This paper was approved by the OECD Committee of Senior Budget Officials on 10 September 2025 and prepared for publication by the Secretariat.
This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
Photo credits: © Cover design by Meral Gedik using image from © U.P.SD/Shutterstock.com; and © Chilean Senate/Karin Pozo
© OECD 2025