OECD Economic Surveys: Poland 2025

Basic statistics of Poland, 2024

(Numbers in parentheses refer to the OECD average)

LAND, PEOPLE AND ELECTORAL CYCLE
Population (million, 2023)	36.7		Population density per km² (2023)	119.8	(39.2)
Under 15 (%, 2023)	14.9	(17.0)	Life expectancy at birth (years, 2023, OECD: 2022)	78.6	(80.6)
Over 65 (%, 2023)	18.5	(18.3)	Men (2023, OECD: 2022)	74.8	(78.0)
International migrant stock (% of population)	4.5	(15.7)	Women (2023, OECD: 2022)	82.4	(83.2)
Latest 5-year average growth (%)	-0.7	(0.4)	Latest general election	October 2023
ECONOMY
Gross domestic product (GDP)			Headline inflation (y-o-y % change, Dec-2024)	4.7	(4.68)
In current prices (billion USD, 2023)	810.0		Key monetary policy rate (%, Jan-2025)	5.75
In current prices (billion PLN, 2023)	3 400.9		Value added shares (%, 2023)
Latest 5-year average real growth (%)	2.6	(1.7)	Agriculture, forestry and fishing	3.2	(2.8)
Per capita (thousand USD PPP, 2023)1	46.6	(59.0)	Industry including construction	31.7	(27.2)
			Services	65.0	(70.0)
GENERAL GOVERNMENT (Per cent of GDP)
Expenditure (2023)	47.1	(42.9)	Gross financial debt (2023, OECD: 2022)	62.4	(109.6)
Revenue (2023)	41.8	(38.1)	Net financial debt (2023, OECD: 2022)	36.2	(66.5)
EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS
Exchange rate (PLN per USD)	3.98		Main exports (% of total merchandise exports, 2023)
PPP exchange rate (USA = 1, 2023)	1.99		Machinery and electronics	26.3
In per cent of GDP			Transportation	12.2
Exports of goods and services (2023)	58.2	(31.2)	Metals	9.8
Imports of goods and services (2023)	52.4	(31.2)	Main imports (% of total merchandise imports, 2023)
Current account balance (2023)	1.8	(-0.3)	Machinery and electronics	23.1
Net international investment position (2023)	-34.8		Transportation	11.1
			Chemicals	10.1
LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION
Employment rate (aged 15 and over, %, 2023)	56.5	(58.0)	Unemployment rate, Labour Force Survey (aged 15 and over, %, 2023)	2.8	(4.8)
Men (2023)	64.0	(65.5)	Youth (aged 15-24, %, 2023)	11.3	(10.6)
Women (2023)	49.7	(50.8)	Long-term unemployed (1 year and over, %, 2023)	0.7	(1.0)
Participation rate (aged 15 and over, %, 2023)	58.1	(60.9)	Tertiary educational attainment (aged 25-64, %, 2023)	37.9	(41.0)
Average hours worked per year (2023)	1 803	(1 742)	Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP, 2021)	1.4	(2.9)
ENVIRONMENT
Total primary energy supply per capita (toe, 2023)	2.7	(3.7)	CO2 emissions from fuel combustion per capita (tonnes, 2023)	7.2	( 7.6)
Renewables (%, 2023)	14.0	(12.5)	Water abstractions per capita (1 000 m³, 2022)	0.3
Exposure to air pollution (more than 10 μg/m³ of PM 2.5, % of population, 2020)	99.3	(56.5)	Municipal waste per capita (tonnes, 2022)	0.4	(0.5)
SOCIETY
Income inequality (Gini coefficient, 2022, OECD: latest available)	0.270	(0.316)	Education outcomes (PISA 2022 score)
Relative poverty rate (%, 2022, OECD: latest available)	9.1	(11.7)	Reading	489	(476)
Median disposable household income (thousand USD PPP, 2022, OECD: 2021)	29.3	(30.0)	Mathematics	489	(472)
Public and private spending (% of GDP)			Science	499	(485)
Health care (2023)	7.0	(9.2)	Share of women in parliament (%, 2023)	29.3	(32.8)
Pensions (2019)	11.0	(9.5)	Net official development assistance (% of GNI, 2022)	0.5	(0.4)
Education (total spending, 2020)	4.6	(5.1)

Note: The year is indicated in parenthesis if it deviates from the year in the main title of this table. Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of latest available data is calculated where data exist for at least 80% of member countries.

¹ The OECD aggregate refers to weighted average.

Source: Calculations based on data extracted from databases of the following organisations: OECD, International Energy Agency, International Labour Organisation, International Monetary Fund, United Nations, World Bank.