Mortality Risk Valuation in Policy Assessment

Annex F. Additional results from meta-regression analysis

Income elasticity of VSL

Table A ‎F.1. Estimated income elasticity of VSL

Regression results. New meta-data. Dependent variable = log (VSL).

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
	Four-level	Three-level	Three-level	Three-level	Three-level
Control variables	Only GDP	Only GDP	Additional controls	Additional controls + Country FE	Additional controls + Year FE
log(GDP)	1.142***	1.142***	1.118***	3.508	1.255***
	[0.587,1.698]	[0.587,1.698]	[0.533,1.703]	[-0.958,7.974]	[0.410,2.101]
Hedonic wage (base)
Contingent valuation method			-0.468	-0.447	-0.101
			[-1.886,0.951]	[-2.384,1.489]	[-2.129,1.927]
Choice experiment method			0.45	-0.029	-0.153
			[-1.023,1.922]	[-2.683,2.625]	[-2.173,1.868]
Consumer market valuation method			-0.803	-1.521	-1.236
			[-2.506,0.899]	[-3.603,0.560]	[-3.689,1.217]
Other SP method			0.427	0.809	-0.454
			[-6.651,7.504]	[-16.615,18.234]	[-7.989,7.082]
Years since data collection			0.083**	0.148**
			[0.003,0.162]	[0.017,0.278]
Constant	2.485	2.484	1.705	-25.906	0.536
	[-3.320,8.289]	[-3.321,8.290]	[-4.934,8.344]	[-76.538,24.726]	[-9.763,10.834]
Country fixed effects	No	No	No	Yes	No
Year fixed effects	No	No	No	No	Yes
N Studies	154	154	154	154	154
N Estimates	2405	2405	2405	2405	2405
N Countries	46	46	46	46	46
N Years	30	30	30	30	30

Note: The table displays regression coefficients as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). FE stands for fixed effects. New meta-data refers to studies published in the period 2009-2023. Details regarding variable definitions are provided Table 4.1 of Chapter 4.

Table A ‎F.2. Estimated income elasticity of VSL

Regression results. Old meta-data. Dependent variable = log(VSL).

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Random model	Four-level	Three-level	Three-level	Three-level	Three-level
Control variables	Only GDP	Only GDP	Additional controls	Additional controls + Country FE	Additional controls + Year FE
log (GDP)	1.139***	1.139***	0.978**	1.578	0.995*
	[0.371,1.907]	[0.371,1.907]	[0.107,1.849]	[-5.953,9.109]	[-0.082,2.073]
Hedonic wage (base)
Contingent valuation method			-1.142	-1.321	-0.865
			[-3.169,0.886]	[-4.167,1.524]	[-3.648,1.918]
Choice experiment			-1.093	-1.1	-0.361
			[-4.099,1.914]	[-5.166,2.965]	[-4.110,3.388]
Other SP method			-0.216	-0.875	-0.236
			[-3.072,2.640]	[-4.879,3.129]	[-3.652,3.180]
Years since data collection			-0.032	-0.034
			[-0.129,0.065]	[-0.206,0.137]
Constant	3.305	3.305	6.446	-0.036	4.236
	[-4.624,11.233]	[-4.624,11.233]	[-3.270,16.162]	[-86.269,86.196]	[-8.858,17.329]
Country fixed effects	No	No	No	Yes	No
Year fixed effects	No	No	No	No	Yes
N Studies	122	122	122	122	122
N Estimates	1465	1465	1465	1465	1465
N Countries	26	26	26	26	26
N Years	36	36	36	36	36

Note: The table displays regression coefficients as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). FE stands for fixed effects. Remaining acronyms are listed in the Acronyms tab and in Table 4.1 of Chapter 4. Note that CM is not included in the table, as it is not part of Old RP studies. Old meta-data refers to studies published in the period 1970-2008. Details regarding variable definitions are provided in Table 4.1 of Chapter 4.

Table A ‎F.3. Estimated income elasticity of VSL

Regression results. Stated preference data only. Dependent variable = log(VSL).

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Random model	Four-level	Three-level	Three-level	Three-level	Three-level
Control variables	Only GDP	Only GDP	Additional controls	Additional controls + Country FE	Additional controls + Year FE
log(GDP)	1.452***	1.452***	1.372***	0.157	1.332***
	[0.870,2.034]	[0.870,2.034]	[0.728,2.017]	[-3.923,4.237]	[0.446,2.219]
Hedonic wage (base)
Contingent valuation method			-0.819	-0.728	-0.115
			[-3.225,1.586]	[-4.068,2.612]	[-3.239,3.010]
Choice experiment			-0.457	-0.056	-0.029
			[-2.997,2.083]	[-3.554,3.442]	[-3.405,3.347]
Consumer market valuation method
Other SP method
Years since data collection			0.044	-0.005
			[-0.045,0.133]	[-0.138,0.128]
Constant	-0.396	-0.396	0.306	13.775	1.048
	[-6.331,5.540]	[-6.331,5.540]	[-7.077,7.689]	[-33.120,60.671]	[-9.598,11.694]
Country fixed effects	No	No	No	Yes	No
Year fixed effects	No	No	No	No	Yes
N Studies	170	170	170	170	170
N Estimates	1871	1871	1871	1871	1871
N Countries	43	43	43	43	43
N Years	37	37	37	37	37
Only 1 GDP by Country	16	16	16	16	16
Only 1 GDP by Year	11	11	11	11	11

Note: The table displays regression coefficients as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). FE stands for fixed effects. Details regarding variable definitions are provided in Table 4.1 of Chapter 4.

Table A ‎F.4. Estimated income elasticity of VSL

Regression results. Revealed preference data only. Dependent variable = log(VSL).

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Random model	Four-level	Three-level	Three-level	Three-level	Three-level
Control variables	Only GDP	Only GDP	Additional controls	Additional controls + Country FE	Additional controls + Year FE
log(GDP)	0.59	0.714*	0.573	3.131	1.353**
	[-0.135,1.316]	[-0.008,1.437]	[-0.145,1.291]	[-6.595,12.856]	[0.143,2.563]
Hedonic wage (base)
Contingent valuation method
Choice experiment
Consumer market valuation method			-1.239	-1.478	-0.266
			[-2.951,0.474]	[-3.567,0.612]	[-3.611,3.079]
Other SP method
Years since data collection			0.039	0.082
			[-0.012,0.091]	[-0.060,0.224]
Constant	8.258**	7.347*	8.201**	-20.937	-2.71
	[0.523,15.993]	[-0.306,15.000]	[0.245,16.157]	[-130.809,88.934]	[-18.042,12.623]
Country fixed effects	No	No	No	Yes	No
Year fixed effects	No	No	No	No	Yes
N Studies	106	106	106	106	106
N Estimates	1999	1999	1999	1999	1999
N Countries	23	23	23	23	23
N Years	44	44	44	44	44
Only 1 GDP by Country	14	14	14	14	14
Only 1 GDP by Year	24	24	24	24	24

Note: The table displays regression coefficients as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). FE stands for fixed effects. Details regarding variable definitions are provided in Table 4.1 of Chapter 4.

Table A ‎F.5. Estimates of income elasticity for different country groups

Estimates of income elasticity of VSL, three-level meta-regression with split samples

	OECD	EU	EEA	USA	High Income	Low- and middle- income
Model 1	-0.172	1.767	1.336	-3.318	-0.599	1.156*
Only GDP	[-1.655,1.311]	[-3.180,6.714]	[-3.305,5.976]	[-8.076,1.439]	[-2.228,1.030]	[-0.192,2.505]
Model 2	0.503	1.716	1.261	13.452	0.146	1.981**
Additional controls	[-1.173,2.178]	[-4.078,7.510]	[-4.290,6.811]	[-14.282,41.187]	[-1.833,2.124]	[0.156,3.807]
Model 3	1.372	-2.951	-3.858	13.452	1.42	4.314
Additional controls + Country Fixed effects	[-5.738,8.482]	[-24.776,18.874]	[-20.817,13.101]	[-14.282,41.187]	[-5.918,8.758]	[-3.468,12.096]
Model 4	1.025	2.31	1.375	2.031	0.62	2.137*
Additional controls + Year Fixed effects	[-1.362,3.412]	[-5.597,10.216]	[-5.685,8.435]	[-86.788,90.850]	[-3.226,4.465]	[-0.327,4.602]
N Studies	212	62	67	80	212	64
N Estimates	3088	750	792	1515	3192	678

Note: The table displays income elasticities as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). Income elasticities were estimated for subsets of the data for those groups only). Model specifications are the same as in Table 5.1 of Chapter 5. Only the coefficient of log (GDP) is reported here. Note that none of the elasticity estimates is statistically significant except those for Low- or middle-income countries. The comparison between High income countries and Low- and Middle-income countries suggests that elasticity can be higher for Low- and middle-income countries compared to High income countries, but they are not precisely estimated.

Table A ‎F.6. Alternative specifications to estimate income elasticity

Study-level Random Effects (RE), Generalized Least Squares (GLS)

	RE GLS	RE GLS	RE GLS	RE GLS
Control variables	Only GDP	Additional controls	Additional controls + Country FE	Additional controls + Year FE
log (GDP)	1.196***	1.146***	2.033***	1.232***
	[0.894,1.499]	[0.854,1.439]	[0.986,3.080]	[1.014,1.451]
Hedonic wage (base)
Contingent valuation method		-0.659***	-0.648***	-0.513***
		[-1.033,-0.286]	[-1.080,-0.216]	[-0.881,-0.146]
Choice experiment		-0.385*	-0.316	-0.196
		[-0.790,0.019]	[-0.772,0.141]	[-0.577,0.185]
Consumer market valuation method		-0.498	-0.796	-0.252
		[-1.575,0.579]	[-2.072,0.480]	[-1.273,0.769]
Other SP method		-0.732	-0.765	-0.683
		[-1.826,0.363]	[-1.890,0.361]	[-1.746,0.379]
Years since data collection		0.013	0.028**
		[-0.004,0.029]	[0.004,0.051]
Constant	2.579	3.202**	-7.057	2.059
	[-0.643,5.801]	[0.133,6.271]	[-19.010,4.895]	[-0.440,4.557]
Country fixed effects	No	No	Yes	No
Year fixed effects	No	No	No	Yes

Note: The table displays coefficients as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). FE stands for fixed effects. Details regarding variable definitions are provided Table 4.1 of Chapter 4.

Table A ‎F.7. Alternative models to estimate income elasticity

One observation (mean) from each study. OLS method.

Control variables	Only GDP	Additional Controls	Additional Controls + Country FE	Additional Controls + Year FE
log (GDP)	1.063***	1.005***	0.523**	1.150***
	[0.804,1.321]	[0.756,1.254]	[0.097,0.948]	[0.917,1.382]
Hedonic wage (base)		-0.627***	-0.574**	-0.537**
		[-0.995,-0.260]	[-1.091,-0.058]	[-0.955,-0.119]
Contingent valuation method		-0.442**	-0.511*	-0.343
		[-0.864,-0.020]	[-1.070,0.047]	[-0.832,0.147]
Choice experiment
Consumer market valuation method		-0.444	-0.918	-0.204
		[-1.487,0.600]	[-2.341,0.505]	[-1.339,0.932]
Other SP method		0.201	-0.199	-0.088
		[-0.592,0.995]	[-1.146,0.748]	[-1.018,0.842]
Years since data collection		0.020**	0.004
		[0.004,0.035]	[-0.015,0.022]
Constant	3.953***	4.490***	10.030***	3.111**
	[1.197,6.709]	[1.763,7.217]	[5.152,14.909]	[0.458,5.764]
Country fixed effects	No	No	Yes	No
Year fixed effects	No	No	No	Yes
N Observations	276	268	264	268

Note: The table displays coefficients as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). FE stands for fixed effects. Details regarding variable definitions are provided Table 4.1 of Chapter 4.

Meta-regressions

Table A ‎F.8-Table A ‎F.12 report the following additional meta-regression results:

Table A ‎F.8: Base estimation results for all data (i.e. same as Table 5.2 of Chapter 5 except all RP and SP data are used). Results here are similar to Table 5.1 of Chapter 5 in terms of significance, although coefficient values have changed somewhat.

Table A ‎F.9: Estimation results only for new SP data.

Table A ‎F.10: Estimation results only for new SP data with risk type variables

Table A ‎F.11: Estimation results only for new RP data.

Table A ‎F.12: Estimation results only for new RP data with risk type variables

Table A ‎F.8. Estimation results for all stated preference and revealed preference data

New and old datasets combined

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
GDP per capita (USD thousand)	0.115***	0.117***	0.117***	0.117***	0.115***
	[0.089,0.142]	[0.090,0.144]	[0.090,0.144]	[0.090,0.144]	[0.088,0.141]
Hedonic wage (base)
Contingent valuation method	-2.799***	-2.636***	-2.636***	-2.649***	-2.815***	-3.691***
	[-4.208,-1.390]	[-4.091,-1.181]	[-4.091,-1.180]	[-4.119,-1.178]	[-4.331,-1.300]	[-5.313,-2.069]
Choice experiment	-0.948	-0.809	-0.808	-0.818	-0.922	-1.158
	[-2.508,0.612]	[-2.399,0.781]	[-2.399,0.783]	[-2.422,0.785]	[-2.553,0.709]	[-2.908,0.593]
Consumer market valuation method	-3.104*	-2.885*	-2.897*	-2.893*	-2.563	-3.571*
	[-6.423,0.216]	[-6.242,0.472]	[-6.265,0.471]	[-6.263,0.478]	[-5.923,0.797]	[-7.232,0.089]
Other SP method	-0.865	-0.626	-0.623	-0.637	-0.596	-1.345
	[-2.939,1.209]	[-2.767,1.515]	[-2.767,1.520]	[-2.791,1.517]	[-2.788,1.596]	[-3.651,0.961]
Years since data collection	0.083***	0.085***	0.084***	0.084***	0.088***	0.065**
	[0.030,0.137]	[0.031,0.139]	[0.030,0.139]	[0.030,0.139]	[0.034,0.142]	[0.007,0.123]
Journal		0.689	0.688	0.691	0.789	-0.079
		[-0.825,2.203]	[-0.827,2.203]	[-0.825,2.206]	[-0.722,2.300]	[-1.710,1.552]
No reported standard errors			-0.035	-0.034	0.057	-0.18
			[-0.764,0.694]	[-0.764,0.695]	[-0.681,0.796]	[-0.939,0.578]
Only male				-0.037	-0.013	-0.074
				[-0.665,0.591]	[-0.642,0.615]	[-0.712,0.563]
Only female				-0.29	-0.284	-0.307
				[-1.045,0.465]	[-1.039,0.471]	[-1.071,0.456]
Quality score 0 (base)
Quality score 1					0.51	0.731
					[-0.361,1.382]	[-0.165,1.628]
Quality score 2					1.119**	1.384**
					[0.075,2.164]	[0.306,2.463]
Quality score 3					0.698	0.494
					[-0.882,2.279]	[-1.168,2.157]
Constant	0.941	0.184	0.218	0.232	-0.346	6.161***
	[-1.265,3.146]	[-2.579,2.946]	[-2.634,3.069]	[-2.629,3.092]	[-3.262,2.570]	[3.471,8.851]
N	3963	3963	3963	3963	3963	3963
AIC	24374.1	24367.41	24362.77	24355.37	24337.37	24408.96
BIC	24430.66	24430.26	24431.9	24437.07	24437.92	24503.23
AICc	24374.15	24367.47	24362.83	24355.46	24337.5	24409.08
CAIC	24439.66	24440.26	24442.9	24450.07	24453.92	24518.23

Note: The table displays coefficients as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). Details regarding variable definitions are provided Table 4.1 of Chapter 4.

Table A ‎F.9. Estimation results for new stated preference data

Three-Level random effects meta-regression. Dependent Variable = VSL (USD million)

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
GDP per capita (USD thousand)	0.130***	0.154***	0.139***	0.143***
	[0.097,0.163]	[0.112,0.195]	[0.101,0.178]	[0.099,0.187]
Contingent valuation method (base)
Choice experiment	1.405**	1.771***	0.801	1.087
	[0.113,2.698]	[0.432,3.110]	[-0.635,2.237]	[-0.307,2.482]
Other SP method	16.023***		15.761***
	[10.670,21.376]		[10.053,21.468]
Years since data collection	0.096	0.058	0.09	0.033
	[-0.023,0.215]	[-0.079,0.196]	[-0.045,0.226]	[-0.117,0.182]
Journal	1.011	2.972**	1.48	2.36
	[-1.300,3.321]	[0.001,5.942]	[-0.980,3.939]	[-0.501,5.220]
No reported standard errors	-0.446	-0.752	-0.143	-0.559
	[-1.716,0.825]	[-2.118,0.615]	[-1.582,1.295]	[-2.097,0.978]
Only male	0.803	0.607	-0.055	-0.113
	[-2.400,4.006]	[-2.431,3.644]	[-4.351,4.241]	[-3.854,3.628]
Only female	-0.585	-0.269	-0.285	-0.325
	[-3.296,2.127]	[-3.094,2.557]	[-4.103,3.532]	[-3.751,3.101]
SP study including baseline risk of respondents	0.422	0.255	0.318	-0.361
	[-1.215,2.058]	[-1.792,2.301]	[-1.607,2.242]	[-2.572,1.851]
Scope sensitivity	1.333	1.327	0.803	0.861
	[-0.289,2.955]	[-0.553,3.208]	[-1.001,2.607]	[-0.999,2.720]
Visual aids	1.329	1.760*	1.365	1.627
	[-0.270,2.927]	[-0.165,3.685]	[-0.454,3.185]	[-0.384,3.638]
Nationwide		0.194		0.485
		[-1.761,2.148]		[-1.541,2.511]
General population		0.893		0.505
		[-1.136,2.922]		[-1.537,2.547]
Representative		-2.147*		-0.35
		[-4.504,0.210]		[-2.863,2.163]
Risk change			-13.442***	-13.236***
			[-23.507,-3.377]	[-22.256,-4.215]
Constant	-4.533**	-6.070***	-5.087**	-5.436**
	[-8.036,-1.029]	[-10.386,-1.755]	[-9.007,-1.167]	[-9.681,-1.191]
N	969	775	751	652
AIC	5695.871	4431.535	4463.817	3740.245
BIC	5764.138	4505.981	4533.138	3816.406
AICc	5696.311	4432.253	4464.47	3741.21
CAIC	5778.138	4521.981	4548.138	3833.406

Note: The table displays coefficients as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). Details regarding variable definitions are provided Table 4.1 of Chapter 4.

Table A ‎F.10. Estimation results for New stated preference data, with all risk categories

Three-level random effects meta-regression. Dependent Variable = VSL (USD million)

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
GDP per capita (USD thousand)	0.088***	0.081***	0.127***	0.157***	0.089***	0.079***
	[0.049,0.127]	[0.039,0.124]	[0.092,0.162]	[0.113,0.201]	[0.045,0.132]	[0.030,0.129]
Contingent valuation method (base)
Choice experiment	1.401*	1.708**	1.494**	1.786**	1.207	1.931*
	[-0.268,3.070]	[0.099,3.317]	[0.139,2.849]	[0.399,3.174]	[-0.717,3.131]	[-0.047,3.910]
Other SP method			15.958***
			[10.598,21.318]
Years since data collection	0.064	0.032	0.07	0.016	0.043	0.012
	[-0.071,0.200]	[-0.136,0.200]	[-0.057,0.198]	[-0.129,0.161]	[-0.111,0.198]	[-0.185,0.208]
Journal	0.104	0.102	0.913	2.68	-0.209	0.114
	[-1.727,1.935]	[-2.242,2.445]	[-1.688,3.515]	[-0.525,5.886]	[-2.424,2.006]	[-2.693,2.920]
No reported standard errors	-0.717	-0.546	-0.362	-0.735	-0.755	-0.578
	[-2.280,0.846]	[-1.974,0.883]	[-1.688,0.964]	[-2.147,0.678]	[-2.430,0.920]	[-2.115,0.960]
Only male	-0.373	0.131	1.036	0.871	-0.276	0.071
	[-4.361,3.614]	[-2.717,2.979]	[-2.201,4.273]	[-2.173,3.915]	[-4.419,3.866]	[-2.848,2.989]
Only female	-1.321	-0.264	-0.415	-0.058	-1.269	-0.397
	[-4.807,2.164]	[-2.907,2.379]	[-3.200,2.371]	[-2.918,2.802]	[-4.999,2.460]	[-3.178,2.384]
SP study including baseline risk	-0.673	-1.088	-0.088	-0.31	-1.153	-1.25
	[-2.420,1.074]	[-2.971,0.794]	[-2.015,1.839]	[-2.601,1.981]	[-3.366,1.060]	[-3.586,1.087]
SP study focusing on scope sensitivity	1.23	0.79	1.503*	1.312	1.813	1.026
	[-0.836,3.295]	[-1.311,2.890]	[-0.212,3.217]	[-0.699,3.322]	[-0.459,4.085]	[-1.531,3.582]
SP study including visual aids	1.398	1.616	1.571*	1.709	1.514	1.284
	[-0.317,3.114]	[-0.331,3.562]	[-0.217,3.360]	[-0.406,3.824]	[-0.495,3.522]	[-0.973,3.542]
Nationwide		0.774		-0.002		0.768
		[-1.193,2.741]		[-2.038,2.034]		[-1.425,2.962]
General population		1.428*		0.945		1.366
		[-0.249,3.105]		[-1.220,3.110]		[-0.761,3.494]
Representative		1.061		-2.558**		0.995
		[-1.103,3.225]		[-5.072,-0.043]		[-1.484,3.473]
Risk acuteness (base = mixed)
Acute	2.621***	2.468***			1.547	2.352
	[0.822,4.420]	[0.696,4.239]			[-3.350,6.444]	[-2.632,7.335]
Risk type (base = transportation)
Cancer	2.018**	2.286***			1.864*	2.205**
	[0.233,3.803]	[0.602,3.970]			[-0.269,3.997]	[0.303,4.107]
Climate			1.108	-0.631	0.2	-0.65
			[-4.177,6.394]	[-8.483,7.222]	[-4.228,4.627]	[-6.928,5.628]
Crime			-1.419	-0.886	-2.723	-2.848
			[-7.677,4.839]	[-14.567,12.796]	[-15.668,10.223]	[-15.480,9.785]
Disaster			4.582	4.887	4.214	3.229
			[-3.444,12.608]	[-3.283,13.056]	[-3.969,12.398]	[-4.492,10.951]
Environment			-1.114	-0.791	-0.377	0.29
			[-3.276,1.048]	[-2.957,1.374]	[-5.488,4.734]	[-4.967,5.547]
Health			0.432	0.984	-1.543	0.137
			[-1.065,1.929]	[-0.513,2.480]	[-6.134,3.048]	[-4.448,4.721]
Natural disaster			-0.476	-0.003	-0.162	0.93
			[-3.707,2.755]	[-3.493,3.487]	[-2.910,2.587]	[-1.946,3.806]
Not specified			-2.533	-0.258	-1.539	1.488
			[-11.155,6.089]	[-9.077,8.562]	[-10.282,7.204]	[-6.826,9.802]
Suicide			-0.781	-1.089	-1.418	-1.186
			[-12.972,11.410]	[-13.282,11.104]	[-13.198,10.362]	[-12.688,10.316]
Virus			-3.384	-4.408*	-2.253	-0.412
			[-7.870,1.102]	[-9.265,0.448]	[-8.442,3.936]	[-7.096,6.272]
Constant	-3.145*	-4.760**	-3.969**	-4.918**	-1.611	-4.549
	[-6.680,0.391]	[-8.761,-0.759]	[-7.876,-0.063]	[-9.607,-0.230]	[-7.665,4.442]	[-11.492,2.394]
N	471	368	969	775	471	368
AIC	2777.057	2015.107	5653.14	4388.489	2742.149	1984.239
BIC	2839.38	2085.452	5765.294	4504.81	2841.865	2089.757
AICc	2778.112	2017.066	5654.308	4390.225	2744.839	1988.686
CAIC	2854.38	2103.452	5788.294	4529.81	2865.865	2116.757

Note: The table displays coefficients as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). Details regarding variable definitions are provided Table 4.1 of Chapter 4.

Table A ‎F.11. Estimation results for New RP data

Three-level random effects meta-regression. Dependent variable = VSL (USD million)

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
GDP per capita (USD thousand)	0.094***	0.109***	0.102***	0.112***
	[0.029,0.160]	[0.031,0.188]	[0.032,0.172]	[0.029,0.195]
Hedonic wage (base)
Consumer market valuation method	-1.588	-0.557	-1.014	-0.073
	[-5.468,2.292]	[-4.963,3.849]	[-5.172,3.145]	[-4.786,4.640]
Years since data collection	0.181*	0.256**	0.159	0.225*
	[-0.029,0.391]	[0.026,0.487]	[-0.062,0.380]	[-0.018,0.468]
Journal	2.782	2.398	3.370*	3.091
	[-0.711,6.274]	[-1.280,6.077]	[-0.524,7.265]	[-1.003,7.184]
No reported standard errors	-0.354	-0.836	1.372	0.859
	[-2.666,1.958]	[-3.242,1.570]	[-1.792,4.536]	[-2.556,4.275]
Only male	-0.193	-0.111	-0.737*	-0.655
	[-0.847,0.462]	[-0.770,0.547]	[-1.584,0.109]	[-1.512,0.201]
Only female	-0.282	-0.237	-0.846*	-0.789
	[-1.097,0.532]	[-1.051,0.577]	[-1.824,0.133]	[-1.771,0.194]
RP study using IV estimate	0.346	0.436	0.166	0.258
	[-0.857,1.549]	[-0.773,1.644]	[-1.055,1.387]	[-0.970,1.487]
RP study controlling for non-fatal injury risks	1.353*	1.390*	1.292*	1.343*
	[-0.166,2.871]	[-0.168,2.948]	[-0.244,2.828]	[-0.234,2.921]
RP study using Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) data	1.16	0.152	1.141	0.326
	[-2.383,4.702]	[-3.794,4.097]	[-2.720,5.002]	[-3.891,4.542]
Nationwide		0.395		0.553
		[-3.265,4.055]		[-3.357,4.463]
General population		2.966**		2.473
		[0.098,5.833]		[-0.522,5.468]
Representative		-0.516		-0.521
		[-4.347,3.316]		[-4.476,3.435]
Hedonic wage RP study			1.39	1.259
			[-0.704,3.484]	[-0.850,3.368]
RP study with full sample			-0.740**	-0.710**
			[-1.436,-0.044]	[-1.411,-0.009]
Constant	-3.142	-5.811	-4.294	-6.61
	[-8.864,2.580]	[-13.150,1.528]	[-10.468,1.881]	[-14.598,1.377]
N	1403	1403	1387	1387
AIC	8305.46	8283.366	8201.279	8180.928
BIC	8373.663	8367.308	8279.803	8275.156
AICc	8305.722	8283.758	8201.629	8181.428
CAIC	8386.663	8383.308	8294.803	8293.156

Note: The table displays coefficients as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). Details regarding variable definitions are provided Table 4.1 of Chapter 4.

Table A ‎F.12. Estimation results for only new RP data, with all risk categories

Three-level random effects meta-regression. Dependent Variable = VSL (USD million).

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
GDP per capita (USD thousands)	0.107**	0.115**	0.123***	0.131***	0.136***	0.156***
	[0.019,0.195]	[0.011,0.218]	[0.038,0.208]	[0.034,0.228]	[0.045,0.227]	[0.040,0.272]
Hedonic wage (base)
Consumer market valuation method	-3.283	-2.392	-0.626	1.425	-0.756	-1.025
	[-9.394,2.828]	[-9.529,4.746]	[-7.615,6.363]	[-6.726,9.575]	[-7.271,5.758]	[-9.082,7.031]
Years since data collection	0.146	0.219	0.19	0.267**	0.099	0.125
	[-0.089,0.382]	[-0.055,0.493]	[-0.038,0.418]	[0.016,0.518]	[-0.128,0.325]	[-0.133,0.382]
Journal	3.076	2.562	2.106	2.691	3.638	3.172
	[-1.436,7.587]	[-2.362,7.485]	[-2.761,6.973]	[-2.453,7.834]	[-2.053,9.329]	[-3.153,9.497]
No reported standard errors	-0.576	-0.911	-0.81	-0.904	-0.576	-0.866
	[-3.118,1.966]	[-3.586,1.763]	[-3.337,1.717]	[-3.506,1.698]	[-3.092,1.940]	[-3.488,1.756]
Only male	0.248	0.309	-0.192	-0.115	0.292	0.304
	[-0.470,0.966]	[-0.415,1.033]	[-0.847,0.464]	[-0.775,0.546]	[-0.425,1.009]	[-0.420,1.028]
Only female	0.229	0.248	-0.271	-0.229	0.236	0.242
	[-0.758,1.215]	[-0.736,1.233]	[-1.087,0.544]	[-1.045,0.586]	[-0.752,1.223]	[-0.745,1.228]
RP study using IV estimate	0.332	0.392	0.383	0.435	0.465	0.5
	[-0.909,1.573]	[-0.855,1.638]	[-0.834,1.601]	[-0.788,1.658]	[-0.779,1.709]	[-0.750,1.749]
RP studies controlling for non-fatal injury risks	1.575*	1.670**	1.378*	1.499*	1.358*	1.523*
	[-0.024,3.174]	[0.009,3.331]	[-0.190,2.946]	[-0.106,3.104]	[-0.241,2.957]	[-0.134,3.181]
RP studies using Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) data	0.018	-0.679	0.388	-0.524	-0.619	-0.892
	[-4.167,4.203]	[-5.422,4.064]	[-3.877,4.653]	[-5.170,4.123]	[-5.122,3.885]	[-5.776,3.992]
Nationwide		0.896		1.464		-1.511
		[-3.799,5.591]		[-3.128,6.056]		[-7.206,4.183]
General population		2.358		2.667		1.158
		[-1.109,5.825]		[-0.676,6.010]		[-2.215,4.532]
Representative		-0.033		-0.156		0.876
		[-4.655,4.588]		[-4.494,4.182]		[-3.610,5.363]
Risk acuteness (base = chronic)
Acute	-6.653	-5.501			-28.953***	-29.702***
	[-15.244,1.938]	[-14.894,3.891]			[-43.355,-14.550]	[-46.577,-12.828]
Mixed	-4.999	-4.762			-21.280***	-21.043***
	[-13.714,3.717]	[-14.125,4.602]			[-34.366,-8.195]	[-34.747,-7.339]
Risk type (base = job)
Cancer	-0.143	-0.364			-0.355	-0.46
	[-3.983,3.698]	[-4.312,3.583]			[-4.070,3.360]	[-4.277,3.357]
Climate			-1.439	1.391	6.384	6.07
			[-10.563,7.686]	[-8.920,11.703]	[-4.128,16.895]	[-5.283,17.422]
Disaster			1.2	-0.773	-20.718**	-21.472**
			[-10.547,12.947]	[-14.533,12.987]	[-36.960,-4.476]	[-39.658,-3.285]
Environment			-4.664	-5.636	-26.338***	-25.819***
			[-16.038,6.709]	[-17.728,6.456]	[-42.263,-10.414]	[-42.673,-8.965]
Health			-4.627	-5.168
			[-14.414,5.161]	[-15.560,5.224]
Military			-5.274	-2.8	2.152	2.988
			[-14.051,3.504]	[-12.711,7.111]	[-8.217,12.522]	[-9.118,15.093]
Transportation			-0.792	-0.589	6.554	7.686
			[-4.597,3.012]	[-4.431,3.254]	[-1.341,14.449]	[-2.587,17.960]
Virus			2.113	1.202
			[-9.340,13.566]	[-11.786,14.189]
Constant	2.299	-0.666	-3.16	-7.663*	18.001**	17.559**
	[-9.983,14.580]	[-14.913,13.581]	[-10.087,3.767]	[-16.695,1.368]	[2.795,33.208]	[0.007,35.111]
N	1247	1247	1403	1403	1247	1247
AIC	7502.899	7484.09	8261.932	8241.534	7462.971	7446.175
BIC	7584.955	7581.531	8366.859	8362.201	7570.67	7569.259
AICc	7503.342	7484.709	8262.539	8242.335	7463.725	7447.157
CAIC	7600.955	7600.531	8386.859	8385.201	7591.67	7593.259

Note: The table displays coefficients as well as their confidence intervals (in brackets). Stars indicate statistical significance at 10% (*); at 5% (**); at 1% (***). Details regarding variable definitions are provided Table 4.1 of Chapter 4.