The report is the result of collective effort coordinated by the Secretariat to the OECD Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI) at the Science and Technology Policy Division (STP) in the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology, and Innovation (DSTI), with Petra Kelly and Fernando Galindo-Rueda as project managers under the guidance of Alessandra Colecchia as Head of the STP division.
This work would not have been possible without the substantive contributions of several DSTI colleagues, including Leonidas Aristodemou, Silvia Appelt, Kaijie Ou Huang, Guillaume Kpodar, Lorine Labrue, Adrian Leung, Kuniko Matsumoto, Daniel Sánchez-Serra, Blandine Serve, Brigitte Van Beuzekom and Fabien Verger in the STP division; Marius Berger, Antoine Dechezleprêtre, Hélène Dernis, Antton Haramboure, Nuala Mulligan and Alžběta Vítková from the Productivity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship division; Brigitte Acoca and Jan Tscheke from the Digital and green consumers unit; and Lenka Wildnerová in the Steel unit.
Outside DSTI, the publication coordinators would like to acknowledge the contributions by Alberto Agnelli (ENV/EEI), Olof Bystrom (ENV/EEI), Damien Dussaux (ENV/EEI), Katherine Hassett (ENV/EEI), Rose Mba Mébiame (ENV/EEI), Mauro Migotto (ENV/EPI) in the Environment Directorate; Tobias Kruse in the Economics Department, Carlo Menon from the Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities, Carlos Hinojosa from the Evaluation and Internal Audit (EVIA) unit and Stefano Contratto from the Directorate for Communications. EVIA and the Directorate for Communications kindly facilitated access to Overton data.
In addition to OECD sources, the report relies on valuable contributions and comments from the International Energy Agency kindly provided by Oskaras Alsauskas, Simon Bennett, Elisabeth Connelly, Amrita Dasgupta, Shobhan Dhir, Roberta Quadrelli, Mathilde Huismans, Suzy Leprince, Teo Lombardo and Apostolos Petropoulos. Other organisations and individuals who have contributed to this report include the Joint Research Centre, the International Renewable Energy Agency, the International Monetary Fund, Our World In Data, Overton, Eurostat, the BBVA Foundation, the Fraunhofer Institute and Matěj Bajgar (Charles University).
The coordinators would also like to thank DSTI Director Jerry Sheehan and Deputy Director Jens Lundsgaard and their team, especially Alice Holt, Takako Kitahara and Martina Fattiboni Ferrara, for valuable comments and assistance in conducting consultations, as well as Sylvain Fraccola, Delphine Kadysz, Joe Loux, Sebastian Ordelheide, and Kyriakos Vogiatzis, who provided invaluable for communications and administrative guidance and support. The work has also benefited from STI policy- oriented comments by several STP colleagues, including Mario Cervantes, Charles McIvor, Michael Keenan, Philippe Larrue and Carthage Smith and from editorial review by Julie Harris.
The study was conducted as part of the Programme of Work and Budget 2023-24 of the Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP), under the auspices of the Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI) and its multiple informal networks, including the R&D statistic experts network, which furnishes data on R&D by socio-economic objectives and provided several examples of cross-cutting energy and environmental R&D and the Innovation survey co-ordination group, which drove the collection of data on Innovation with Environmental Benefits. The report coordinators would also like to thank the members of NESTI’s Expert Group on Management and Analysis of Research and Innovation Administrative Data (MARIAD), who directly oversee the Fundstat work mapping R&D project funding and its potential relevance and impact.
Earlier versions of this report were presented for discussion at the 2024 NESTI official meeting. Selected results were also presented in the internal brown bag seminar on “Measuring Science and Innovation for Sustainable Growth” in March 2025, at the CSTP official meeting in April 2025 and at the official meeting of Working Party on Innovation and Technology Policy (TIP) in June 2025. The coordinators would like to express their gratitude to NESTI, CSTP and TIP delegates for their feedback.
Lastly, the coordinators would like to thank the ministers and senior officials participating in the breakout session, which took place as part of the OECD Science and Technology Policy Ministerial meeting, whose background paper provided the initial basis and motivation for Chapter 4.