OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Kuwait 2021

Abbreviations and acronyms

A*STAR	Agency for Science, Technology and Research
ADIPEC	Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference
ATTRACT	Attracting Outstanding Young Researchers from Abroad (Luxembourg)
ACK	Australian College of Kuwait
AEI	Spanish Agency of Research
ANR	National Research Agency, France
AUM	American University of the Middle East
CAGR	Compound annual growth rate
CWTS	Centre for Science and Technology Studies
DDI	Dasman Diabetes Institute
D&I	Drilling and Intervention
FFG	Austrian industrial Research Promotion Agency
FISIM	Financial intermediation services indirectly measured
FTE	Full-time equivalent
FNR	Luxembourg National Research Fund
FRED	Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
GCC	Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP	Gross domestic product
GE	General Electric
GERD	Gross expenditure on R&D
GIC	Global Innovation Company for Software Development & Training
GSSCPD	General Secretariat of the Supreme Council for Planning and Development
HEIs	Higher education institutions
HHI	Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index
HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IAEA	International Atomic Energy Agency
IBK	Industrial Bank of Kuwait
IBS	Institute of Banking Studies
ICT	Information and communication technologies
IEA	International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement
IED	Innovation and Enterprise Directorate
IFD	Innovation Fund Denmark
IMF	International Monetary Fund
IOCB	Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
IP	Intellectual property
IP5	Five IP offices, including the European Patent Office, Japan Patent Office, Korean Intellectual Property office, the National Intellectual Property Administration of the People's Republic of China and the United States Patent and Trademark Office
JAC	Jaber Al Ahmed Centre for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine
JPO	Japan Patent Office
K-companies	Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, Kuwait Oil Company, Kuwait National Petroleum Company, Petrochemicals Industry Company and Kuwait Oil Tanker Company
KAPP	Kuwait Authority for Partnership Projects
KCSB	Kuwait Central Statistical Bureau
KDI	Korea Development Institute
KDIPA	Kuwait Development and Investment Promotion Agency
KFAS	Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science
KIA	Kuwait Investment Authority
KIPRC	Kuwait International Petroleum Research Centre
KISR	Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
KLSC	Kuwait Life Sciences Company
KNAW	Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
KNPC	Kuwait National Petroleum Company
KOC	Kuwait Oil Company
KOTC	Kuwait Oil Tanker Company
KPC	Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
KPI	Key Performance Indicators
KPPC	Kuwait Public Policy Centre
KRRP	Kuwait Research Review Panel
KSPDC	Kuwait Small Projects Development Company
KSTIC	Kuwait Science, Technology and Innovation Council
KU	Kuwait University
KWD	Kuwaiti Dinar
LSE	London School of Economics
MAS	Manufacturing Advisory Service
MENA	Middle East and North Africa
MIMOS Berhad	Malaysia’s national Applied Research and Development Centre
MIT	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MRDP	Medium-Range Development Plan
MSCI	Morgan Stanley Capital Incorporated
MSF	Multi-Stage Flash Distillation
MSMEs	Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises
MYR	Malaysian Ringgit
NASCO	National Advisory Services Company
NESTA	National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts, United Kingdom
NIH	National Institutes of Health
NPST	National Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (Saudi Arabia)
NSF	National Science Foundation
NTEC	National Technology Enterprises Company
OCR	Offices of contract research
OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPEC	Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
PAAET	Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
PCT	WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty
PDVSA	Petróleos de Venezuela Sociedad Anonima
PEARL	Attracting Leading Reasearchers from Abroad to Luxembourg
PET	Positron Emission Tomography
PIC	Petrochemicals Industry Company
PRIs	Public research institutes
PUC	Private Universities Council
Q1	First quartile (top 25%)
QMS	Quality Management System
RCA	Revealed comparative advantage
RD	Research Directorate
R&D	Research and Development
RO	Reverse Osmosis
R&T	Research and Technology
SAC	Sabah Al-Ahmed Centre for Giftedness and Creativity
SAR	Saudi Riyal
SBIR	Small Business Innovation Research
SCPD	Supreme Council for Planning and Development
SDGs	Sustainable Development Goals
SINTEF	Applied Research, Technology and Innovation, Norway
SITC	Standard International Trade Classification
SITRA	Finnish Innovation Fund
SMEs	Small and medium-sized enterprises
SOEs	State-owned enterprises
SPECT	Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
SPI	Special Projects and Initiatives
SITRA	The Finnish Innovation Fund
STEM	Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
ST	Strategic Thrust
STI	Science, technology and innovation
TES	Technology extension services
TFP	Total factor productivity
THE	Times Higher Education
TIMSS	Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
TIP	OECD Working Party for Innovation and Technology policies
TRIPS	WTO Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
TSCK	The Scientific Centre of Kuwait
TTOs	Technology transfer offices
UAE	United Arab Emirates
UKRI	UK Research and Innovation
UNCTAD	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
USD	United States Dollar
USPTO	United States Patent and Trademark Office
VINNOVA	Sweden’s innovation agency
WCT	WIPO Copyright Treaty
WIPO	World Intellectual Property Organization
WITS	World Integrated Trade Solutions
WPPT	WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty
WRC	Water Research Centre
WTO	World Trade Organization
ZGI	Zain Great Ideas
ZIM	German Central Innovation Programme for SMEs