OECD Development Co‑operation Peer Reviews: Finland 2024

Annex B. Progress against OECD legal instruments under the responsibility of the DAC

Recommendations adopted by the Development Assistance Committee

DAC Recommendation on the Terms and Conditions of Aid [OECD/LEGAL/5006]

The average grant element of Finland’s official development assistance (ODA) commitments was 98.3% in 2021-22, above the norm of 86% (paragraph 2 of the Recommendation on the Terms and Conditions of Aid). At 0.47% in 2021 and 0.57% in 2022, Finland’s ODA commitments as a share of gross national income (GNI) exceeded the DAC average country effort in both years (paragraph 3 of the Recommendation).

In both 2021 and 2022, Finland met the commitment on the special terms for least developed countries (LDCs) (paragraph 8 of the Recommendation) thereby exceeding the 90% norm. The grant element of bilateral ODA commitments to LDCs was 100% in 2021-22. Over 2020-22, Finland also met the alternative norm of maintaining a three-year average of grant element of bilateral ODA to LDCs beyond 86%.

DAC Recommendation on Untying Official Development Assistance [OECD/LEGAL/5015]

Finland formally aligns with the DAC Recommendation on Untying Official Development Assistance. The share of de jure untied ODA provided to countries covered by the Recommendation stood at 98.2% in 2022 compared with 91.1% in 2021.1 Half of Finland’s reported tied aid covered by the Recommendation was channelled through multilateral institutions in 2022.

On average over the five-year period of 2018-22, Finland awarded 88% of untied contracts (in terms of value) to domestic entities. This serves as a proxy for de facto share of untied ODA. At this level, Finland is among the top three DAC members in terms of both the share and volume of ODA contracts awarded to national suppliers. Beyond the coverage of the Recommendation, Finland reported 96.6% of total bilateral ODA as untied in 2022. Most (56%) tied aid in 2022 was channelled through universities and research institutes and a further 25% through donor country-based CSOs.

Regarding adherence to the transparency provision of the Recommendation, Finland consistently reports to the DAC Secretariat on its ex-post contract awards. It does not, however, report ex ante on contract opportunities in the DAC public bulletin board. The last time Finland reported ex-ante notifications was in 2014. Finland informed the Secretariat that it will improve its implementation of ex-ante notifications in 2022, although it has not yet been able to do so. This additional transparency would allow a better advertisement of contract opportunities beyond Finland and would allow for a more disaggregated analysis of procurement outcomes since some pieces of information are only captured at the ex-ante notification level (e.g. sector and procurement regime).

DAC Recommendation on the Humanitarian-Development-Peace (HDP) Nexus [OECD/LEGAL/5019]

In response to the DAC Recommendation, in 2022 the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MFA) developed and published a new Guidance Note on the triple nexus and co-operation with fragile states and regions. The guidance is a tool for all MFA staff, including diplomatic missions, and stakeholders. It presents practical ways for taking a Nexus approach into account in the different phases of Finland’s programme cycles, covering bilateral and multilateral co‑operation as well as co-operation with civil society and other actors including public administration actors, universities and the private sector. It was drafted through a cross-MFA network and stakeholder consultations were also held with domestic partners. Finland is now in the process of gathering evidence from its implementation.

Recent changes within the MFA’s budget rules have made it administratively easier to transfer funds from development action to humanitarian aid, for example when a context deteriorates rapidly. This is done via a consultation between the relevant development and humanitarian units within the MFA. There are plans to further increase flexibility by combining the funding for development co‑operation and humanitarian assistance in the next call for proposals for programme partners (in 2025) (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2024[1]).

In terms of joint analysis, Finland reports several barriers, in particular the limited time and human resources for comprehensive and regular analysis by MFA staff in general. Country programming and planning of specific interventions require staff to analyse different aspects (including a human rights-based approach, various cross-cutting objectives and risk assessments). Nevertheless, finding joint time among development, humanitarian and peace experts is a challenge. Finland also notes that conflict analysis often has political aspects and therefore the humanitarian impartiality principle can make it difficult to conduct joint analysis across the MFA and that joint analysis tends to be easier during needs assessments and joint response planning.

In terms of data collection and information management and sharing, Finland’s MFA has included Nexus-related evaluation questions in three recent strategic evaluations. As statistical markers used in project classification do not directly state whether a project funded by Finland has Nexus elements, close co-operation with other units as well as good staff understanding of the Nexus approach are required. Building whole-of-MFA staff understanding of the Nexus would support greater learning and evidence gathering.

DAC Recommendation on Ending Sexual Exploitation, Abuse and Harassment in Development Co-operation and Humanitarian Assistance [OECD/LEGAL/5020]

Finland promotes a human rights-based approach in its development co-operation that it integrates into its risk management systems. This has contributed to the development of mechanisms to respond to incidents of sexual exploitation, abuse and harassment (SEAH), particularly by partners (Particip GmbH and NIRAS Finland Oy, 2023[2]). Finland has a clear zero tolerance policy regarding SEAH. While Finland has set clear expectations for partners, there is scope to apply and communicate on these more systematically within the MFA and government.

The MFA has introduced guidelines for the prevention of sexual harassment and sexual violence and has developed manuals for handling incidents. For partners, the MFA has a public policy on the prevention and elimination of SEAH in development co-operation and humanitarian assistance (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2023[3]), adopted by the ministry’s Development Policy Steering Group on 1 March 2023. The policy defines the MFA’s expectations towards its partners. However, it does not include specific goals.

Preventing and handling SEAH incidents is captured in the ministry’s Guidance note for monitoring and oversight of the grants and other public support awarded from development cooperation appropriations, which is directed at staff. The guidance note is based on the DAC Recommendation, and it acknowledges that sexual abuse and violence and sexual harassment are covered by the overall framework and operating model for risk management in accordance with the Norm for Misuse of Funds (Norm 5/2023, VN/8285/2023). Any allegation of SEAH must be notified immediately to the MFA through the website for reporting suspicions of misuse of development co-operation funds. A separate internal reporting channel exists for staff. Cases are handled confidentially by the Unit for Administrative and Legal Development Cooperation Matters in the MFA, which then shares reports with the director of the relevant regional or thematic unit within the MFA. The MFA’s Unit for Internal Audit is also notified. While there is no dedicated sexual misconduct desk or response committee, a trained staff member within the risk management unit is responsible for handling reported SEAH cases.

Since 2023, the MFA has tracked the number of cases reported and handled through the reporting portal and disaggregates these by type, including SEAH. During the first quarter of 2024, 35 suspected cases of misconduct were reported, of which five related to SEAH. Overall, the number of reported cases is increasing, which the MFA sees as a positive development in that it indicates that the reporting system is well functioning.

Finland has indicated that it is stepping up efforts to train staff and partners on preventing SEAH. In Tanzania, embassy staff received training that covered the prevention of SEAH. Fully integrating SEAH in regular staff training and risk assessments to underpin a stronger environment of prevention would also support implementation of the Recommendation.

The code of conduct of Finnfund, Finland’s development finance institution (DFI), requires employees to comply with applicable laws and regulations, requires that all “suspected illegal, fraudulent or otherwise dishonest activity” must be reported, and includes a section on the reporting of violations but it does not make specific reference to SEAH. Training is held for personnel on dealing with inappropriate treatment and other harassment and includes processes for addressing sexual harassment. It is mandatory for all personnel to participate in inappropriate treatment and harassment training every year. Internal refresher training for staff on gender, including a specific part on gender-based violence and harassment, was organised twice in 2023.

Finnfund plans to include SEAH and gender-based violence and harassment (GBVH) aspects in its environmental and social impact assessments of potential clients, especially in contexts where Finnfund’s human rights contextual screening tool indicates a high risk. A reference to the International Labour Organization 190 convention (Violence and Harassment Convention) is included in Finnfund investment agreements. Finnfund has worked with the Finnish organisation Work Ahead to develop GBVH and SEAH awareness training modules for some of investee companies where a significant GBVH risk had been identified. Finnfund’s approach to GBVH in the investment process is continuously developing.

Finland’s MFA is engaging proactively in global fora related to SEAH and has made this a priority in its engagement with key multilateral partners, in particular UN Women and the United Nations Population Fund. Finland participates in international conferences on women, peace and security and supports other countries in their efforts to develop national women, peace and security plans.

DAC Recommendation on Enabling Civil Society in Development Co-operation and Humanitarian Assistance [OECD/LEGAL/5021]

Civil society organisations (CSOs) are key partners across both development and humanitarian activities in Finland, and support to CSOs is slightly above DAC average. The important role of civil society in development co-operation is recognised in the Guidelines for Civil Society in Development Policy 2017 (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2017[4]) and in the Programme of Prime Minister Petteri Orpo's Government, which states, “A well-functioning democracy, the rule of law, human rights and a vibrant civil society are prerequisites for sustainable social development, which the Government will support” (Government of Finland, 2023[5]). 

According to ODA statistics, the preferred funding modality in Finland across the years has been to fund domestic CSOs as implementing actors (i.e. ODA through donor country-based CSOs). In 2022, USD 5 million was channelled to developing country-based CSOs, USD 20 million to international CSOs and USD 117 million to donor country-based CSOs. Increasing the availability and accessibility of direct funding to partner country CSOs (Pillar Two, paragraph 4 of the Recommendation) remains a challenge due to structural constraints.

In line with the commitments to locally led development provided in the OECD DAC Recommendation on Enabling Civil Society in Development Co-operation and Humanitarian Assistance, Finland is encouraged to continue requiring that Finnish CSOs partner with local CSOs in partner countries and to promote more inclusive and equitable partnerships between these actors. This includes involving local CSOs in decision-making processes as well as in the design, budgets and implementation of their programming, which can help in understanding and valuing the diverse resources and needs of CSOs, and enabling partner country CSOs to reach their full potential. Embassies could further facilitate learning and information sharing among domestic CSOs and partner country CSOs through drawing inspiration from long-standing development co-operation modalities based on complementarity, such as South-South and triangular co-operation. 

Finland engages with the work of the DAC Community of Practice on Civil Society (CoP) through participation in regular meetings that provide a peer learning platform for better implementation of the DAC Recommendation on Enabling Civil Society in Development Co-operation and Humanitarian Assistance. To provide guidance on how to implement the Recommendation, Finland also conducted several workshops with MFA and embassies’ staff. 

CSOs appreciate Finland’s efforts to provide more flexibility and revise application processes in light of the guidance from the Recommendation to update language, flexibility, and availability of long-term funding – including ending funding of one to two years and updating to only three- to four-year funding, which lessens the burden for applicants. 

Based on the above observations, and in line with this DAC Recommendation, Finland is encouraged to (1) provide financial support to more diverse civil society actors, including CSOs in partner countries (2) work with CSOs to implement mutual capacity strengthening to address CSOs’ vulnerabilities and transparency issues; and (3) support more equitable partnerships between provider country and/or international CSOs and partner country CSOs they work with.

Recommendations adopted by the Council under the DAC’s responsibility (joint with other OECD committees)

Recommendation on Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development [OECD/LEGAL/0381]

The 2030 Agenda’s implementation plan submitted to the Parliament of Finland in February 2017 makes an explicit commitment to policy coherence for sustainable development and has a long-term perspective to urge intergenerational debates and considerations (OECD, n.d.[6]). Strong central government leadership and direction on sustainable development and a long-term and wide-ranging commitment have been central to Finland’s effectiveness in implementing the 2030 Agenda (Haila et al., 2023[7]). Finland has also invested in using strategic foresight to support long-term, generational policy planning (Airos et al., 2022[8]; OECD, 2022[9]).

Institutionally, implementation of the 2030 Agenda is supported by the National Commission on Sustainable Development, which sits at the centre of government. The Development Policy Committee also has a clear mandate to support policy coherence for development. While commitment to policy coherence for development is a stated government priority, broader government structures have taken a narrower view of policy coherence for development, and there is room to build greater understanding across government. Working across the government continues to be perceived as ad hoc and siloed, with scope to make policy trade-offs more visible and for budget, regulative and strategic steering to be more mutually reinforcing (OECD, 2022[9]).

The 2023 evaluation on implementation of the 2030 Agenda highlighted that addressing negative transboundary impacts is one of the main challenges for Finland in achieving the 2030 Agenda, citing key obstacles such as too many actors and networks whose work partly overlaps, the persistence of silos in the central government, inconsistency in performance management, and a lack of connection between reporting and strategic goals (Haila et al., 2023[7]). The evaluation also found that monitoring information is incomplete and lagging and that research and monitoring data are not utilised efficiently enough in decision making. Awareness and expertise on sustainable development are also fragmented or too tied to individual persons.

An expert report on the definition and indicators of global governance (ordered by the Prime Minister’s Office in 2021) recommended refreshing the existing monitoring system for sustainable development in order to clarify transboundary spillover effects. The most immediate need identified was to integrate indicators describing global responsibility and coherence into the existing monitoring system so that the spillover effects of national indicators would be more clearly highlighted. This work is due to be completed in the second quarter of 2024. While regulatory impact assessments are not mandatory, they do include cross-border issues, which is good practice and could be built on further if made a systematic requirement.

Recommendation for Development Co‑operation Actors on Managing the Risk of Corruption [OECD/LEGAL/0431]

The MFA has a code of conduct (2020) covering ethical standards for development co-operation carried out with government support (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2020[10]). Provisions in the code could be reinforced to more clearly establish practices with regard to corruption and anti-corruption. The Standard Terms and Conditions of Discretionary Government Grants for Project Support (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2024[11]) provides more details on the expected conduct of government staff related to anti-corruption. The terms and conditions require recipients of government grants to provide an assurance that the partner and any sub-contractors are not on the UN Security Council’s consolidated list of sanctions or in the EU’s sanctions regulations. A whistleblowing mechanism has been in operation since 2014, and systems for reporting, investigating and communicating suspected misconduct are outlined in the Norm for Misuse of Funds (Norm 5/2023) (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2023[12]). The Unit for Administrative and Legal Development Cooperation Matters within the MFA’s Department for Development Policy provides advisory services to MFA staff and has also organised informal drop-in sessions at which staff both in Helsinki and in embassies can consult MFA legal experts on suspected or actual cases. Anti-corruption training, based on U4’s courses, is part of the compulsory training package for all MFA staff working with ODA but could be strengthened by including more practical scenarios and extended, likewise with more practical scenario-based elements, to locally engaged staff. Providing training to partners can also be considered in future, as can providing support to strengthen corruption risk management systems of ODA recipients and grantees.

Corruption risks are assessed and managed at all project stages in line with the MFA’s 2021 risk management policy (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2021[13]). The terms and conditions for government grants set out measures for preventing and detecting corruption in connection with ODA-funded contracts. The existence and robustness of mechanisms to verify the accuracy of the information provided by applicants and carry out due diligence prior to granting contracts are unclear.

The Standard Terms and Conditions of Discretionary Government Grants for Project Support (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2024[11]) refer to the sanctioning regime for ODA contracts, and the MFA’s internal Norm 5/2023 (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2023[12]) outlines how the MFA will respond to and sanction cases of corruption. The sanctioning regime allows for information sharing between development agencies on incidents of corruption to help mitigate risks, in accordance with national legislation on access to information. Clear criteria for suspending funds should be communicated to partners, and included in dedicated ODA contract clauses. In terms of auditing, the terms and conditions for government grants require the MFA or an external auditor to audit the finances and activities of a government grant recipient or a recipient of redistributed funds. Internal audits of the MFA are conducted by the Unit for Internal Audit, but the MFA acknowledges capacity challenges, including related to auditing matters (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2024[1]).

Recommendation on Environmental Assessment of Development Assistance Projects and Programmes [OECD/LEGAL/0458]

The Ministry for Foreign Affairs utilises the Guideline for Cross-Cutting Objectives in the Finnish Development Policy and Cooperation (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2023[14]) as the standard for environmental assessment of bilateral projects. The guideline states that the “impacts of the intervention on the environment (including biodiversity) and climate are screened, and if necessary assessed. Any adverse impacts should be avoided or minimised and managed. If the adverse impacts cannot be avoided or minimized and managed, the intervention should not be funded”. This is a good mitigation hierarchy policy in that it bans offsets and thus minimises harm. Before funding is approved, all bilateral co-operation projects are reviewed in the MFA’s Quality Board, including against cross-cutting criteria such as environmental impact. The method of determining whether projects have been adequately screened and/or assessed for environmental impact is unclear. The MFA has dedicated expertise in the Unit for Climate and Environmental Diplomacy in the Department for Development Policy. It is not clear whether an environment expert is systematically consulted as part of the Quality Board process. The MFA reports that the guidelines of the EU have been commonly used in the formulation of bilateral projects that are co-financed by the EU (European Union, 2024[15]).

CSO programmes and projects that receive development co-operation funds from the MFA are evaluated with reference to the same clause of the Guideline for Cross-Cutting Objectives in the Finnish Development Policy and Co-operation (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2023[14]). They are subject to the Standard Terms and Conditions of Discretionary Government Grants for Project Support (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2024[11]), which states that grant recipients and recipients of redistributed funds must “have methods for assessing climate and environmental impacts and for minimizing adverse impacts in all of their activities”. The MFA Quality Board reviews such CSO funding proposals and ensures that environmental impacts are assessed according to the Guideline for Cross-Cutting Objectives. For CSO project funding issued through the Local Cooperation Fund instrument, projects are assessed more lightly against a checklist of criteria that asks whether the project has taken climate-related risks into account (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, n.d.[16]).

For development co-operation funds channelled through multilateral organisations and funds, Finland relies on the environmental and social safeguards of those organisations. Private sector co-operation instruments require projects and investments to carry out an environmental and social impact assessment, which is equivalent to the performance standards required by the International Finance Corporation and the World Bank. This applies to the Public Sector Investment Facility (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2023[17]), Finnfund (2024[18]) and Finnpartnership (2024[19]).

OECD DAC Declarations

OECD DAC Declaration on a new approach to align development co-operation with the goals of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change [OECD/LEGAL/0466]

During the previous Government of Sanna Marin (2019-23), Finland’s development policy was captured in the Report on Development Policy Across Parliamentary Terms, which put an emphasis on climate change (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2021[20]). In 2022, protection of the environment with an emphasis on safeguarding biodiversity was added as the fifth cross-cutting objective of Finnish development co-operation policy (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2024[1]). The Guideline for the Cross-Cutting Objectives in the Finnish Development Policy and Cooperation, updated in May 2023, identifies as cross-cutting objectives climate resilience, low emission development and protection of the environment with an emphasis on safeguarding biodiversity (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2023[14]). The 2023 Government Programme of Prime Minister Orpo states that “climate measures will also be a priority” of the Government’s development policy” (Government of Finland, 2023[5]). The new Report on International Economic Relations and Development Cooperation, published in July 2024 includes support for climate action in developing countries as one of the Government’s priorities and links this to international targets and obligations (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2024[21]).

In 2021, the National Audit Office of Finland issued an audit report on the steering and effectiveness of Finland’s international climate finance (National Audit Office of Finland, 2021[22]). To address key recommendations, the MFA in 2022 published an Action Plan for Finland’s Public International Climate Finance (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2022[23]), which provided estimated annual climate finance allocations for the period 2021-26. Finland’s public international climate finance during this period was evaluated in 2023 (Particip GmbH and NIRAS Finland Oy, 2023[24]). The evaluation found interventions to be consistent with international commitments under the Paris Agreement, but encouraged the MFA to develop a clearer strategy for its overall climate finance, bringing together the various channels and instruments, and to ensure that the strategy is properly resourced. It also encouraged the MFA to strengthen its approach to climate mainstreaming and Paris alignment and to build a deeper understanding of Finnish value added in the climate finance space.

Finland reports on its climate finance to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and on its climate-related development finance to the OECD. Finland's Eighth National Communication (Ministry of the Environment and Statistics, 2022[25]) and its Fifth Biennial Report (Statistics Finland; Ministry of the Environment, 2022[26]) were submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat in December 2022 and include information on public international climate finance.

Finland channels part of its climate finance through multilateral climate funds. It has supported the seventh and eighth replenishment cycles of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and contributed, as a GEF Council member, to the approval of the new Global Biodiversity Framework Fund. It also supported the Green Climate Fund’s second replenishment (2023-27) and the Least Developed Countries Fund with contributions in 2021 and 2022. Finland is a founding member of the Nordic Development Fund, a climate fund that promotes mitigation and adaptation especially in LDCs and fragile situations, and contributed to a capital increase in 2020. 

To mobilise more climate finance, Finland invests in blended finance trust funds focused on climate finance and operating under multinational development banks. Examples include a 2021 investment of EUR 39.7 million in the EBRD High Impact Partnership on Climate Action and a 2022 investment of EUR 50 million in the Finland-Latin America and the Caribbean Blended Finance Climate Fund. In 2023, Finland announced a EUR 20 million investment in the ADB Ventures Investment Fund, which invests in companies developing digital solutions for clean energy transition and adaptation to extreme weather events. At COP28, Finland, with partners, launched the Africa Rural Climate Adaptation Finance Mechanism, designed by the International Fund for Agricultural Development, investing EUR 32 million. The MFA’s 2020-23 development policy investment plan, covering loan- and investment-based development co‑operation, has as the objective of allocating at least 75% of development funding to climate-related objectives (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2019[27]). It is unclear whether this target will be retained in the new investment plan currently being prepared for the priod from 2024.

Finnfund, Finland's DFI, also has a strong focus on climate. In 2022, climate-related investments made up 53% of the value of Finnfund’s new investment decisions, although this share dropped to 39% for 2023 (Finnfund, 2023[28]; Finnfund, 2024[29]). Finnfund launched a sustainability bond framework in 2022 and has raised EUR 175 million of private capital by issuing a sustainability-linked bond in 2022 and a green bond in 2023 (Finnfund, 2023[28]; Finnfund, 2024[29]).

Supporting developing countries to develop early warning systems is an area where Finland has drawn on its expertise, including with institutional technical co-operation through its meteorological agency. In June 2022, Finland hosted the first Steering Committee meeting of the Systematic Observations Financing Facility, which aims at improving weather and climate observation in LDCs and small island developing states and has since financed the facility with EUR 3 million. Finland also finances climate risk early warning systems, and Finnish-funded bilateral projects to enhance climate, weather and early warning systems are currently implemented in 11 countries.

References

[8] Airos, M. et al. (2022), “Strengthening foresight and the role of future generations in Finnish lawmaking”, Policy Brief, No. 2022:33, Prime Minister’s Office, Helsinki, https://tietokayttoon.fi/documents/113169639/113170760/33-2022-Strengthening+foresight+and+the+role+of+future+generations+in+Finnish+lawmaking.pdf/f1317aef-e2e2-5f7f-a56d-8151a1a62bda/33-2022-Strengthening+foresight+and+the+role+of+future+generations+in+F.

[15] European Union (2024), “Integrating the environment and climate change into EU international cooperation and development”, Tools and Methods Series Guidelines, No. 6, https://capacity4dev.europa.eu/library/guidelines-integrating-environment-and-climate-change-eu-international-cooperation-and-development_en.

[29] Finnfund (2024), Finnfund Annual Report 2023, https://www.finnfund.fi/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Finnfund-Annual-Report-2023_FINAL.pdf.

[18] Finnfund (2024), Finnfund: Sustainability (webpage), https://www.finnfund.fi/en/impact/corporate-responsibility/.

[28] Finnfund (2023), Finnfund Annual Report 2022, https://www.finnfund.fi/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Finnfund_Annual-Report-2022-1.pdf.

[19] Finnpartnership (2024), Terms and Conditions of Business Partnership Support, https://finnpartnership.fi/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Terms-and-conditions-of-Business-Partnership-Support_01012024.pdf.

[5] Government of Finland (2023), A Strong and Committed Finland: Programme of Prime Minister Petteri Orpo’s Government 20 June 2023, http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-383-818-5.

[7] Haila, K. et al. (2023), “Assessing the Implementation of the Agenda2030 in Finland”, Policy Brief, No. 7, Prime Minister’s Office, Helsinki, http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-383-381-4.

[1] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2024), DAC Peer Review Self-Assessment Report of Finland.

[21] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2024), Report on International Economic Relations and Development Cooperation, http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-383-989-2 (accessed on 16 July 2024).

[11] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2024), Standard Terms and Conditions of Discretionary Government Grants for Project Support, https://um.fi/documents/397000/0/Hanketuki%20vakioehdot%20EN%2010.1.2024.pdf/56ceea41-7460-9fa1-85b2-94358906b148?t=1705662556434.

[3] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2023), Finland’s Policy on the Prevention and Elimination of Sexual Exploitation, Abuse and Sexual Harassment in Development Co-operation and Humanitarian Assistance, https://um.fi/documents/384998/0/Finlands+policy+on+PSEAH+in+development+cooperation.pdf/868da01b-8962-1283-16b0-6443fbea55d5?t=1686832392941.

[14] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2023), Guideline for the Cross-Cutting Objectives in the Finnish Development Policy and Cooperation, https://um.fi/documents/35732/0/Guideline+for+the+Cross-Cutting+Objectives+in+the+Finnish+Development+Policy+and+Cooperation.pdf/e9e8a940-a382-c3d5-3c5f-dc8e7455576b?t=1618230452564.

[17] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2023), Public Sector Investment Facility Guidance Notes: Financing for Developing Countries’ Public Investments Using Finnish Technology and Expertise, https://um.fi/documents/35732/0/32340965_UM_investointituki_2021_EN_netti_Paivitys_23_11_22.pdf/83e231e8-e2e6-afab-1406-ac16d0007616?t=1700652339454.

[12] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2023), Reporting, Investigating and Communicating Suspected Misconduct in Development Cooperation (Norm 5/2023), https://um.fi/documents/384998/0/Reporting%2C+investigating+and+communicating+suspected+misconduct+in+development+cooperation.pdf/e63bbc60-a793-3cae-c56c-f2040896eeaf?t=1687345451030.

[23] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2022), Suomen julkisen kansainvälisen ilmastorahoituksen toimeenpanon suunnitelma [Action Plan for Finland’s Public International Climate Finance], https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/163925.

[13] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2021), General Conditions for the Use of Discretionary Government Grants Awarded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Ethical Code of Conduct, https://um.fi/documents/397000/0/General+terms+and+conditions+for+discretionary+government+grants+and+the+ethical+code+of+conduct+2022+%281%29.pdf/4647eac1-aac7-c414-2e12-f755c6999bc2?t=1667311881298.

[20] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2021), Report on Development Policy Extending Across Parliamentary Terms, http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-383-709-6.

[10] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2020), Ethical Code of Conduct of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs for Development Cooperation Carried Out with Government Support, https://finlandabroad.fi/documents/384951/0/3.+Ethical+Code+of+Conduct+for+INGOs+2020.pdf/a52b679b-09f1-23bd-14b2-b852d2d75323?t=1655896434470.

[27] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2019), Development Policy Investment Plan 2020-2023, https://um.fi/documents/35732/0/development-policy-investment-plan-2020-2030+%281%29.pdf/12807d30-0aad-d118-8174-5988a8411b36?t=1646816906031.

[4] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2017), Guidelines for Civil Society in Development Policy 2017, https://um.fi/documents/35732/0/Guidelines+for+civil+society+in+development+policy.pdf/4a19a2aa-76fd-020e-224d-ecd98045206f?t=1534925676147.

[16] Ministry for Foreign Affairs (n.d.), Assessment of the Human-Rights Based Approach (HRBA) and Cross-Cutting Objectives (CCOs), https://finlandabroad.fi/documents/384951/0/ASSESSMENT%20OF%20THE%20HUMAN%20RIGHTS%20BASED%20APPROACH%20%28HRBA%29%20AND%20CROSS-CUTTING%20OBJECTIVES%20%28CCOS%29..pdf/bf2cd9ba-f121-619e-1819-a9fb9ed7fb29?t=1715166370127 (accessed on 20 June 2024).

[25] Ministry of the Environment and Statistics (2022), Finland’s Eighth National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, https://stat.fi/media/uploads/tup/khkinv/fi_nc8_final.pdf.

[22] National Audit Office of Finland (2021), Finland’s International Climate Finance: Steering and Effectiveness, https://www.vtv.fi/app/uploads/2021/09/NAOF-Audit-6-2021-Finlands-international-climate-finance.pdf.

[9] OECD (2022), Anticipatory Innovation Governance Model in Finland: Towards a New Way of Governing, OECD Public Governance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/a31e7a9a-en.

[6] OECD (n.d.), Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development Toolkit: Finland, https://www.oecd.org/governance/pcsd/toolkit/goodpractices/Country%20Profile%20Finland.pdf.

[2] Particip GmbH and NIRAS Finland Oy (2023), Evaluation of Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA) in Finland’s Development Policy and Cooperation, Volume I, Main Report, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Helsinki, https://um.fi/development-cooperation-evaluation-reports-comprehensive-evaluations/-/asset_publisher/nBPgGHSLrA13/content/evaluointiraportti-ihmisoikeusperustaisuus-suomen-kehityspolitiikassa-ja-yhteistyossa/384998.

[24] Particip GmbH and NIRAS Finland Oy (2023), Evaluation: Finland’s International Climate Finance 2016-2022, Volume I, Main Report, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Helsinki, https://um.fi/documents/384998/0/CF_evaluointi_VOL_1.pdf/41d25448-3c4c-68e6-42eb-fd35fa9e0d4f?t=1699615517317.

[26] Statistics Finland; Ministry of the Environment (2022), Finland’s Fifth Biennial Report Under the UNFCCC, https://stat.fi/media/uploads/tup/khkinv/br5_final.pdf.

Note

← 1.  The OECD Secretariat are awaiting confirmation from the government of Finland on the tying status of 18 activities in 2021, which may affect the final percentage.