INIA, 2021[34]; 2022[35]).
That said, this participation faces challenges. First, limited co-ordination between private and public actors results in duplication, gaps and territorial misalignment. Second, there are no technical standards or accreditation mechanisms to ensure the quality, relevance or ethics of the services provided by the private sector. Third, private interventions tend to concentrate in more profitable areas, excluding subsistence farming territories, which constitute most of the national agricultural landscape (MIDAGRI and INIA, 2020[36]; Manzo, Rodríguez and Triveño, 2020[28]).
Co-ordination between the public and private sectors in the generation and transfer of knowledge is important to improving the efficiency, relevance and sustainability of interventions in the field. To consolidate this synergy, it is necessary to establish structured public-private governance mechanisms within the SNIA framework, allowing for co-ordinated efforts, resource sharing and strategic guidance of innovation, extension and technological development policies for the benefit of agriculture across all regions of Peru (PNIA, 2021[22]).
In Peru, the ministry that finances the most R&D is the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF). In 2024, the MEF had a budget of USD 59.3 million for the development of STI (COMEXPERÚ, 2024[37]). Public investment in R&D&I is reflected in various areas and contexts.
Agricultural spending in Peru is mostly provided by the national government. Total agricultural R&D spending (excluding the private sector) covers salaries, operational and programme expenses, and capital investments across all governmental higher education institutions engaged in agricultural research in Peru, including INIA. Peru’s public investments in agricultural R&D are low. In 2020, total government spending on agricultural research was USD 110.2 million, representing only 0.4% of agricultural GDP (Figure 4.3).
Notes: Total agricultural R&D spending (excluding the private for-profit sector) includes salaries, operating and programme costs, and capital investments for all government, non-profit and higher education agencies involved in agricultural research in the country. Expenditures have been adjusted for inflation and are expressed in 2011 prices.
Source: ASTI (2025[38]), Agricultural Science & Technology Indicators, https://www.asti.cgiar.org/.
INIA has been a major focus for agricultural innovation funding. Its funding primarily comes from the government, with additional support from donors and the sales of goods and services. Figure 4.4 shows a higher allocation of resources from 2015 to 2021 due to the implementation of the National Agricultural Innovation project (PNIA), which was largely financed through loans from the World Bank and the IDB (see Section 4.5). INIA’s budget remained limited and showed a declining trend in 2021 and 2022, aligning with the finalisation of the PNIA. In 2024, INIA’s total budget was USD 55.8 million. Since 2023, a budget recovery has been observed (INIA, 2024[39]).
During the implementation of PNIA’s 2015-2021, more than 50% of INIA’s budget was associated with PNIA-funded interventions. However, INIA’s regular budget, excluding PNIA resources, remained low and was inefficiently allocated, with a greater emphasis on administrative functions at the expense of core R&D activities (PNIA, 2021[22]). The recent approval of a new salary scale for its personnel, through a supreme decree enacted on 21 May 2025, represents a significant step toward strengthening its institutional capacity by acknowledging the strategic role of human capital in advancing agricultural innovation (El Peruano, 2025[40]). Still, limited funding, poor infrastructure and the need to continually strengthen research staff’s capabilities constitute persistent challenges for INIA. Added to this is the high rotation in leadership positions, which has affected the continuity of research programmes on several occasions, evidencing the need for more stable and coherent institutional management.
In terms of other public investments, since 2020, INIA has been implementing 14 projects for a total of approximately USD 35 million, aimed at improving both the availability and access to high-quality genetic material for strategic crops and for livestock systems in the Selva and Sierra regions. These projects promote the use of reproductive biotechnology, the development of certified seeds, precision agriculture, the restoration of degraded soils, sustainable water management and the characterisation of agrobiodiversity in 17 departments across the country (INIA, 2024[19]).
There are some investments in R&D&I in a tangential and/or punctual manner implemented by other MIDAGRI institutions, universities, agro-export companies and even farmers organisations. One example is the construction of the National Agrarian University La Molina Technology Park (Decree N° 183-2021-PCM). Agro-export companies invested in incorporating new crops, since it is essential for growth and competitiveness (El Peruano, 2021[42]).
4.4.1. Digitisation, connectivity, deployment and use of digital technologies
Rural connectivity has transformed over the past years
Over the past 20 years, digital technologies have become central in relaying information and knowledge, placing communication networks at the forefront of agricultural extension. Improvements in digital infrastructure are important for facilitating innovative practices in agriculture, including precision farming and digital marketplaces for crop sales in rural areas.
Peru’s broadband market has seen significant improvements over the past decade. Growth in broadband subscriptions has been led by mobile services, which saw a sharp rise from 47.9 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2014, to 95 in 2024 (98% growth). This is still somewhat below the OECD average of 138 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. Whilst fixed broadband subscriptions have also seen a remarkable growth of 129% over the 2014-2024 period, fixed broadband penetration is much lower than mobile broadband, with 12 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in June 2024, well below the OECD average of 36.3.
The share of the population using the internet has been steadily increasing over the past two decades, with a steep increase seen since 2015 (Figure 4.5). In 2023, around 80% of the national population uses the internet. The National Telecommunications Programme has played a key role in expanding internet access, with over 4 million fixed internet connections registered at the end of 2024 (OSIPTEL, 2025[43]).
Internet access saw an increase over the past two years, especially in rural areas, which jumped from 20% in 2022 to 83% in 2024. This largely reflects the change in methodology by the inclusion of prepaid mobile connections in this indicator. However, gaps between urban and rural areas remain, with fixed download speeds in cities in Peru being 246.4% higher than in rural areas (OECD, 2025[44]). Users in cities have also reported a higher percentage of consistent quality than rural users.
Share of population
Note: Individuals using the internet: Internet users are individuals who have used the internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV, etc. Internet access for national, urban and rural areas considers fixed and postpaid mobile connections until 2022. From 2023 onwards, it also includes prepaid mobile connections.
Source: World Bank (2025[45]), World Development Indicators, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators; INEI (2025[46]), Microdatos: Base de datos, https://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/microdatos/.
Peru has put forward several resources to promote the extension of online resources across its regions. In 2022, the Ministry of Education (MINEDU) launched the Plan to Close the Digital Divide, which aims to reduce inequality in access to, use of and skills in information and communication technologies (MINEDU, 2022[47]). This includes the provision of technological equipment for primary and secondary schools, digital platforms with access to virtual courses and training programmes, and the development of digital educational content and content for scenarios without connectivity. Additionally, the plan includes the establishment of technical assistance for access to, use of and the management of technological devices according to training needs and available technologies.
Furthermore, Peru has launched the Internet Para Todos (IPT) programme in 2019 to establish telecommunications infrastructure in areas where Internet access is limited, such as rural areas. This has resulted in further Internet coverage for 3.8 million Peruvians in rural areas. The improvement in mobile network coverage and public and private investment efforts have been key to facilitating the significant progress seen in rural connectivity (IPT, 2025[48]).
INIA’s digital presence faces important challenges to guarantee that users, especially the agricultural community, access the available information quickly and effectively. A key starting point to strengthen this dimension is Legislative Decree No. 1412 (El Peruano, 2018[49]), which approves the Digital Government Law. This standard improves digital governance at the three levels of government and promotes the standardisation of criteria for information management in public entities, including INIA.
In line with these standards, INIA has developed an institutional repository that brings together more than 2 500 technical-scientific publications (INIA, 2025[50]), which is aligned with CONCYTEC’s PerúCRIS project. PerúCRIS aims to consolidate the management of national scientific knowledge, generating statistics for decision making at various levels of government and making Peruvian scientific production internationally visible (CONCYTEC, 2025[51]). However, structural challenges persist, such as limited connectivity in some areas and unequal access to digital platforms for various regions of the country, which restricts the effective use of these systems by farmers and users linked to INIA and its EEAs.
Digital agriculture is gradually being consolidated through public policies and a growing number of public-private and private initiatives
MIDAGRI leads efforts such as the Digital Identity of Farmers, a mobile tool integrated into the National Registry of Farmers (PPA), which enables plot georeferencing, climate event reporting, and access to services such as incentives, technical assistance, credit, insurance and early warnings. In parallel, the National Registry of Farmers Observatory provides geospatial data to enhance the planning and targeting of agricultural services, allowing for more targeted state interventions while helping to improve measurement of investment impacts. To address climate risks, a Climate Early Warning System has been developed in collaboration with SENAMHI and the Institute of the Sea of Peru to improve climate risk management in sectors such as agriculture and fisheries by providing real-time weather information. Other complementary efforts include the Digital Farmer platform, launched by the Ministry of Production (PRODUCE), MIDAGRI and the FAO, which facilitates direct online marketing for smallholders (IICA, 2025[52]; FAO, 2023[53]; MIDAGRI, 2023[54]; MIDAGRI, 2026[55]).
On the private sector side, the Dimitra + IDMA partnership integrates artificial intelligence and blockchain technology to certify organic products and support traceability systems under participatory guaranteed schemes. Likewise, Amazon Innovatech has supported digital traceability modules and deforestation-free monitoring in pilot regions. In addition, start-ups such as Farmonaut use satellite imagery and artificial intelligence to monitor crop health in real time. Collectively, these initiatives reflect a growing digital innovation ecosystem aimed at supporting small-scale farming and sustainable agriculture (SOLIDARIDAD, 2024[56]).
INIA created an online institutional registry to multiply publications on production techniques. Between 2019 and 2023, the number of publications from INIA increased from 500 to 1 900. It also created an official knowledge management platform aligned with CONCYTEC’s CRIS system (INIA, 2020[57]). INIA also organises online courses available to all farmers. A centralised platform allows for efficient prioritisation of certain lessons, notably putting an emphasis on modern and sustainable practices and production techniques.
Despite these efforts, digital literacy remains another critical barrier to digital inclusion in Peru. In 2022, 31.5% of the Erestel survey indicated that they do not use the Internet because they do not know how to, and 29.3% said they do not need the Internet (CEPLAN, 2024[58]). This disparity is likely attributed to limited educational resources and a lack of localised digital content that resonates with rural communities. Even with Internet coverage infrastructure and efficient digital extension services in place, the competency to use digital tools is essential for farmers to access these services.
4.4.2. Using data for a transition towards a more sustainable and productive model of agriculture
The project to improve the Agriculture Information System for Rural Development of Peru (PIADER), is the key tool for agricultural information sharing in Peru. Executed by MIDAGRI, PIADER aims to strengthen the quality, coverage and availability of agricultural information in Peru (MIDAGRI, 2024[59]). It focuses on enhancing the quality and accessibility of agricultural statistics through advanced technologies, including satellite imagery, drone photography and remote sensors; strengthening the capacities of information-generating agents; and implementing a technological centre for monitoring agricultural dynamics.
The objective is to develop a comprehensive statistical framework to accurately monitor agricultural production, crop yields and land-use changes over time, notably by creating detailed maps of agricultural zones and crop-specific data, which will be integrated into a centralised database accessible via mobile technologies. The project was financed by the IDB with a budget of USD 15 million (IDB, 2025[60]). Currently, PIADER is exclusively funded by the Peruvian Government. For 2025, it has been allocated a budget of approximately USD 3.5 million, reflecting a strategic decision by the national government to strengthen the integration of the agricultural information system and to promote the sustainable development of the rural sector.
In this sense, PIADER promotes a regulatory and technical framework aligned with the government’s data governance framework, which regulates the management of agricultural data through principles of controlled access, privacy protection, interoperability, and transparent and equitable use of information. In addition, it has developed specific policies for the agricultural sector that regulate the collection of data at the farm level (land use, planted area, sowing and harvest dates, and production volumes), the use of advanced technologies such as sensors and drones, the protection of sensitive data under Law No. 29733, and open access to data for public purposes (MIDAGRI, 2025[61]).
Under this framework, PIADER has developed and implemented key instruments to strengthen the agricultural information system, including the ENA, the Production Cost Survey and a Master Sampling Frame based on remote sensing and satellite image processing at the national level. These efforts are complemented by the implementation of a technological platform for data management, the training of 4 600 information agents, the registration of 2 million farmers in the National Registry of Farmers, the establishment of a technology centre for agricultural monitoring, and the provision of tablets to regional directorates of agriculture. Notably, the ENA enables the collection of detailed information on production units, generating essential microdata for policy formulation, supported by modern technological tools and ensuring data confidentiality (MIDAGRI, 2025[62]).
4.4.3. Protection of intellectual property rights
Peru provides a relatively low level of protection of intellectual property rights. In 2019, the country scored an IPPI of 3.2, placing it 124th out of 141 countries globally (Figure 4.6). This is lower than the OECD average of 5.1 yet indicates an improvement from Peru’s score of 2.5 in 2009.
Scale from lowest (1) to highest (7) protection
Note: OECD is the simple average of member countries’ indices. The measure of intellectual property protection derives from the Executive Opinion Survey of the World Economic Forum in response to the question “In your country, to what extent is intellectual property protected?” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent]. The survey is used to calculate the Global Competitiveness Index, which captures the microeconomic and macroeconomic foundations of national competitiveness.
Source: WEF (2019[63]), The Global Competitiveness Report 2019, https://www.weforum.org/publications/how-to-end-a-decade-of-lost-productivity-growth/.
In Peru, INDECOPI works to protect and promote intellectual property rights in the field of STI, as well as to register and promote technical and standard norms within the sector. Launched in 2019, the OECD Regional Centre for Competition in Latin America and the Caribbean is a joint venture between INDECOPI and the OECD, benefiting around 25 countries in the region (OECD, 2025[64]). It provides regular capacity-building activities to competition officials, regulators and judges, with over 1 989 participants having benefited from the centre’s 22 events held so far.
Peru has made substantial strides in increasing its protection of intellectual property for plant varieties. In 2011, the Regulation for Protecting the Rights of Plant Breeders entered into force, establishing a regulatory framework as provided under the 1991 International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (WIPO, 2025[65]). This is reflected in the rise of the index of legal protection for plant varieties from 2.11 to 3.31 between 2000 and 2018 (Figure 4.7). This reflects the general trend toward increased legal protection observed in most of the countries observed. This progress suggests a stronger commitment to protecting plant breeders’ rights, which is key to fostering innovation in the agricultural sector.
Score from lowest (0) to highest (5) protection
Note: The index has five components: 1) ratification of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) conventions, which consider whether a country has adhered to the subsequent revisions of the UPOV Convention (1961, 1978 and 1991); 2) the farmers’ exception (the farmer’s right to save seeds, which entitles farmers to use the product of their harvests obtained from a protected plant variety for the purpose of reproduction in their farms), which considers if the right is taken into account in the country’s legislation; 3) the breeder’s exception (the exclusion right does not extend to the use of a plant variety for experimental or research purposes by other breeders), which considers whether the country has introduced the concept of “essentially derived variety” that limits the scope of the exception; 4) protection length, which considers the duration of the right; and 5) patent scope, which considers whether patents are allowed in five domains that are related to plant breeding and agriculture, i.e. food, which processes products from agriculture; microorganisms; pharmaceutical; plant and animals; and plant varieties.
Source: Campi and Nuvolari (2020[66]), Worldwide Index of IPRs in Agriculture (1961-2018), https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/project/121001/version/V1/view.
As of the first quarter of 2025, INIA had registered a total of 60 crops with INDECOPI, all of which are protected under plant breeders’ rights, reflecting the institution’s sustained commitment to intellectual property protection in the agricultural domain (INIA, 2025[67]). Figure 4.8 presents a classification of the cultivars developed by INIA that have obtained official breeders’ certificates. Maize exhibits the highest number of protected varieties (15), followed by rice (7), wheat (8), and potato (5). Additional crops with multiple registered cultivars include fava beans, sweet potato, beans and oats, each ranging from three to five certifications. Conversely, crops such as garlic and sugarcane are represented by a single registered variety.
Source: INIA (2025[67]), Registro del Área de Gestión de la Propiedad Intelectual en la Innovación Agraria APIA-SDPIA-INIA.
The potato is one of Peru’s most important agricultural products, both from a historical perspective as well as in terms of production, area planted and trade. Moreover, potatoes are a staple food in the country. Peru is the centre of origin of potatoes, as it has the greatest number of varieties.
One of the National Institute for Agricultural Innovation’s (INIA) main areas of activity is crop modification and the creation of new varieties, and many independent groups, researchers or institutions in the country also directly or indirectly co-operate with INIA. This makes INIA the main exporter of new crops in Peru (of all varieties of crops cultivated in the country, 47% were created by INIA).
This has been especially effective with species of potatoes, with over 11 000 varieties (of which 4 500 are officially registered). Forty-one crop species are considered to be of high genetic quality, good nutritional capacity and adequate harvest yield (INIA, 2020[68]). Registration in the INIA-created INDECOPI system allows for easy access to details on genes and physiology, which researchers then use to cross the best species, creating various enhanced crops. The priorities of these modifications have notably been to prepare more durable and disease-resistant crops for the evolving conditions of territories affected by climate change, as well as to increase yield and improve quality to feed a growing population, which the National Institute of Statistics predicts to be 40 million inhabitants by 2050.
The latest potato varieties developed by INIA are the Kulli potato, the INIA 330 potato and the INIA 332-LG Jija potato produced in the agricultural experimental stations of Cusco, Puno and Huancayo, respectively (INIA, 2020[68]). The Kulli potato has high iron and zinc contents, as well as polyphenols and antioxidants (189% more than the average native potato varieties), making it ideal for combating malnutrition. The potato’s purple colour also makes it a popular product in soft drinks, juices, yoghurt, flour and cosmetics. The INIA 330 potato, on the other hand, has a harvest yield of 20-30 tonnes per hectare in arid regions and is resistant to frost and drought. The INIA 332‑LG Jija potato has good yield characteristics, excellent qualities for strip frying and chip processing, good tolerance to pathogens such as late blight and early blight and is also drought-tolerant. These varieties are part of Peru’s national strategy to promote food security, enhance farmer incomes and support the adaptation of agriculture to changing climate conditions.
Efforts to preserve native potato varieties are also underway. INIA has been evaluating over 3 000 native potato varieties to protect their cultural value, develop new potential cultivars and thus contribute to the economy of smallholder farmers in the Sierra region. INIA has currently registered over 750 native potato varieties, driving the commercialisation of these varieties in national and international markets.
Sources: INIA (2024[19]; 2023[69]; 2022[35]; 2021[34]; 2020[33]); Roldán and Salas (2019[70]); CGIAR (2025[71]).
4.4.4. Education and training
Universities play a key role in Peru’s agricultural innovation, although quality and access challenges persist
Public and private universities, together with technical and vocational institutes, play a strategic role in the development of Peru’s agricultural sector, particularly in the training of human capital, applied research, knowledge transfer and the strengthening of productive capacities at the territorial level (PNIA, 2021[22]). The University La Molina, as a leading public agricultural institution, has played an important role in the development of Peru’s agricultural sector through specialised academic programmes, scientific research, technical assistance, and collaborative initiatives with farmers and government entities.
In parallel, the country has a network of technical and vocational education institutions, comprised of institutes of higher technological education (IEST) and centres for technical-productive education (CETPRO), which play a critical role in the practical training of rural youth and small-scale farmers in rural areas (MINEDU, 2023[72]). These institutions offer programmes in agricultural production, agro-industry, mechanised farming and natural resource management, directly contributing to the adoption of new technologies in rural areas.
However, both universities and technical institutes face challenges, including limited investment in infrastructure and equipment, limited institutional articulation with the agricultural innovation system, and the need to update curricula in line with the evolving demands of the sector. These factors highlight the need to strengthen their effective integration into the SNIA and within the broader AKIS framework (PNIA, 2021[22]).
In 2020, Peru had 352 full-time equivalent agricultural researchers, 72% of whom were male and 28% of which were female. INIA employed just 30% of the total agricultural research capacity. The University La Molina accounts for 50%; the remaining 20% is distributed across various universities and institutes (ASTI, 2025[38]). This includes all researchers employed in government, non-profit and higher education agencies in the country. Around 33% of researchers worked on crops; 21% on livestock; and the remainder focused on fisheries, forestry, natural resources and socio-economic areas. In 2020, around 30% of agricultural researchers had a PhD, while 39% had a Master of Science and 31% a Bachelor of Science (Stads and Santos, 2023[73]).
The National Registry of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation (RENACYT) is responsible for recognising, validating and classifying researchers engaged in STI in Peru. As of 12 June 2025, a total of 147 researchers from INIA were registered in the registry. Furthermore, the majority of highly qualified researchers at INIA and higher education institutions were over 60 and nearing retirement, highlighting the urgent need to train the next generation of agricultural researchers (INIA, 2025[74]).
The available professional training and centres of higher education face challenges that impact overall quality and accessibility. When looking at higher education opportunities at the master’s and doctoral levels, there are significantly fewer programmes available in the field of science and technology. Challenges persist not only in academic education but also in technical education, where quality standards remain uneven. The country’s technical education lacks infrastructure, and its academic elements are not aligned with the country’s STI needs; all these apply to the agricultural sector as well (MINEDU, 2024[7]).
Farmers’ access to agricultural information
Agricultural information includes the ability of farmers to obtain, understand and apply technical, productive, commercial and regulatory data, which allows them to make informed decisions and improve their agricultural practices. This access constitutes a fundamental component for the effectiveness of agricultural extension services.
Agricultural information includes information on sale prices, quantity produced, demand for products, agroclimatic information (temperature, rainfall, wind speed), price of fertilisers, livestock inputs, soil suitability, crop management and breeding techniques. In general, the main channels through which farmers access agricultural information in Peru include farmers’ organisations, public entities, technological means such as mobile applications and digital platforms, local markets and agricultural fairs, and private companies, among others. However, the coverage of these channels remains uneven and faces limitations, particularly in remote rural areas where access to infrastructure, connectivity and institutional services is restricted.
The dissemination of new technology is facilitated by events. For instance, in 2024 INIA held 145 training courses and 274 agricultural technology transfer events, including technical talks, demonstration plots, demonstration of methods, field days, demonstration modules, guided tours and workshops. The technical-productive capacities of 9 344 farmers were strengthened (INIA, 2024[19]). These activities are designed to showcase the practical applications of research findings, enabling farmers to adopt new technologies and practices effectively.
Looking at gender, fewer female farmers are receiving agricultural extension services than male farmers (Figure 4.9). The lower participation of rural women in agricultural extension services can be attributed to a combination of structural, sociocultural and institutional factors. A key barrier is the lack of formal land ownership among many female farmers, which limits their eligibility for public programmes that require land titles as a prerequisite (FAO, 2017[75]). Additionally, traditional gender roles assign women a disproportionate share of domestic and caregiving responsibilities, significantly reducing their availability to attend training sessions or receive technical assistance, especially when such services are offered at inconvenient times or far from their communities (OECD, 2022[76]).
Source: INEI (2025[27]), Productores Agropecuarios – Principales Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria (ENA), 2018-2019 y 2022-2024, https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/8237929/6879473-productores-agropecuarios-principales-resultados-de-la-encuesta-nacional-agropecuaria-ena-2018-2019-y-2022-2024%282%29.pdf?v=1750438114.
Some initiatives have been put in place to address women’s inequalities in the sector. For example, AGROIDEAS is implementing a strategy that supports agricultural, livestock, forestry, and related handicraft ventures, focusing on rural and indigenous women’s organisations to strengthen their economic autonomy (see Chapter 2) (El Peruano, 2023[77]).
Despite national-level progress in gender equity policies, many agricultural institutions still lack clear strategies and the institutional capacity to implement a gender-responsive approach in their programmes and technical teams. This institutional gap hinders efforts to close gender disparities and limits equitable and effective access to extension services for rural women.
Various international stakeholders have collaborated with Peru’s national institutions to support the development of agricultural innovation. For example, between 2002 and 2010, the World Bank supported the Peruvian government’s project on Innovation and Competitiveness for Peruvian Agriculture (INCAGRO), which aimed to strengthen strategic research, adopt new technologies and provide innovative training. The project involved co-operation with investigation centres, universities, NGOs and agriculture to implement a decentralised innovation system with participation from the private sector. It played a foundational role in building Peru’s national agrarian innovation system by reducing gaps in agricultural STI; strengthening local capacities; and promoting a competitive, decentralised, multi-actor approach to innovation (INIA, 2024[19]). But the most important recent project was recently the National Agricultural Innovation project (PNIA).
4.5.1. The National Agricultural Innovation project (PNIA) played a key role in developing Peru’s agricultural innovation system
The 2015-2021 PNIA, implemented by INIA in partnership with the World Bank and the IDB, was one of the most significant projects shaping the agricultural innovation system of Peru. The programme’s main objective was to position innovation as a strategic driver to enhance the productivity and sustainability of the agricultural sector, through the institutional and functional strengthening of SNIA and the promotion of structured mechanisms for technology generation, adaptation and transfer (PNIA, 2021[22]).
The PNIA was structured around two complementary components: 1) the World Bank component, focused on institutional strengthening of INIA and consolidation of the SNIA; and 2) the IDB component, aimed at developing strategic innovation and technology transfer services, and modernising INIA’s organisational and operational structure. The programme had nationwide coverage and targeted key stakeholders in the agricultural innovation ecosystem, including farmers’ organisations, universities, research centres and private companies.
The programme was funded through a multilateral co-financing scheme, which included loan agreements with both the IDB and the World Bank, complemented by a national financial contribution. The total budget amounted to USD 177.2 million, consisting of USD 40 million contributed by each multilateral institution and a contribution of USD 97.2 million from the government of Peru (World Bank, 2021[21]). Furthermore, a grant of USD 350 000 for the preparation of the operation was financed by the Spanish Fund for Latin America (World Bank, 2021[21]).
By the end of the PNIA, INIA had achieved significant progress in institutional co-ordination and modernisation (Table 4.1). Ensuring the consolidation and long-term sustainability of these achievements remains a challenge. INIA continues to face institutional constraints in fully developing its leadership, co-ordination and capacity to promote innovation services nationwide. Addressing these gaps is essential for maintaining the momentum generated by the PNIA and for ensuring the continued strengthening of Peru’s agricultural innovation system.
Source: PNIA (2021[22]), Informe final de gestion, https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/1920833/PNIA%20Informe%20Final%20de%20Gestion%202021.pdf.
The PNIA’s activity culminated in 2021, after spending upwards of USD 88 million from international funds. The programme boasted over 800 funded subprojects in co-ordination with farmers’ associations, peasant communities and research centres. In addition, 1 000 research projects were registered on the D-Space platform along CONCYTEC standards, nearly 300 research and transfer agents were formed, and close to 400 funded scholarships for higher education were established. The generated innovations from these projects have been adopted by nearly 32 000 farmers (World Bank, 2021[21]).
The success of the PNIA can be attributed to a collaboration among various national and international stakeholders. The programme served as a co-ordinating platform that facilitated linkages among actors of the AKIS at both the national and regional levels. Key national institutions included the MEF, MIDAGRI and INIA, while international support came from organisations such as the FAO, which provided technical assistance, and the IDB and World Bank, which financed the programme (PNIA, 2021[22]).
One illustrative case of the collaborative approach promoted by the PNIA is the project with the Central Coffee and Cocoa Producers of the Central Jungle (CEPROCAFÉ), which strengthened technical capacities; introduced post-harvest technologies, and improved bean quality through joint efforts among farmers, exporting companies, INIA and universities. Another notable case was the project with the Native Potato Producers Association of the Mantaro Valley (Junín), where participatory technological validation, biodiversity conservation, value addition and market access were promoted through partnerships involving producers, research centres, regional governments and universities. These experiences demonstrate the potential of the PNIA’s territorial and multi-actor approach to foster relevant, sustainable and locally adapted innovation (World Bank, 2021[21]; PNIA, 2021[22]).
4.5.2. Other international partnerships are contributing to agricultural innovation
Launched in 2011, Plantwise is a global programme led by the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, which supports smallholder farmers with plant health management (CABI, 2025[78]).Working together with the country’s agricultural ministries and related institutions, the programme uses a series of digital tools – such as live online plant clinic sessions, SMS messages and social media – to reach smallholder farmers. WhatsApp support groups for crop diagnoses and recommendations have been particularly successful in Latin American countries (FAO, 2021[79]). With support from the Plantwise programme, INIA established an advisory YouTube Channel focused on technical information on key crops, reaching up to 3.5 million farmers in 2020.
AGRIS is an international knowledge-sharing network that brings together scientific contributions from hundreds of organisations across the globe. Its platform provides a multilingual bibliographic repository focused on food and agriculture, with a particular emphasis on scientific output from the Global South. In this context, in 2024, 27 Peruvian institutions, including universities and research centres, officially joined AGRIS, thereby strengthening the Peruvian AKIS by enhancing the visibility and accessibility of national agricultural knowledge at the global level (FAO, 2024[80]).
Several CGIAR centres have maintained active partnerships with Peruvian institutions. The International Potato Centre (CIP), headquartered in Lima, has significantly contributed to research on root and tuber crops, climate-resilient agriculture, and food security. Other centres, such as the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) and the Alliance of Biodiversity International and CIAT, have supported initiatives related to sustainable intensification, agrobiodiversity and innovation platforms in the Sierra region.
International co-operation agencies such as the FAO, the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) and the Germany Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ) have worked closely with MIDAGRI and INIA to strengthen extension systems, digital agriculture services and innovation policy frameworks. In addition, bilateral agencies including the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and Korea Programme on International Agriculture (along with international financial institutions like the IDB and the World Bank) have provided technical assistance and funding for national projects and programmes (INIA, 2023[69]; 2024[19]; International Potato Center, 2023[81]; 2021[82]; FAO, 2023[83]).
One notable international project has supported INIA’s project to modernise the national agricultural innovation system. Financed through Loan 5916/OC-PE from the IDB, the Project to Improve the Network of Innovation, Technology Transfer and Agricultural Extension Services aims to enhance agricultural productivity in Peru while promoting environmental sustainability and climate resilience by strengthening INIA’s research capacity; improving the quality and reach of technology transfer and extension services, particularly for small-scale farming; and supporting the accreditation and training of extension agents. The total loan amounts to approximately USD 85 million, with a contribution of USD 22 million from the Peruvian government, bringing the total project cost to USD 107 million (IDB, 2025[84]). Most of these projects include training and technology transfer components, contributing to the strengthening of technical capacities among both extension personnel and farmers (IDB, 2025[84]).
More generally, INIA has established more than 500 agreements with universities and research institutions at both the national and international levels. These strategic partnerships have contributed to strengthening Peru’s AKIS, facilitating the generation of locally adapted technologies, enhancing knowledge transfer to farmers, and promoting more inclusive and sustainable innovation processes in the agri-food sector (INIA, 2024[19]).
4.6.1. Outputs of R&D investment in agro-food science (publications and patents)
Peru produces a moderate number of publications related to agriculture annually. Figure 4.10 presents the volume of scientific publications on agricultural topics produced each year by INIA, which has been increasing in recent years, with a peak of 133 publications in 2024.
Source: INIA (2025[85]), Artículos científicos publicados en el repositorio institucional del INIA, https://pgc-snia.inia.gob.pe/assets/images/reportes/ReporteArticulos.html.
In terms of the adoption of different varieties and production systems, over time, farmers have adopted innovations. For example, INIA focused on genetic improvement and biotechnological applications for crop improvement, generating disease-tolerant potato varieties, such as the Canchán potato variety that is tolerant to blight (late blight); or rice varieties with higher yields (INIA 508 – Tinajones, INIA 513 – La Puntilla, INIA 515 – Capoteña, among others) (INIA, 2024[19])
In the Sierra region, several varieties of quinoa have been developed, such as Salcedo, which stands out for its high nutritional content and adaptability to the cold climates of the mountains. This variety has contributed significantly to improving food security and agricultural sustainability in high-altitude areas. In 2024, the INIA 105 – Donajus garlic variety was officially released, which stands out for its high yield, exceeding 14 tonnes per hectare in a vegetative cycle of just 5 months. This variety has shown excellent adaptation in areas such as Lima, Áncash, Junín and Arequipa, consolidating itself as a technological alternative of great value to improve farmers’ productivity and profitability (INIA, 2024[86]; 2024[19]).
The EEA in Pucallpa has been important in developing integrated pest management practices that have reduced farmers’ reliance on chemical pesticides in the Ucayali region. Moreover, the EEAs’ focus on developing and distributing improved crop varieties has led to notable enhancements in agricultural productivity. INIA’s annual reports indicate that between 2010 and 2022, the introduction of new varieties of staples like potatoes, rice and quinoa by the EEAs has led to an average yield increase of approximately 20% across these crops (INIA, 2023[69]; INIA, 2022[35]; INIA, 2021[34]; INIA, 2020[33]).
Between 2018 and 2024, INIA successfully registered more than 60 plant varieties under plant breeders’ rights. This achievement strengthens the protection of research results and highlights the strategic role of plant breeding in improving agricultural productivity, increasing resilience to climate change and contributing to national food security (INIA, 2024[86]; 2024[19]). INIA has been central to the generation of new crop varieties and technological innovations. By 2024, a total of 205 crop varieties had been released, primarily of potatoes, beans, wheat, rice and maize (both starchy and hard yellow types), as well as quinoa, broad beans, oats and sweet potatoes (Figure 4.11).
Source: INIA (2025[67]), Registro del Área de Gestión de la Propiedad Intelectual en la Innovación Agraria APIA-SDPIA-INIA.
Smaller numbers of other crops have also been released, including four varieties each of cotton and kiwicha; three of barley; two of triticale (a hybrid cereal) and garlic; and one variety each of ryegrass, tarwi, carrot, pea, pallar, oca, lentil, cañihua, sugarcane and camu camu. In addition, 4 guinea pig breeds and 48 agricultural technologies have been developed (INIA, 2024[19]; 2023[69]). These new varieties generally offer the benefits of a higher yield and/or increased resilience to pests. This period also saw significant efforts to improve crop resilience and productivity through genetic improvements and biotechnological interventions, particularly relevant in the face of climate change. INIA’s work in developing disease-resistant and high-yield varieties is crucial for enhancing food security and agricultural sustainability in Peru (CGIAR, 2025[87]).
INIA’s impact on agricultural production is evident in the development of and availability of various technologies aimed at improving crop productivity and breeding, especially in key areas for food security such as potatoes, maize and rice. Between 1991 and 2011, the release of 137 technologies was recorded, including crop varieties, animal breeds and technological practices. Among the most relevant contributions are rice cultivars such as Tinajones and Mallares, which have contributed to the increase in yield in the north of the Costa region; improved potato varieties widely used in the inter-Andean valleys; as well as new varieties of quinoa adapted to the southern mountains and improved breeds of guinea pig (INIA, 2011[88]). In recent years, technological development has not stopped. INIA has continued generating and disseminating new varieties of crops and animal breeds, contributing to strengthening agricultural productivity and the well-being of farmers in different regions of the country.
Different EEAs have contributed to the development and dissemination of new crop varieties and livestock breeds. For instance, the EEAs of Baños del Inca in Cajamarca, Andenes in Cusco and Santa Ana in Huancayo have made significant contributions regarding new potato cultivars and other Andean crops such as quinoa. The EEA Illpa of Puno has made important advances in the improvement of the alpaca, and the Experimental Centre of La Molina in Lima in improved breeds of guinea pigs. The EEA Vista Florida of Lambayeque has made important contributions in rice and yellow maize cultivars, mainly oriented to the Costa region. There are also notable examples of progress in export-oriented crops such as coffee and cocoa in the Selva (Amazon) region, and quinoa in the Sierra region.
4.6.2. Innovation for sustainability
In terms of environmental sustainability, Peru has implemented several initiatives aimed at integrating eco-friendly practices within the agricultural sector. These include the promotion of organic farming and the implementation of sustainable water management practices, especially important in arid regions and those facing the most severe impacts of climate change. Some examples are the Alliance Bioversity & CIAT of the CGIAR, which has established community seed banks and strengthened the conservation and sustainable management of crop diversity in the country’s agrobiodiversity zones, particularly in the Sierra region, to conserve native crop diversity and enhance local food security. It supports Indigenous Communities in maintaining, exchanging and regenerating traditional seeds such as native potatoes, maize and tubers through community-led conservation practices. These seed banks serve as critical hubs for preserving genetic resources, traditional knowledge and food security while also building resilience to climate change. The project fosters collaboration between farmers, researchers and policy makers to promote sustainable agricultural systems rooted in cultural heritage (Alliance Bioversity & CIAT, 2025[89]).
Cocoa Business Model, a project led by Alliance Biodiversity, works with cocoa producers in Curimaná with the Agricultural Cooperative in Ucayali (Selva region). The project’s objective is to strengthen sustainable, resilient farming by integrating agroecological principles into business models. Through participatory methods such as focus groups, business model mapping and diagnostic tools, farmers and researchers identify how ecological practices like nutrient recycling, biodiversity conservation and local knowledge use are already embedded in smallholder production. The project promotes these practices by aligning them with market incentives, technical support and inclusive governance, aiming to transform the cocoa sector into one that is more equitable, environmentally sound and economically viable (Alliance Bioversity & CIAT, 2025[90])
Potato Park in Pisac (Sierra region) is a biocultural heritage territory created in 2002 by six Quechua communities. Spanning 9 800 hectares in the Sacred Valley, it protects over 1 300 native potato varieties and other Andean crops. The initiative preserves traditional knowledge, cultural practices and landscapes. Governed by indigenous systems, it promotes community-based management and seed conservation. Traditional methods like crop rotation and natural fertilisers are combined with scientific partnerships, notably with the International Potato Centre. This supports climate-resilient farming and protects against biopiracy. The park also promotes sustainable development through its legal status as an Indigenous Biocultural Heritage Area, safeguarding land rights, crop-related intellectual property and benefit-sharing (Asociación ANDES, 2025[91]).
Agricultural innovation in Peru takes diverse forms depending on contextual conditions and is shaped by the characteristics of production units, their environment and market integration. The sector operates within a highly heterogeneous context, marked by ecological, cultural and institutional diversity, which presents challenges and opportunities. The country’s distinctive geography, high agrobiodiversity and ancestral agricultural knowledge have given rise to a complex, spatially differentiated agri-food system. This complexity is influenced by the vulnerabilities of small-scale farming, the rapid transformation of the agro-export sector and the central role of food security. The Sierra and Selva regions face significant challenges due to limited access to higher education, infrastructure and services.
Peru’s agricultural innovation system has made progress through the consolidation of the SNIA and the strengthening of INIA. Especially the areas of digital connectivity, international co-operation and agro-export performance have seen significant improvement. However, it still faces structural challenges that limit its effectiveness. Bottlenecks include institutional fragmentation, weak co-ordination, low investment in R&D&I, and regional disparities in infrastructure and human capital. The absence of an integrated system for monitoring and evaluating innovation limits evidence-based decision-making and the application of scientific knowledge.
Large-scale initiatives such as the project on Innovation and Competitiveness for Peruvian Agriculture and, subsequently, the PNIA, highlight the strategic importance of the AKIS for the country’s agricultural development (World Bank, 2021[21]). Furthermore, Peru has made significant strides in expanding digital access and infrastructure, notably in rural areas, indicating successful government investment and public initiatives and partnerships.
INIA, in its two distinct roles, R&D&I generator and extension provider and the facilitator of the SNIA system, has insufficient capacities to meet system objectives. Strengthening public-private co‑ordination, reinforcing territorial leadership and revising governance instruments are necessary. Building institutional capacity and encouraging private sector engagement through incentives are essential for sustainable agricultural development. Moreover, the Agricultural Experimental Stations (EEAs) face limitations in their roles, funding, and functions. They also lack the capacity to conduct sufficient regional research and effectively reach a large number of farmers.
Public policies promoting innovation have made progress through programmes like the Innovation and Competitiveness for Peruvian Agriculture project and the PNIA, and digital expansion. However, persistent bottlenecks limit a robust and inclusive R&D ecosystem. Challenges include low R&D investment, weak co-ordination, the lack of tailored service delivery models and digital gaps.
Peru’s agricultural extension system has limited coverage and has not received the investment needed to meet sector demands. Public policies have lacked clarity on the importance of extension services and their delivery. A disconnect between research and local needs remains a key barrier, especially for smallholders.
The private sector plays an active role in generating and transferring agricultural knowledge, mainly focused on commercial agriculture. While private actors, such as agribusinesses, NGOs, co‑operatives, and suppliers, provide training and technical assistance, especially in export-oriented value chains, overall coverage remains low. Public extension services are limited, creating opportunities for private participation. However, challenges persist, including weak co‑ordination with public institutions, a lack of quality standards, and concentration of private efforts in profitable areas. Strengthening structured public-private governance within the SNIA is essential to align efforts, expand reach, and enhance the impact and sustainability of agricultural innovation in Peru.
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← 1. Brain drain is a colloquial reference to a significant emigration of highly educated or highly skilled individuals. Talented citizens leave one country to move to a more favourable location with better employment or education opportunities. The Human Flight and Brain Drain Index ranges from 0 to 10, where a higher score indicates a greater degree of human capital flight (FSI, 2024[8]).